Geology

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Aspects of equivalence in two-dimensional resistivity imaging and modelling
(Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society, 2000) Olayinka, A.I.
The possibility for geoelectrical equivalence in two-dimensional (2-D) inversion of apparent resistivity data has been investigated. This involved the calculation of synthetic pscudosection data for simple geological structures using a finite difference approach. With the aid of statistical F-test, it is shown that identical or near-identical pseudosections can be generated from more than one 2-D model. In particular, the apparent resistivity pscudosection measured over2-D structures like basement fault, trough and horst resemble those arising from lateral variations In the overburden resistivity.
Aspects of hydrocarbon potential and clay mineralogy of the patti formation, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria
(Department of Geology, 2013) Nton, M. E.; Okunade, A.
"Among the major lithostratigraphic units making up the southern Bida basin are the Lokoja and Patti Formations, overlain by the Agbaja Ironstone. Outcrop samples from the associated shales and claystones units of the Patti formation were examined and characterized to deduce the hydrocarbon potential of the associated shales as well as determine the clay mineralogy in other to deduce the provenance and the palaoclimatic setting of thr basin. Altogether, a total of sixteen samples, made up of ten (10) shale and six (6) claystones were analyzed for this study. Field relationships show that the sediments are cyclical. The shales are dark to greyish while the claystones are milky to whitish. Within the sequences are associated ironstone, sandstones and mudstone. The result of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) ranges from 1.73 to 3.45 wt%, which is greater than 0.5 wt% threshold for clastic rocks to be considered as good source rocks. The Hydrogen Index(HI) ranges from 28 to 79 mgHC/gTOC. This value reveals terrestrial type IV organic matter. Cross plots of Hydrogen Index (HI) versus Oxygen Index (OI), S2 vs TOC indicate types III and type IV organic matter. In addition, cros plot of HI vs Tmax shows immature sediments and mainly type IV organic matter. Tmax values range from 418 to 428oC while the Production Index (PI) ranges from 0.04 to 0.13, which further indicate immature sediments. The clay mineralogy reveals kaolinite as the major clay mineral type, comprisisng 21.28 to 60.48%, dickite (6.00%) whiles the non-clay minerals are mainly quartz, hemalite and feldspar. It can be deduced that the shales are immature with terrestrial organic matter having potential to generate gas at appropriate maturation. The Prevalence of kaolinite is attributable to weathering of feldspar-rich, rocks from the adjoining basement rocks under warm, humid climatic setting. "
Aspects of source rock evaluation and diagenetic history of the akinbo' shale eastern dahomey basin, southwestern Nigeria
(Department of Geology, 2006) Nton, M. E.; Ezeh, F. P.; Elueze, A.A.
"The Akinbo Formation comprises a sequence of mostly dark, pale-greenish grey, laminated shale, slightly glauconitic shale, sandy shale with subordinate claystone lenses. Selected subsurface samples of the shaly facies as penetrated by Akinside 1582 well in eastern Dahomey basin, were investigated by sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical parameters to ascertain the hydrocarbon potential and deduce the influence of variations of clay mineral indicators on the prospect. Values of total organic carbon (TOC) range from 0.46 to 1.98wt. % while the soluble organic matter (SOM) ranges from 71 to 1940 ppm and portrays that the organic matter is fair to good and adequate. Bitumen ratios have values of 15.25 to 98.98mg ext/gTOC which suggest that the sediments are immature to marginally mature. Average major elemental composition indicates 68.08% SiO2 17.55% Alc23. 4.07%K2O, 1.82%CaO, 1.57%Na2O, 1.29%MgO,• 0.62%Fe,03 and 0.50%MnO. A moderate increase in K2O from 2.26 to 4.92wt. % with depth was observed and this corresponds with increase in illite content. Equally, an increase in AI203/ (Fe203 + MgO) ratio from 7.27 to 22.07 with depth points to increasing diagenetic conditions. Illite and illite/smectite (mixed layer clays) dominate the clay mineral assemblage (>50%) while kaolinite and smectite (ca.35%) are comparatively low. Kaolinite and smectite were observed to disappear with depth as well as an increase in illite crystallinity. Smectite disappearance occurs at approximately vitrinite reflectance of 0.5 %(VRo) and illite crystallinity values are from 0.16 to 1.6°20 , which are within values of normal burial diagenesis. It can be deduced that the shale is a potential source rock varying from immature to marginally mature with prospects to generate gas rather than oil at appropriate thermal maturity. The clay mineral diagenetic indicators show that the hydrocarbon potential might have been affected by geothermal and tectonic history. "
Aspects of structures and depositional environment of sand bodies within tomboy field, offshore western Niger Delta, Nigeria
(2009) Nton, M. E.; Adesina, A. D.
