Geology
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Item Variation in the physicochemical and rheological properties of clays from kanje and doka tofa areas, northcentral Nigeria and implications for use as drilling mud(Authority of the Government Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2011) Oyedeji, O. A.; Ezeribe, I.; Ibrahim, S.; Akinsunmade, A.; Ayoade, E. O.; Malomo, S.; Omole, O.; Bolarinwa, A.T.; Nton, M.E." The physico-chemical and rheological properties of clays derived from the weathering of basalts around Kanje, Nasarawa State and Doka Tofa, Plateau state, North Central Nigeria were studied. Fifty-one samples were collected from pits dug to a maximum depth of 5m. The following chemical and rheological parameters were determined in the laboratory: basic cations present, cation exchange capacity, pH, Specific Gravity, plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity , yield point, filtration, liquid and plastic limits. The samples have a predominance of calcium over sodium as the basic cations and showed tremendous improvement in the rheological properties after treatment with sodium carbonate. The filtration properties were tested to be good. 62% of the samples from Kanje were found suitable for the drilling of water wells, 14% would need further improvement with viscosifiers while only one sample was found to be outrightly useful as drilling mud. 53% of the samples from Doka Tofa were found useful for drilling oil and water wells while the remaining 47% could be useful for drilling water wells. "Item "Geoenvironmental assessment of the environs of the Aluminium Smelting Company in Ikot Ahasi, southeastern Nigeria "(Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society, 2009) Elueze, A. A.; Ekwere A. S.; Nton, M.E." The Aluminium Smelting Company, located in Ikot Abasi area, lies within the dominantly clastic rocks of the Benin Formation of the eastern Niger Delta. In order to evaluate the level of environmental contamination associated with this major industrial project, concentrations of trace elements and major elements in representative samples of soil, stream sediments and water in the vicinity of the industrial complex were determined by ICP-OES (for soil and stream sediments) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (for water). Samples from a control site, about 3km from the complex were also collected and analyzed for the same set of elements, Results revealed that concentrations of all the elements in the sampled materials were within background levels in comparison with those from the control site. The trace and major element variations show some slight decreasing concentration with increase distance from the factory site for mostly Pb, Zn Cu, Ni for the trace elements and Ca for the major element. There is no significant variation in the soil profile with depth for the elements. Generally, concentration of elements is in the order: Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu and Fe>Al>Ca>Mg>Na>K for the trace and major elements respectively. Computation of geo-accumulation index for the soils revealed no secondary enrichment. Application of R-mode factor analysis shows four groupings, reflecting lithological and environmental controls. The stream sediments show generally low concentrations that fall within the concentration range of sediments of similar provenance elsewhere. Metal concentration levels in the water show higher values for the surface water. Both hydrophysical and chemical parameters have slight elevated values when compared with the control and reflect a dominant geogenic source. Generally, they lie within the ambits of the World Health Organization (WHO) Standards of water quality and pose no threat to aquatic or human community. "Item Preliminary investigation on industrial properties of the olode-falansa pegmatite, southwestern Nigeria(Bachudo science, 2004) Elueze, A.A.; Itiola, O. A.; Nton, M.E.In olode-falansa area, which is part of the southwestern basement complex of Nigeria near Ibadan, the major rock types are granite gneiss, quartzite, mediun-grained granite and pegmatite. In particular, the pegmatites which occur as low-lying bodies, with a mineralogy dominated by pinkish-white microcline perthite, quartz, muscovite and plagioclase plus accessory constituents of garnet, beryl and tourmaline have been investigated for their distribution, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics in order to evaluate their industrial qualities. Chemical analysis shows variations in the major elements contents of the main minerals. In particular, quarta samples have 64.02 to 97.30% SiO2; 0.86 to 2.60% Ai2O3, 0.05 to 1.02% K2O and 0.13 to 1.29% Fe2O3 while the feldspar samples are61.37 to 67.83% SiO2; 16.85 to 18.40% AI2O; 11.35 to 14.32% K2O and 0.04 to 0.11% Fe2O3 respectively. The total alkalis (Na2O+k2O) indicate k-feldspar composition. The specific gravity for quartz ranges from 2.60-2.63, while that of feldspar