DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
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Item Cassava Productivity Growth in Nigeria(2019) Oluwafemi1, Z. O.; Omonona, B. T.; Adepoju, A. O.; Sowunmi, F. A.Cassava has gained prominence in the world and has become economic crop in the Nigerian agricultural sector. Secondary data was used for this study. The required variables were extracted from General Household Survey Panel Data (GHS-P). The GHS-P is a nationally representative survey of households across Nigeria covering urban and rural sectors. Analytical tools used included Total factor productivity and Markov chain. 82% of populations of Cassava farmers are in the rural areas and close to 73% were young adults including both male and female involved in cassava production. Approximately 65% of the cassava based farmers were single that not yet married and most of the farmers were educated and about 80% and 98% of the cassava based farmers did not have access to credit facilities and extension personnel respectively. Generally, the cassava productivity growth was erratic and very small proportion of cassava farmers that were in lower productivity reduced overtime, while the minimal proportion of cassava farmers that moved into both moderate and high productivity increased overtime respectively. Generally, there is more to be done to increase and attain sustainable high level cassava productivity growth in Nigeria.Item Welfare Costs of Risks and Management Options in Nigeria(2019) Olaniyan, O.; Oni, O. A.; Adepoju, A. O.; Okunmadewa, F. Y.; Fashogbon, A.Most of Nigeria’s declining welfare indicators such as poverty, food insecurity and life expectancy at birth have been linked to high risk exposure. However, little empirical investigations have been made to uncover the dynamics of risks and their attendant welfare implications at the household level using aggregate national data. This study thus investigated risk prevalence, its welfare cost and management strategies within households in Nigeria. Data from the Harmonised National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of households, collected between 2009 and 2010 by the National Bureau of Statistics, provided the data set for the study. The results revealed that predominant shocks within households in Nigeria are the death of the household head, conflicts in the community, death of a spouse, the household head being away, spouse being away from home, household head hospitalized and personal theft. Among variables that significantly reduce households’ welfare were death and absence of the household head, and community conflict. Further, the results showed that the level of wealth significantly mitigates the negative impact of some shocks. Also, findings fromthe study revealed that households make use of mixed strategies to cope, mitigate and reduce risk exposure and impact. The study concluded by recommending provision of well-managed and need responsive socialinfrastructure suchas good health facilities, pipe-borne water, road network. In addition, people need to be sensitized to the need for life micro-assurance and government needs to subsidize it as this will help reduce the impact of the demise of the breadwinner on the household’s welfare.Item Gender Differentials in Educational Attainment in Rural Nigeria(Macrothink Institute, 2022) Adepoju, A.O.; Chibueze, O.; Ibitola O.R.Education, identified as the substratum of any serious nation’s growth and development, is regarded as an instrument for social change, as well as the process of preparing an individual to become a functional and acceptable member of society. It also ensures the character and moral development of the young learners and the development of sound attitudes for both genders. This study examined gender differentials in educational attainment in rural Nigeria, employing the t-test, analysis of variance and the ordinary least squares regression model for analysis. The main factor which had negative effects on educational attainment of female-headed households was the cost of schooling while factors such as the organization running the school and means of transportation had positive effects on the educational attainment of female households. On the other hand, while age and occupation of the household head had negative effects on male educational attainment, factors such as the value of asset, the organization running the school and means of transportation had positive effects. The approval and implementation of necessary legislation and policies on education targeted at rural dwellers is of utmost importance. This could center on the provision of more nearby government-owned schools as well as awareness creation on the essence of educating both genders, especially the girl child, with a focus of achieving gender balance in educational attainment.Item Land Use Intensity, Crop Diversification and Productivity of Farmers in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria(SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2020) Alawode, O. O.; Kabiru, B.A.; Akanbi, O. A.This study examined the relationship between land use