" Sand bodies deposited across normal growth faults and associated rollover anticlines are critical reservoirs for the accumulation of oil and gas. This paper addresses aspects of structures and depositional environments of some sand bodies within the Tomboy field, offshore western Niger Delta. Structural interpretation was undertaken to identify and assign faults found in the 3-D seismic volume. Time and depth structure maps in combination with well logs were used to produce for five horizons, namely: H1 to H5 and identify the depositional environments respectively. Two major growth faults (F4 and F7 which are normal, listric concave in nature), three antithetic (F1, F3 and F6) and two synthetic faults (F2 and F5) were identified. Structural closures identified as rollover anticlines, and displayed on the time/depth structure maps; suggest probable hydrocarbon accumulation at the downthrown side of the fault F4. Point bars, distributary channel and mouth bars, barrier island and tidal channels are the depositional environments. This study shows that the Tomboy field is made up of sand bodies deposited in different environments across normal, growth faults and associated rollover anticlinal structures. "
ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN BARUWA COMMUNITY LAGOS, NIGERIA
(2017-03) ADEGBESAN, Omotolani Morenikeji
Contamination of petroleum products in groundwater in Baruwa community, Lagos has been widely reported, as a result of ageing pipelines and vandalisation. Information on the types, nature of hydrocarbon and other contaminants that could assist in assessing the level of contamination is lacking. This study was therefore designed to assess the hydrogeochemical settings (delineate aquiferous units, quantify contaminated unit and define types of hydrocarbon present) in the groundwater resources of Baruwa community, Lagos state Nigeria. The study was also carried out to estimate areas that require remediation in the groundwater resources. Based on preliminary studies, two boreholes (depth 36-42 m), one each in uncontaminated and contaminated areas were drilled to determine hydrogeological sequences in the Baruwa community. Twenty four sediment samples from the drilled boreholes were purposively selected for sedimentological analysis and determination of some hydraulic properties using standard methods. Thirty groundwater samples were collected purposively from the two drilled and other available boreholes and were analysed for heavy metals, cation / anions and the hydrocarbon content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric, Colorimetric and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometric methods, respectively. Data were compared with the WHO standards for potable water. Various thematic maps were developed using appropriate software. The area of contaminated land and volume of water that would require remediation were estimated hydrogeologically from the thematic maps. Three aquifer units were identified at depths 9.0, 21.0 and 30.0 m. Aquifer grain size graphic mean was 1.64 indicative of medium to coarse grained moderately sorted leptokurtic sands. These were suggestive of materials deposited under low energy condition in a fluvial or tidal environment. The porosity ranged from 15.9 to 19.9%. The permeability coefficients of the aquifer were 9.469 x 10-5, 4.105 x 10-5 and 5.102 x 10-5 mm/sec, respectively. The range of total hardness and pH were 2.6-248.6 mg/L and 4.4-6.7. Heavy metals, cations and anions concentration (in mg/L) in the groundwater samples ranged from 0.0-0.4 (Zn), 0.1-1.6 (Mn), 0.1-2.6 (Fe), 0.4-77.8 (Mg2+), 0.25-13.20 (Ca2+), 24.5-286.3(Cl-), 0.1-1.2 (NO3 -), 1.4- 88.2(SO4 2), 0.0-0.2(PO4 3-), Lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel were below the detection limits. The samples from the contaminated area revealed enhanced concentrations of hydrocarbon, metals and anions when compared with the uncontaminated borehole samples. Data fall within the WHO limits except for Fe and Mn. Compounds identified were C20H34O8, C27H56, C21H44, C24H50, C21H34O3 indicating heavy oils. The estimated area in need of remediation was 9.9 million metre square with an approximate volume of 89.1 million cubic meter of water. Groundwater contaminants in Baruwa community were mainly heavy oils and heavy metals. The area of contaminated land that needs remediation has been calculated and volume of water that needed remediation had also been determined. Keywords: Aquiferous units, Sedimentological analysis, Groundwater Contamination, Hydraulic properties Word count: 428
Challenges of conducting research in developing countries
(The Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2006) Ekhaguere, G. O. S.; Olayinka, A. I.; Taiwo, V. O.; Alonge, T. O.; Obono, O. M.
