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Item Households’ participation in community based organisations’ poverty reduction programmes in Oyo state Nigeria (1999 – 2012)(2014-12) Odunola, O. O.Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) are known to contribute to development especially at the grassroot level. However, the contribution of households in CBOs’ poverty alleviation has not been given adequate attention in the literature. This study, therefore, examined households’ level of participation in CBOs’ poverty reduction programmes in Oyo State, which has the highest number of CBOs’ in Southwestern Nigeria. Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation provided the analytical framework within a cross-sectional survey research design. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 10 (29.0%) local government areas from the three Senatorial districts: four in Oyo North (ON), three in Oyo Central (OC) and three in Oyo South (OS). A structured questionnaire focusing on level of household participation in community development (citizen power, tokenism, and non-participation), factors responsible for poverty reduction and challenges to participation was administered to 1,104 randomly selected household heads (399 in ON, 308 in OC and 397 in OS). In-depth interviews were conducted with members of randomly selected CBOs in each of the senatorial districts to obtain information on the projects executed and level of households’ involvement. Qualitative data were content analysed, while quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. Citizen power (54.8% in ON, 37.2% in OC and 50.5% in OS), tokenism (21.2% in ON, 27.8% in OC and 21.9% in OS) and non-participation (23.9% in ON, 35.0 % in OC and 27.6% in OS) were observed levels of participation. Mean incidence of poverty reduced from 5.3 to 1.4 in ON, 6.8 to 2.3 in OC and 3.9 to 1.1 in OS over time. This reduction was attributed to salary increase (9.0% in ON, 6.9% in OC and 8.9% in OS), birth control (13.8% in ON, 10.6% in OC and 13.7% in OS) and multiple jobs by the heads of household (15.1% in ON, 4.7% in OC and 12.8% in OS). The mean values of challenges to participation in development were financial problems (4.8±0.1 in ON, 3.6±0.4 in OC and 3.7±0.2 in OS), disparity in wealth (4.4±0.6 in ON, 3.6±0.2 in OC and 3.8±0.2 in OS) and power relations among community members (4.3±0.2 in ON, 3.5±0.5 in OC and 3.3±0.1 in OS). Development projects implemented by the CBOs were 38.8% in ON, 35.0% in OC and 26.2% in OS. Provision of infrastructural facilities by CBOs were 55.3% in ON, 72.1% in OC and 65.1% in OS; while economic and empowerment projects were 20.3% in ON, 8.1% in OC and 9.6% in OS. Security projects were 24.4% in ON, 19.8% in OC and 25.3% in OS. There was no significant difference in households’ levels of involvement in CBOs’ poverty alleviation programmes among the senatorial districts (F=0.13). Males were two times involved in CBOs’ poverty alleviation programmes than females in all the Senatorial districts. In spite of several benefits derived from Community-Based Organisations’ poverty alleviation programmes, households’ involvement in Oyo State was low. Households’ involvement should be strengthened by the government at different levels.Item A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ON-CAMPUS AND OFF-CAMPUS STUDENTS’ HOUSING IN THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA(2015-12) OWOLABI, B. O.The University of Ibadan is faced with a persistent challenge of providing adequate students’ housing as a result of explosion in the students’ population in consequence of which the on-and off-campus students’ housing policy was adopted. Existing literature on students’ housing investigated on-campus students’ housing but neglected off-campus students’ housing. This study therefore, conducted a comparative assessment of the on-and off-campus students’ housing in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Systems theory provided the analytical framework, while survey research design was employed. A systematic random sampling technique was adopted to select respondents among registered on-and off-campus students. Five percent (A total of 400 on-campus and 700 off-campus students) were randomly selected from the 12 on-campus halls of residence and 22 off-campus hostels respectively. Off-campus hostels were drawn from University of Ibadan adjoining residential neighbourhoods (Agbowo, Orogun, Ajibode, Apete, Samonda and Bodija). A questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics, health status indicator (reported cases of illnesses of malaria, cold/catarrh, cholera/diarrhoea and typhoid for the past two weeks at the time of survey), academic performance indicator (Cumulative Grade Point Average [CGPAs] of the 2009/2010 session), distance indicators (punctuality at lectures and time in transit) and social activities indicators (participation in sports, religion, and peer group) were used to elicit information from the students. Observational checklist was used to assess the quality of housing (windows sizes, netting, residential density and airspace). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression) at p≤0.05. Respondents’ age was 24±7years, 75.8% were males. Off-campus students took ill more than their on-campus counterparts (β=-1.8): malaria (off-campus 40.3%; on-campus 23.3%); cold/catarrh (off-campus 18.3%; on-campus 16.7%), cholera/diarrhoea (off-campus 16.7%; on-campus 14.9%) and typhoid (off-campus 15.2%; on-campus 14.9%). On the average, on-campus students had a better academic performance (CGPA=4.2) than off-campus students (CGPA=3.5) with t=8.0. Average waiting time for transportation for off-campus students was between 16-30 minutes compared to on-campus students (1-15 minutes). On-campus students spent an average of 15 minutes in transit while off-campus students spent 59 minutes in transit (X2 =69.8). On-campus students socialise more than off-campus students in sporting activities (β=0.2), religious activities (β=0.1) and peer-group activities (β=0.3). The health of off-campus students was more endangered due to poor window design than their on-campus counterparts with good ventilation; 76.4% of on-campus students have nets in their rooms compared to 31.3% of off-campus students. Residential density was higher in off-campus (83.4%) than on-campus (12.4%) and air space was more adequate in on-campus (86.3%) than off-campus (19.5%). On-campus students’ housing was more conducive for health and learning than off-campus in the University of Ibadan. Therefore, on-campus accommodation should be increased significantly to cater for the student population in the university, while off-campus accommodation providers should be encouraged to improve on their service delivery.Item A Comparative Assessment of On-Campus and Off-Campus Students’ Housing in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria(2015) Owolabi, B. O.The University of Ibadan is faced with a persistent challenge of providing adequate students’ housing as a result of explosion in the students’ population in consequence of which the on-and off-campus students’ housing policy was adopted. Existing literature on students’ housing investigated on-campus students’ housing but neglected off-campus students’ housing. This study therefore, conducted a comparative assessment of the on-and off-campus students’ housing in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Systems theory provided the analytical framework, while survey research design was employed. A systematic random sampling technique was adopted to select respondents among registered on-and off-campus students. Five percent (A total of 400 on-campus and 700 off-campus students) were randomly selected from the 12 on-campus halls of residence and 22 off-campus hostels respectively. Off-campus hostels were drawn from University of Ibadan adjoining residential neighbourhoods (Agbowo, Orogun, Ajibode, Apete, Samonda and Bodija). A questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics, health status indicator (reported cases of illnesses of malaria, cold/catarrh, cholera/diarrhoea and typhoid for the past two weeks at the time of survey), academic performance indicator (Cumulative Grade Point Average [CGPAs] of the 2009/2010 session), distance indicators (punctuality at lectures and time in transit) and social activities indicators (participation in sports, religion, and peer group) were used to elicit information from the students. Observational checklist was used to assess the quality of housing (windows sizes, netting, residential density and airspace). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression) at p≤0.05. Respondents’ age was 24±7years, 75.8% were males. Off-campus students took ill more than their on-campus counterparts (β=-1.8): malaria (off-campus 40.3%; on-campus 23.3%); cold/catarrh (off-campus 18.3%; on-campus 16.7%), cholera/diarrhoea (off-campus 16.7%; on-campus 14.9%) and typhoid (off-campus 15.2%; on-campus 14.9%). On the average, on-campus students had a better academic performance (CGPA=4.2) than off-campus students (CGPA=3.5) with t=8.0. Average waiting time for transportation for off-campus students was between 16-30 minutes compared to on-campus students (1-15 minutes). On-campus students spent an average of 15 minutes in transit while off-campus students spent 59 minutes in transit (X2 =69.8). On-campus students socialise more than off-campus students in sporting activities (β=0.2), religious activities (β=0.1) and peer-group activities (β=0.3). The health of off-campus students was more endangered due to poor window design than their on-campus counterparts with good ventilation; 76.4% of on-campus students have nets in their rooms compared to 31.3% of off-campus students. Residential density was higher in off-campus (83.4%) than on-campus (12.4%) and air space was more adequate in on-campus (86.3%) than off-campus (19.5%). On-campus students’ housing was more conducive for health and learning than off-campus in the University of Ibadan. Therefore, on-campus accommodation should be increased significantly to cater for the student population in the university, while off-campus accommodation providers should be encouraged to improve on their service delivery.Item The Potentials of Urban Rail Transport Development in Ibadan, Nigeria(2014) Omirin, J. O.The goal of efficient transportation in cities requires that all modes should function at their optimal capacities to provide adequate choices for commuters. However, the neglect of the rail transport has been a contributory factor to the persistent mobility crisis prevalent in Nigerian cities. Ibadan once enjoyed intra-urban rail transport services (passenger and freight) until it became moribund. Given the current rate of urban expansion and increased commuting distances within the city, this study investigated the potentials of urban rail transport development as a solution for the urban mobility crisis in Ibadan. The Spatial Interaction Theory and the Public-Private Partnership model provided