intensity, crop diversification and productivity of farmers in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 200 respondents were selected proportionate to size from four communities and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Ruthenberg index, Herfindahl index, Total Factor productivity and Tobit regression analysis. The mean age of farmers was found to be 50.9years (±15.2), 93.0% were male, 88.0% were married, having an average of 6 persons per household, and 71.5% had formal education. Also, farmers had an average of 25 years of experience in farming, majority (86.5%) were primarily into farming, and 19.5% were members of farmers’ association. Majority (79.5%) used hired labour for their farming activities and 25.5% had access to other sources of income asides farm income, 2.0% had access to credit, while 9.0% had access to extension services. Most (51.0%) of the farmers got their land through inheritance while 12.0% rented theirs. The study showed that only 30.0% of the respondents practiced bush fallow, and mean land use intensity of 0.9(±0.2) indicates that land is intensively used in the study area. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents practiced mixed cropping, planted an average of 2 crops, and cultivated an average farm size of 4.6ha. The results of Herfindahl index showed a mean of 0.7(±0.3) which implies that farmers practiced crop diversification while 27.5% practiced specialization (planting only 1 crop). More than half (59.5%) of the farmers had TFP>1 which indicates low productivity. Tobit regression results show that Herfindahl index was found to be positively related to productivity at 1%, implying that crop diversification reduces the level of productivity. At 5% level of significance, age had negative significant effect (-0.01) while access to credit had positive significant effect (01.26) on the level of productivity. Land use intensity was however found to influence productivity positively, though not significantly. It was concluded that crop specialization increases the level of productivity. Crop specialization should be encouraged among farmers with good land management practices to help reduce the negative effect that high land use intensity might cause in the future.Item Determinants of multidimensional poverty transitions among rural households in Nigeria(IAAE, 2018) A. Adepoju, A.Despite recent progress in poverty reduction globally, millions of people are either near or living in severe multidimensional poverty in Nigeria. This study examined multidimensional poverty transitions in rural Nigeria, employing the Alkire and Foster Measure of Multidimensional Poverty, Markov Model of Poverty Transitions and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for analysis. Results showed that multidimensional poverty among rural households in Nigeria is mainly chronic (46.5%) while education and assets dimensions contributed most to the incidence and severity of multidimensional poverty among the households. Educational status, household size, number of assets owned, ownership of land influenced transient poverty while marital status, household size, land ownership and number of assets owned influenced chronic poverty. The study recommends the enactment and implementation of relevant laws against marginalization of rural women in ownership of assets and intensification of efforts and incentives aimed at encouraging human capital development in the rural areasItem Determinants of Child Mortality in Rural Nigeria(2012) Adepoju, A.O.; Akanni, O.; Falusi, A.O.This study examined the determinants of child mortality in rural Nigeria employing the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data. Data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and the Logit regression model. The result of analysis showed that the average age of the respondents at first birth is 19 years; while more than half of them had no formal education, and about three-fifths had less than 24 months birth interval. Secondary and higher education of mother, age of mother at first birth, place of delivery, type of birth, child ever breastfed, sex of child, were among the significant factors influencing child mortality in rural Nigeria. Maternal education, access to adequate health care (especially for pregnant women and children under five years) and increased awareness of benefits of breastfeeding were identified as the key factors to reducing child mortality in rural Nigeria.Item Does credit constraint in agriculture influence choice of nonfarm activities?