Clay-shale materials as low-cost landfill liners: an integrated geochemical and geotechnical assessments
(GEOMATE International Society, 2015) Tijani, M.N.; Wagner, J.; Nton, M.E.
Increasing rate of wastes generation due to urbanization and industrialization, as well as the need for proper waste disposal management has been the concerns of many low income countries like Nigeria. Hence, this study assessed the geotechnical and chemical characteristics in respect of suitability of selected clay-shale deposits in Nigeria as low cost landfill liners for waste disposal. Twenty four (24) clay-shale samples were subjected to engineering tests, mineralogical XRD and geochemical analyses. Apart from normal kaolinitic clay, the XRD analyses revealed smectitic and mixed layer clays with Liquid Limit (LL) of 58.3 – 116.5 (av. 75.4) and 170.4 – 173.2 (av. 171.8) respectively while the Plasticity Index (PI) ranged from 20.3 – 51.6 (av. 31.8) and 80.9 – 93.3 (av. 87.1) respectively. Methylene blue adsorption index (MBI) ranges from ≈10 to 18.6 meq/100g for both smectictic and mixed layer clay-shales with corresponding surface area of 0.8−1.5m2/g, suggesting the dominance of active clay minerals. In addition, the geochemical analyses show that the clay-shale materials contain significant amount of Al2O3 with average value of 17.0 and 15.9% respectively while Fe2O3 has average value of 8.2 and 6.5% respectively, suggesting Fe-rich smectitic clays. The overall evaluation revealed that the clay-shale materials are chemically and geotechnically suitable for application as landfill liners subject to appropriate beneficiation /amendment such as mixing with cement and other binding materials.
" Compositional characteristics and industrial assessment of sedimentary clay bodies in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, southwestern Nigeria "
(Nigerian mining and geosciences society, 2005) Nton, M.E; Elueze, A.A.
"Clay bodies occur as lenses and interbeds within the predominantly shaley Akinbo Formation in the eastern Dahomey Basin. They are greenish to grayish, plastic, and in some places contain concretions. In order to assess their sedimentological significance as well as evaluate their potential as industrial raw materials, representative outcrop arid borehole samples .were subjected to mineralogical, chemical and physical characterization. Mineralogical determination by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, indicates kaolinite as the major clay mineral, with a range of 32.86-58.33%. Other constituents are illite (4.95%), smectite (2.87-14.29%) and palygorskite (2.87%). The non-clay minerals are quartz, K-feldspar, micas and graphite. In terms of chemical composition, the clay bodies. are characterised by the following; Si02 (52.96-55.84%), Al2O3 (16.22-17.74%) Fe203 (7.13-10.35%); CaO (4.65-7.95%)-; MgO (2.26-3.98%) while Na20, K2O, MnO, Ti02 and P2Os have individual values < 1%. The relatively high CaO reflect some contribution from the limestone bed underlying this formation. The clay specimens generally display colour ranging from grayish in fresh, to brownish-red on firing. Corresponding values of physical parameters include linear shrinkage (3.75-7.50%), plastic limit (23- 31%), liquid limit (48-56%), plasticity index (21-30%) and water absorption capacity (5.80-11.90%). The average silica sesquioxide and alumina-iron oxide ratios are respectively 2.17 and 2.08. These values are within the range suitable for clays or shales to be used in the manufacture of good quality cement. The clays have high silica content and are relatively rich in fluxing elements such as Ca and Mg, and could be utilized in the manufacture of domestic and sanitary earth wares. The high plasticity as reflected by the values of the relevant physical indices, and the general fineness qualify the clays to be useful as fillers or coating materials in paper and paint industries. They could also be useful in the production of construction bricks, ceramics, and with beneficiation, the quality might improve for other applications. "
Electromagnetic profiling and resistivity soundings in groundwater investigation near Egbeda- kabba, Kwara state
(1990) Olayinka, A.I.