is from 2.55-2.58. Water absorption capacity is higher for quartz (25.10-27.10%) than feldspar (4.61-5.80%). Compressive strength of selected pegmatite minerals indidcates values from 133.24 to 223.84MN/m2. The investigation shows that the pegmatites have good potential for industrial uses. They can be used directly as raw materials or after beneficiation. In particular, the quartz and feldspar can find application in the refractory, glass, ceramic and abrasive industries. They can also be found useful in minor construction works especially in homes and offices. Muscovite can be used as thermal and electrical insulators while the beryl can be useful as ornaments. The associated rocks such as gneisses, quartzites and granites can be useful in interior and exterior decorations as well as tiles manufacturing.Item Hydrogeocheraical investigation of surface water and groundwater around Ibokun, Ilesha area, southwestern Nigeria(Journal of mining and geology, 2004) Elueze, A.A.; Omidiran, J.O.; Nton, M.E.In the Ibokun area of the Ilesha schist belt of southwestern Nigeria, the dominant rock types are granite gniess and amphibolite. The granite gneiss is medium to coarse grained, with lineation marked by alignment of biotite and microcline porphyroblasts. The amphibolite is commonly massive to weakly foliated, consisting to bluish-green to yellowish-green to sheaf-like aggregate of hornblende set in a fine grain matrix of tabular plagioclase. A total of 25 water samples, obtained from both groundwater and surface water sources in sites within the two dominant tock types, were analysed for their physico-chemical characteristics with ~ the aim of assessing their quality and usability. i Result of some physical and hydrochemical parameters show average values of 7.83pH, 177.40mg/l TDS; 30.86mg/l ca2*, ] 10.1 lmg/1 Na*; 14.79mg/l K \ 4.36mg/l Mg2*, 29.59mg/l, HCO,; 25.67mg/l CT, 0.17 mg/1 Fe2*, 4.74 mg/1 NO, and 318.22ms/cm conductivity. The water hardness and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) are respectively 11.71 mg/1 and 0.72. , The total hardness, HCO'; and Ca2* are higher in the groundwater than the surface water, while NO ,, Mg2* and conductivity are comparatively higher in the surface water than the ground water. ‘ ' Statistical analysis, using the product-moment coefficient of correlation, indicate positive correlation between the following pairs of parameters: Total Hardness and TDS (r = 0.70); Na* and K* (r = 0.69); TDS and Ec (r=0.60). Weaker correlations were obtained between Ca2* and HCOj' (r = 0.51); Ca2* and Mg2* (r = 0.36) while very weak correlations were observed between pH and TH (r = 0.22) and pH and C l- (r = 0.10). Four water groups were identified, based on characterization in the Piper trilinear diagram. These include Ca - (Mg) - Na - HCOj, Ca - Na - Cl - (S04) - HCO,, Ca - (Mg) - HCO, and Na - (K) - Cl - S04. They reflect diverse effects of bedrock lithologies, base exchange processes, precipitation and weathering. In general, both water sources are slightly alkaline. They have low sodium hazard, with SAR and other related parameters such as pH, NO', and Fe2* falling within the permissible limits for potable water. The sources are generally suitable for both domestic and agriculture uses requiring minor treatmentsItem Clay-shale materials as low-cost landfill liners: an integrated geochemical and geotechnical assessments(GEOMATE International Society, 2015) Tijani, M.N.; Wagner, J.; Nton, M.E.Increasing rate of wastes generation due to urbanization and industrialization, as well as the need for proper waste disposal management has been the concerns of many low income countries like Nigeria. Hence, this study assessed the geotechnical and chemical characteristics in respect of suitability of selected clay-shale deposits in Nigeria as low cost landfill liners for waste disposal. Twenty four (24) clay-shale samples were subjected to engineering tests, mineralogical XRD and geochemical analyses. Apart from normal kaolinitic clay, the XRD analyses revealed smectitic and mixed layer clays with Liquid Limit (LL) of 58.3 – 116.5 (av. 75.4) and 170.4 – 173.2 (av. 171.8) respectively while the Plasticity Index (PI) ranged from 20.3 – 51.6 (av. 31.8) and 80.9 – 93.3 (av. 87.1) respectively. Methylene blue adsorption index (MBI) ranges from ≈10 to 18.6 meq/100g for both smectictic and mixed layer clay-shales with corresponding surface area of 0.8−1.5m2/g, suggesting the dominance of active clay minerals. In addition, the geochemical analyses show that the clay-shale materials contain significant amount of Al2O3 with average value of 17.0 and 15.9% respectively while Fe2O3 has average value of 8.2 and 6.5% respectively, suggesting Fe-rich smectitic clays. The overall evaluation revealed that the clay-shale materials are chemically and geotechnically suitable for application as landfill liners subject to appropriate beneficiation /amendment such as mixing with cement and other binding materials.