(ISDS LLC, 2019) Adepoju, A.O.; Omolade, O.K; Obayelu, O.A.Agriculture is less becoming the main source of livelihood in rural Nigeria owing to high climatic risks, poor returns to investment and lack of modern tools. Thus, rural households are beginning to diversify their livelihoods from farming into non-farm activities, as alternative income sources. However, investment in non-farm income generating activities that yield higher returns require in most cases credit availability and accessibility. A household’s participation in and choice of nonfarm activities is thus expected to vary significantly between those who have access to credit and those who do not. However, recognition of the widespread nature and possibly far-reaching impacts of credit on non-farm income activities is scarce. This study examines the link between credit constraint status of rural households and their choice of nonfarm activities. Descriptive statistics, Probit and Multinomial Logit Regression models were employed for analysis. Results revealed that trading, artisanship and commercial transportation activities were the major non-farm activities engaged in by the households. A household credit constrained status also significantly influenced the choice of non-farm activities. Credit constrained households were more likely to participate in commercial transportation activities relative to other non-farm activities owing to its less capital-intensive nature. Promoting access to credit is thus pertinent and should be of utmost priority in the design of any programme for rural households in Nigeria.Item Effect of workdays lost to presumptive malaria on food crop production in rural south west Nigeria(2019-09-23) Adekanye J.O.; Adepoju A.O.; Adeoti A. I.Malaria is a major public health problem in Nigeria, having negative effect on economic livelihood of farming households. Therefore, this study examined the effect of workdays lost to presumptive malaria on food crop production in rural South west Nigeria. A four-stage sampling technique was used to randomly select 395 food crop farming households from Oyo and Osun states based on probability proportionate to size. Structured questionnaire was employed in collecting primary data used in the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression model at α0.05. Age of households’ head was 56.41±9.34 years. Male respondents were 88.6%, household size was 7±2 persons and 37.0% had no formal education. Only 45.1%, 24.6%, 37.2% and 7.1% had access to extension services, credit facilities, electricity and mosquito nets, respectively. In a year, the average number of presumptive malaria episodes per household was 17.49± 4.28. Workdays lost to malaria was 73.49±23.87, out of which 69.8% and 30.2% was due to sickness and caregiving, respectively. Household size (β=-1.00), hired labour (β=-0.25) and workdays lost to presumptive malaria (β=-0.12) reduced per capita food crop production while farm size (β= 0.42), fertilizer (β=0.43), herbicides used (β=0.15) and planting materials (β=0.11) increased per capita food crop production. Workdays lost to presumptive malaria had negative influence on household food crop production. Therefore, people in the study area should be encouraged to make proper use of malaria preventive measures, such as mosquito nets, so as to reduce frequency of mosquito bites and malaria attacks. Medication that can reduce the days of incapacitation should be intensified and made available to farmers at affordable prices in order to improve the quality of life and productivity of farming households. Also health education should form a core of educational and extension service delivery to the farmers especially in the rural areas where majority are into farming as means of livelihood.Item SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF POVERTY AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN NIGERIA(2013-08) SOWUNMI, FATAI ABIOLAPoverty reduction programmes in Nigeria have not had significant intended effects. This can be attributed to the non-consideration of the heterogeneous nature of poverty and spatial contiguity of geographical units in their designs. There is scarce information on spatial decomposition and spillover of poverty across the Senatorial Districts (SD) in Nigeria. Therefore, the spatial concentration of poverty and its determinants were investigated. The study employed secondary data from Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) and Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey conducted by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The NLSS and CWIQ were conducted in 2004 and 2006 respectively. The national sample sizes for NLSS and CWIQ were 22,200 and 77,400 household units respectively. Following the elimination of households with missing values, samples considered for the study were 18,760 and 54,536 households for NLSS and CWIQ respectively. The Poverty Rate (PR) per SD was obtained from household consumption expenditure data sourced from NLSS. Data on Household Size (HS), Household Membership of Association (HMA), Households’ Access to Health Facilities (AHF), People Employed in Agriculture (PEA), Access to Credit Facilities (ACF) and Literate Adult (LA) were obtained from CWIQ. Data on Number of Years Spent in the National Assembly by Senators (NYSNAS) (1999 – 2004) and soil fertility classification of Nigeria were sourced from INEC and FAO respectively. These variables and spatial dimension were hypothesized to influence PR. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Foster Greer and Thorbeck model, spatial regression, local indicator of spatial association and spatial probit at p = 0.05. Mean annual household per capita consumption expenditure was N28475.01 ± N11967.5. Percentage of PEA in the SD was 44.2 ± 18.4% while mean HS was 6.5 ± 1.5. Mean values of NYSNAS, ACF and AHF were 4.3 ± 0.5years, 10.5 ± 7.4% and 51.6 ± 18.2% respectively. Fifty-six percent of the SD had fertile soils. Average national PR of the SD was 56.03 ± 24.1%. Fifty three of the SD had PR below the national average. The Moran’s I value (3.4) indicated that spillover of poverty existed among SD. Ten percent increase in PR in one SD resulted in 3.1% increase in PR in the neighbouring SD ( = 0.3). Fifty-two percent of the SD with significant spatial association had low PR neighboured by low PR SD, 41.03% of the SD with high PR were neighboured by high PR SD. The PR in high-high SD was significantly reduced by HMA (-0.9), AHF (-0.3), ACF (-0.9), LA (-1.1), fertile soil (-5.2) and NYSNAS (-6.6). Poverty rate was significantly increased by PEA (0.4) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv and HS (5.5). Mean PR in high-high and low-low SD was 82.6% and 31.8% respectively. Household’s probability of being poor was higher in high-high SD (0.8) compared to low-low (0.08). Poverty incidence in a senatorial district influenced the neighbouring senatorial district. Reduction in poverty incidence would be achieved through households’ membership of associations, improved access to health and credit facilities. Keywords: Spatial concentration, Poverty rate, Spatial probit, Senatorial district Word count: 491Item UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY COMPETITIVENESS OF COCOA VALUE CHAIN IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA(2016-10) OLUYOLE, KAYODE AKANNICocoa contributes immensely to Nigeria’s export earnings but it has low domestic value addition. In order to improve this, there is a need to ascertain the competitiveness along cocoa value chain. However, there’s a dearth of information on the competitiveness at each stage of cocoa value chain. The competitiveness of cocoa along the value chain in Southern Nigeria was therefore investigated. Using three-stage sampling procedure, six cocoa producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposively selected from Oyo, Ondo and Cross River states in Southern Nigeria using two LGAs per state. In each LGA, two cocoa producing communities were randomly selected. A total of 250 cocoa farmers and 102 cocoa marketers were randomly selected from the twelve communities proportionate to the number of cocoa farmers and cocoa marketers in each community. Fifty-four cocoa processors were randomly selected from the study area. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the participants’ socio-economic characteristics, input and output prices at each stage (production, marketing and processing) of cocoa value chain. At production stage, there are Sharecropped Farmers (SF), Self-Owned Farmers (SOF) and Leased/Rented Farmers (LRF); at marketing stage, there are exporters, Licensed Buying Agents (LiBA) and Local Buying Agents (LoBA), while at processing stage there are Cocoa Butter Processors (CBP), Cocoa Powder Processors (CPP) and Black Soap Processors (BSP). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, policy analysis matrix and partial equilibrium analysis at α0.05. The working experience of cocoa producers, cocoa marketers and cocoa processors were 23.5±14.1, 18.3±8.3 and 9.2±9.2 years, respectively. At the production stage, SF, SOF and LRF had Private Profit (PP) of ₦468 729.76/ha, ₦397 465.03/ha and ₦331 465.03/ha, respectively while Private Cost Ratio (PCR) were 0.22, 0.24 and 0.25, respectively. The SF, SOF and LRF had Social Profit (SP) of ₦792 038.37, ₦536 178.10 and ₦468 729.76, respectively. Also, SF, SOF and LRF had Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) of 0.75, 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. At the marketing stage, exporters, LiBA and LoBA had PP and PCR of ₦43 018.01/tonne, ₦36 104.98/tonne, ₦24 279.81/tonne and 0.18, 0.27, 0.40, respectively. Exporters had the highest SP of ₦51 159.04/tonne while exporters, LiBA and LoBA had NPC of 0.98, 0.94 and 0.90, respectively. At the processing stage, CBP, CPP and BSP had PP and PCR of ₦730 229.77/tonne, ₦309 708.13/tonne, ₦92 262.26/tonne and 0.02, 0.05 and 0.27, respectively. The CBP had the highest SP of ₦814 273.32/tonne and lowest Domestic Resource Cost of 0.02. The NPC of 0.95, 0.94 and 0.79 for CBP, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv CPP and BSP, respectively showed lack of fiscal policies’ protection on cocoa processing. Welfare loss of producers was ₦429 432.36/tonne, while consumers’ gain was ₦123 492.22/tonne in the value chain. Competitiveness and comparative advantage along the stages of cocoa value chain exist in Southern Nigeria. The most competitive stage is cocoa processing. Cocoa production, marketing and processing were profitable to cocoa stakeholders in the study area. It is recommended that input use efficiency technologies should be introduced to maintain the competitiveness along the entire cocoa value chain. Keywords: Cocoa value chain, Social cost benefit, Comparative advantage, Effective protection coefficient. Word count: 497