As part of a borehole siting programme for rural water supply in a Precambrian crystalline basement terrain, 36 Offset - Wenner electrical soundings and about 4.5 line-kilometres of ground conductivity profiling with a Gconics EM34-3 equipment were made near Egbeda-Kabba. Kwara Slate, Nigeria. The EM34-3 measurements provided a rapid reconnaissance tool in identifying high conductivity anomalies thought to be due to deep weathering and/or bedrock fissuring. The apparent conductivities arc generally less than 50 mmho m'1. A quantitative interpretation of the vertical sounding data indicated that the resistivity of the weathered zone varies over a wide range, from about 10 to 200 ohm.m, and that the overburden is generally less than 40m thick. Three abstraction wells, each having a yield of about 11s"1, were drilled at deeply weathered sites (depth to bedrock > 20m) identified from the surface geophysical measurements.
Electromagnetic profiling for groundwater in precambrian basement complex areas of Nigeria
(1990) Olayinka, A.I.
Ground electromagnetic profiling, using a Geonics EM34-3 instrument, has been employed to identify areas of high conductivity in a Precambrian basement complex terrain of Nigeria. Field examples, conducted as part of a rural water supply programme, are presented. They indicate that the apparent conductivities are generally lower than about 60 mmho m-1. Subsequent borehole drilling suggests a good correlation between high EM34 anomalies, deep weathering and high well yield (> 1 1 s-1). On the other hand, boreholes sited on conductivity lows penetrated a thinner regolith with relatively lower yields.
Error in depth determination from resistivity soundings due to non-identification of suppressed layers
(Elsevier Science, 1997) Olayinka, A.I.
The magnitude of errors in the determination of depth to bedrock from Wenner and Schlumberger resistivity sounding curves, caused by the nonidentification of a suppressed layer, has been investigated. The principal objective is to evaluate how the layer thicknesses and resistivities affect the accuracy of depth estimates. In the computations, the intermediate layer in a 3-layer model, in which the resistivity increases with depth, is removed and the 2-layer sounding curve that is electrically equivalent to the 3-layer curve is generated. The results indicate that there is a possibility for large depth underestimations when the resistivity contrast between layers 1 and 2 is very large. This is manifested in a steeply rising terminal branch on the sounding curve. There is a slight decrease in the depth underestimation as the resistivity contrast between layers 2 and 3 increases. Conversely, if the intermediate layer is fairly thick and the resistivity contrasts are not too large, the best-fit 2-layer curve shows large deviations from the 3-layer curve, in such cases, the intermediate layer can be identified, resulting in reliable depth estimates. A field example from Nigeria is presented in which the sounding data has been interpreted so as to account for a prebasement layer of intermediate resistivity, indicative of a fractured granite.
Evaluations of turonian limestone formation exposed at nigercem-quarry, Nkalagu, southeastern Nigeria: a geochemical approach.
(" The pacific journal of science and technology ", 2009) Ikhane, P. R.; Folorunso, A. F.; Nton, M. E.; Oluwalaanu, J. A
" A geochemical study of Nkalagu limestone of the Lower Benue Trough as exposed at Nigeria Cement Company (NIGERCEM) was carried out. The study aims at the determination of major oxides and trace elements of the limestone exposed in the quarry using X–Ray Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (XRF) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively as well as reconstructing the depositional history of the deposit. Petrographic study was also done to enhance the determination of biogenic contents of the deposit. Results of fifteen (15) samples collected for analysis put the range major elements as follow: CaO (46.56 – 54.15%), SiO2 (3.12 – 10.04%), Fe2O3 (0.23 – 1.37%), MgO and Al2O3 (0.72 – 1.27%) and (0.65 – 1.90%) respectively. Also, the trace elements contents expressed in ppm were found to be 1653 – 3306 for Fe, 76 – 1543 for Mn, 600 – 1035 for Sn and 4.5 – 53 for Zn. Interpretation of these results suggest a shallow marine possibly an off – shelf depositional model for the formation. "
Facies evaluations and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the turonian nkalagu formation, south eastern Nigeria
(2012) Oyebolu, O. O.; Oluwalaanu, J. A.; Nton, M. E.; Folorunso, A. F.; Ikhane, P. R.
The Turonian Nkalagu Formation exposed at NIGERCEM (Nigerian Cement Company) within the Lower Benue Trough was studied in this work in order to determine and establish the lithostratigraphic successions and reconstruct the paleoenvironment of the deposition. Two major litho-facies were delineated. The first is matrix-supported bioclastic shell lag wackestone facies which account for about 70% of the carbonates. The second is a massive fossil-poor micritic limestone. However, using the fossil contents, five distinct micro-biofacies were recognized namely: massive lithoclastic floatstone, bioclastic wakestone, siliceous fossil-poor limestone, bioclastic (bivalve debris) wackestone and bioclastic packstone. The litho-clast consists of probably shallow water transported materials while still in various degrees of lithification from shelf into deeper basin. Many of the lithoclasts are sub-angular whereas others have rounded shape. Textural gradient was upward fining and algae were completely absent which is typical of shallow calcareous marine sediments of the photic zone. The trends of the textural characteristics fall in pattern correlatable with the different facies outlined in the study. Thus, the evidence from this study has put Nkalagu Formation as a deposition in shallow marine environment but later displaced into relatively deeper water, probably that of the off-shelf zone, by some sedimentary flow mechanisms.
Facies interpretation from well logs: Applied to SMEKS field, offshore western Niger Delta
(AAPG international conference and exhibition, 2012) Odundun, O.; Nton, M.
This paper presents the interpretation of data from well-logs and core samples obtained from SMEKS Field, offshore western Niger Delta. The study aims at using well log approach in establishing the sedimentary facies, their successions and environments of deposition in this field. In addition, a well to well correlation and reservoir quality assessment were undertaken. The palaeodepositional environments in the field were deduced by combining gamma ray log trends with core data. Lithofacies interpretation was carried out with Schlumberger’s Petrel 2010 software package using the gamma ray, effective porosity and resistivity logs obtained from four wells. Correlation technique was used to delineate the subsurface trends of these facies. Lithofacies calculation shows that the entire well interval consists of sand, silt and shale. Four log facies were recognized in the study area: irregular log trends representing deep marine clay; a funnel-shaped facies representing a crevasse splay; a cylindrical-shaped facies representing slope channel-fills and turbidite fans, and a bell-shaped facies representing transgressive marine shelf. Four reservoir bodies were discovered in the field. Sand bodies are 50 m thick or less and are characteristically poorly sorted to well sorted, fine clayey sands-with some conglomerate and shale pebbles. A qualitative reservoir evaluation shows that porosity values range from 20 to 37% while the permeability range from 524 to 9600 md. The porosity and permeability are better developed in areas of sand bodies deposited in the slope channel environment. There is a good hydrocarbon bearing potential of the deep sea channel sands coupled with the complex fault system of which the distal Niger Delta province is associated.
Facies model building of integrated multiscale data in Dn-Field, Onshore, Niger Delta, Nigeria
(2015) Nton, M. E.; Arigbe, O. D.
This study employs 3D Post-Stack Time-Migrated seismic data from the DN-Field, within the Coastal Swamp depobelt of the Niger Delta in predicting lithofacies and fluvial facies of OVK-1 sand bodies in the Agbada Formation, as a tool to identify new drillable prospects. A lithofacies model for OVK-1 reservoir sand body was generated after upscaling using Most Of, as the averaging method. Calibrated by fluvio-facies at the well locations, channel sands were identified in OVK- 1 reservoir interval using Stochastic Sequential Indication Simulation (SSIS) algorithm. Based on lithofacies, fluvial facies and biofacies analyses, a terrigenous and shallow fluvio-deltaic fill within a lowstand system tract was evident. Petrophysical properties including porosity, volume of shale and effective porosity were upscaled, guided by facies model and then Stochastic Gaussian Simulation (SGS) algorithm was used to produce the model. Porosity model predicted sand layers having maximum porosity of 27.5% which implied very good reservoir potential. However, the volume of shale model with values from 0.45 to 0.50 incorporates silt and clay and indicates marginal reservoir potential. The study identifies four potential reservoir intervals with thickness ranging from 9.1 to 38.5 m. The effective porosity in OVK-1 ranges from 0.10 to 0.30 and identified fluvial facies such as floodplain, channel sand, levee and crevasse splay sand. Facies model show a good sand distribution with minor shale localized in the western part of the Field. The central part of the model has good reservoir qualities, evident by low volume of shale values and high porosities. This study helps to identify a potential unexplored drillable prospect on OVK-1 sand body south-west of DN-2 well. Successful drilling of the identified prospect could increase the reserve of the Field
The future of Nigerian university system
(Ekiti State University Press, 2024-04-02) Olayinka, A. I.
The Nigerian University System (NUS) currently comprises a total of 264 Universities, 53 of which are owned by the Federal Government, 62 owned by the various State Governments while the remaining 149 are Privately owned. The total student population is in the region of Two Million and Five Hundred Thousand. In this lecture, we have examined the issue of access, quality, funding and governance as they affect the NUS. Interrogating data published by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) over the period 2017 to 2023 we present quantitative, verifiable and objective assessment of addressing the question of equity in the adoption of Educationally-Less- Developed-States (ELDS) as a criterion for the selection of candidates for admission into undergraduate programmes in Nigerian Federal Universities. A trend analysis of contemporary events shows that the Nigerian University System will continue to grow, rather haphazardly and in an unplanned manner, in leaps and bounds especially in terms of student enrollment. Without a concomitant strengthening of leadership and governance, a substantial increase in funding for teaching and learning facilities, conduct of advanced research that is locally relevant and globally competitive (including but not limited to issues of food security, lagging economic development, climate change, reduction of carbon emission, natural resources degradation, insecurity), payment of decent wages to the knowledge workers amidst the continued exodus of the best and the brightest from the country, quality and relevance of the Universities in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development might suffer. A major feature of the Public Universities (Federal- and State-owned) which currently accounts for about 95% of the total student enrollment is incessant strikes by members of the various staff unions which has led to a cumulative loss of six years and three months in the last 32 years. Funding has been implicated as the root cause of these strikes. In order to be competitive there should be synergy between the Governments as university proprietors for a moratorium on these disruptive strikes. Conscious efforts should be made to internationalise in terms of student enrollment and the recruitment of academic staff. Some of the States on the current list of ELDS, in particular Kwara and Kogi, have posted excellent results and are now in the First Quartile justifying that they ought to be taken off the list. The same applies to Nasarawa which is in the Second Quartile. On the other hand, Lagos and the Federal Capital Territory are in the Fourth Quartile and if the ELDS is to be retained both should be included in the list. The National Council on Education should take a closer look at this recommendation with a view to implementing same. To the extent that the absence of a Governing Council hampers the proper functioning of a University and is an anathema to University Autonomy, it is our considered recommendation that the National Assembly should as a matter of urgent national importance amend the Universities (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Act, 2003 in Section 2A as to provide that if the Council of a Federal University is dissolved, a new Council shall be constituted not later than three months.
The future of Nigerian university system
(Ekiti State University Press, 2024) Olayinka, A. I.
Abstract The Nigerian University System (NUS) currently comprises a total of 264 Universities, 53 of which are owned by the Federal Government, 62 owned by the various State Governments while the remaining 149 are Privately owned. The total student population is in the region of Two Million and Five Hundred Thousand. In this lecture, we have examined the issue of access, quality, funding and governance as they affect the NUS. Interrogating data published by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) over the period 2017 to 2023 we present quantitative, verifiable and objective assessment of addressing the question of equity in the adoption of Educationally-Less- Developed-States (ELDS) as a criterion for the selection of candidates for admission into undergraduate programmes in Nigerian Federal Universities. A trend analysis of contemporary events shows that the Nigerian University System will continue to grow, rather haphazardly and in an unplanned manner, in leaps and bounds especially in terms of student enrollment. Without a concomitant strengthening of leadership and governance, a substantial increase in funding for teaching and learning facilities, conduct of advanced research that is locally relevant and globally competitive (including but not limited to issues of food security, lagging economic development, climate change, reduction of carbon emission, natural resources degradation, insecurity), payment of decent wages to the knowledge workers amidst the continued exodus of the best and the brightest from the country, quality and relevance of the Universities in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development might suffer. A major feature of the Public Universities (Federal- and State-owned) which currently accounts for about 95% of the total student enrollment is incessant strikes by members of the various staff unions which has led to a cumulative loss of six years and three months in the last 32 years. Funding has been implicated as the root cause of these strikes. In order to be competitive there should be synergy between the Governments as university proprietors for a moratorium on these disruptive strikes. Conscious efforts should be made to internationalise in terms of student enrollment and the recruitment of academic staff. Some of the States on the current list of ELDS, in particular Kwara and Kogi, have posted excellent results and are now in the First Quartile justifying that they ought to be taken off the list. The same applies to Nasarawa which is in the Second Quartile. On the other hand, Lagos and the Federal Capital Territory are in the Fourth Quartile and if the ELDS is to be retained both should be included in the list. The National Council on Education should take a closer look at this recommendation with a view to implementing same. To the extent that the absence of a Governing Council hampers the proper functioning of a University and is an anathema to University Autonomy, it is our considered recommendation that the National Assembly should as a matter of urgent national importance amend the Universities (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Act, 2003 in Section 2A as to provide that if the Council of a Federal University is dissolved, a new Council shall be constituted not later than three months
The future of private universities in Nigeria: second convocation lecture, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan
(2022-10-06) Olayinka, A. I.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF LEAD IN SOILS, SEDIMENTS AND DUSTS OF IBADAN AND LAGOS, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
(2018-03) AFOLABI, O.O
The presence of Heavy Metals (HM) in soils, sediments and dusts are good indicators of contaminations of urban environment. Lead (Pb) is of grave concern amongst other HM because of its toxic impact on the environment and human health. Previous studies on HM have focused on the determination of concentrations and spatial distribution in various Nigerian cities. However, the geochemical fate and nature of Pb in Nigeria's environmental media is relatively unknown. This study was therefore designed to quantify and characterize Pb in soils, sediments and dusts from Ibadan and Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of seventy-three composite soils, 56 sediments, 17 road dusts and 10 representative rock samples were collected randomly from the cities of Ibadan and Lagos. Soil, sediment and dust samples were air-dried, screened, pulverised and sieved through 63µm nylon mesh. The sieved fractions and pulverised rock samples were digested using standard methods and analyzed for elemental components using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer, (ICP-MS). The chemical fractionations of Pb in the samples were determined by sequential analysis. Lead isotopes compositions of the samples were determined using quadrupole-based ICP-MS. Petrological and mineralogical analyses of rocks and other samples were determined using X-Ray Diffraction. The geochemical data were subjected to statistical analyses using Pearson correlation and R-mode factor analyses. Lead Isotopic Ratios (LIRs) and geo-accumulation indexes were used in evaluating and discriminating Pb sources. The concentration (ppm) of Pb in soils, sediments and dusts for Lagos were: 21.0-1963.0; 23.0-830.0 and 22.0-830.0; while in Ibadan soils and sediments were: 13.0 - 470.0 and 17.0-3288.0; respectively. For rock samples from Ibadan and Lagos, the values were: 2.9-20.3 and 2.8-7.2 ppm. Chemical fractionation (%) of Pb were: organic-sulphide (42.78-82.45); reducible (8.23-27.20); carbonate (9.00-43.60) and exchangeable (0.01-0.23) phases, respectively. Lead isotopes (ppm) showed that 204Pb ranged 1.72-47.41; 206Pb, 30.69-779.68; 207Pb, 27.00-664.46 and 208Pb, 65.67-1642.27 in Ibadan samples while that of Lagos were: 204Pb, 1.43 - 31.00; 206Pb, 25.26 - 509.74; 207Pb, 21.96-446.22 and 208Pb, 52.61-1089.93. Ibadan and Lagos rocks Pb isotopes (ppm) were: 204Pb, (0.02-0.07 and 0.03-0.06); 206Pb, (0.56-2.33 and 0.56-1.21); 207Pb, (0.38-1.56 and 0.47-1.01) and 208Pb, (1.19-4.13 and 1.22-2.57), respectively. Quartz, microcline, k-feldspar, plagioclase and kaolinite were the preponderant minerals in powdered rocks, soils and sediments. An enrichment of radiogenic Pb (206Pb, 207Pb and 208Pb) were observed in soils, sediments and dusts relative to their local background values, an indication of anthropogenic origin of Pb. The plots (208Pb/207Pb)/(206Pb/207Pb) revealed that over 80% of Pb in the environmental media was derived from anthropogenic sources. The LIRs of soils, sediments and dusts were characterised by lower 208Pb/206Pb ratios while the bedrocks had higher 208Pb/206Pb. Lead contents of the soils, dusts and sediments in most parts of the two cities were significantly higher than the natural background levels and held in chemically active geochemical phases. The lead types are more of the radiogenic types and this portend great risk to the environment and public health.
"Geoenvironmental assessment of the environs of the Aluminium Smelting Company in Ikot Ahasi, southeastern Nigeria "
(Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society, 2009) Elueze, A. A.; Ekwere A. S.; Nton, M.E.
" The Aluminium Smelting Company, located in Ikot Abasi area, lies within the dominantly clastic rocks of the Benin Formation of the eastern Niger Delta. In order to evaluate the level of environmental contamination associated with this major industrial project, concentrations of trace elements and major elements in representative samples of soil, stream sediments and water in the vicinity of the industrial complex were determined by ICP-OES (for soil and stream sediments) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (for water). Samples from a control site, about 3km from the complex were also collected and analyzed for the same set of elements, Results revealed that concentrations of all the elements in the sampled materials were within background levels in comparison with those from the control site. The trace and major element variations show some slight decreasing concentration with increase distance from the factory site for mostly Pb, Zn Cu, Ni for the trace elements and Ca for the major element. There is no significant variation in the soil profile with depth for the elements. Generally, concentration of elements is in the order: Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu and Fe>Al>Ca>Mg>Na>K for the trace and major elements respectively. Computation of geo-accumulation index for the soils revealed no secondary enrichment. Application of R-mode factor analysis shows four groupings, reflecting lithological and environmental controls. The stream sediments show generally low concentrations that fall within the concentration range of sediments of similar provenance elsewhere. Metal concentration levels in the water show higher values for the surface water. Both hydrophysical and chemical parameters have slight elevated values when compared with the control and reflect a dominant geogenic source. Generally, they lie within the ambits of the World Health Organization (WHO) Standards of water quality and pose no threat to aquatic or human community. "