the conceptual framework. Using a cross-sectional research survey, data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The Bureau of Public Enterprises provided information on the concessioning procedure for rail transportation in Nigeria. The city was stratified into five major traffic corridors on which a seven-day traffic count was conducted to collect data on commuter threshold capacity. Salter‟s corridor sampling technique was employed in the administration of questionnaire to 642 household heads based on income groups, along the stratified traffic corridors. Data on trip pattern, trip purpose, modal choice, rail potentials, train ride and the desire for the return of intra-urban rail transport; traffic congestion reduction, commuter‟s savings from the use of rail and employment creation were collected. Analysis of variance, multinomial logit and multiple regression models were used in data analysis at p≤0.05. Only 45.5 percent of residents had previously used train as mode of transportation. The threshold capacity for urban rail commuting along the traffic corridors of Podo/Akobo (2135), Lagos Road Toll/Moniya (1610), Bere/Akanran (1542) and Mokola/Ife Road Toll (1214) exceeded the required 1200 threshold capacity. Commuting distance varied from below 5 kilometres (53%) to 35 kilometres (4.8%) within the metropolis. Trips undertaken were mainly to work places (55.6%), shops/markets (26.8%), schools (6.7%), social/multipurpose trips (12.9%). There were significant differences in trips undertaken by the high, medium and low income groups (F= 38.503). Modal choice was significantly affected by auto-ownership, trip by bus, and respondents‟ income (r=0.24). The potential use of the rail transport was a function of occupation, estimated income and trip distance of commuters (R2=0.84). Eighty-four percent of the respondents desired the return of intra-urban rail transport. Perceived potentials of rail transport included reduction in traffic congestion (84.2%), per capita traffic crash rates (76.8%), increased modal choice (68.2%), enhanced commuter savings (57.5%) and employment creation (52.7%). The traffic congestion reduction potential of the rail was high (R2=0.59). Vertical integration approach of Bureau of Public Enterprises in rail concessioning was found to attract prospective private partnership. Intra urban rail transport in Ibadan has very high potentials. There is the need to revitalise intra urban rail transport in the city through public-private partnership.Item Urban Dynamics and Vulnerability to Disasters in Lagos State, Nigeria (1982 – 2012)(2014) Kasim, O. F.The terrain, morphology, socio-economic characteristics coupled with lateral urban growth and increasing population concentration expose Lagos state to different types of disaster. Studies on disasters in Lagos have focused on the types and their impact to the neglect of vulnerability factors and disaster patterns. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between urban dynamics (change in population, morphology and urban spatial expansion) and vulnerability to disasters in Lagos state (1982-2012) where flooding and building collapse are common occurrences. Forrester‟s urban dynamics theory provided the analytical framework. Cross-sectional survey design was adopted. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 1576 Heads of Household (HH) in direct proportion to existing housing stock in five Mainland Local Government Areas (LGAs) [Lagos Mainland –LM (67), Mushin (153), Oshodi-Isolo (197), Shomolu (214) and Surulere (106] and four Lagos Suburb (LS) LGAs [Alimosho (290), Ajeromi-Ifelodun (232), Ikorodu (234) and Kosofe (83]. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from HH. Observation checklist containing vulnerability indices and satellite imagery were used to document existing infrastructural facilities and residential neighbourhood densities, adherence to urban and regional planning regulation and standards in addition to recorded data on building collapse in Lagos state. The National Population Commission‟s trend of population growth in LM and LS and Land Use/Land-cover Change (LULC) imageries obtained from Global Land Cover Facility were used as urban dynamics indices. Geographic Information System was used to analyse LULC (Landsat imageries 1984 and 2010) and to simulate flood-risk scenarios. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and ANOVA at p≤0.05. Eighty-eight per cent of the buildings were built of sandcrete blocks (91.4% in LS and 83.9% in LM); 84.2% (LS) and 38.3% (LM) were not linked to pipe-borne water, while, 72.3 % (LS) and 43.1% (LM) did not have storm water drainage. About 74.0% (LS); 37.2% (LM) did not adhere to planning setback and maximum building-plot ratio. Also, 68.0% (LS) and 27.3% (LM) had encroached into natural flood plains. One hundred and thirty-eight buildings collapsed in the study area with 81.9% occurring in LM. Population of LM increased by 32.3% while that of LS increased by 87.4%. Vegetation cover reduced from 46.5% to 26.6% in LS and from 32.7% to 22.3% in LM while urban land use increased from 17.3% to 51.3% in LS and from 28.8% to 31.5% in LM. Buildings became vulnerable as flood-risk increased by one metre Above Sea Level (ASL) (8.3% in LM; 17.6% in LS). At two metres ASL, (19.1% LM; 31.5% LS) buildings were vulnerable to flood. The effects of urban dynamics on vulnerability to flood (R2=0.473) and building collapse (R2=0.524) were significant. Vulnerability to disaster varied by housing density across residential neighbourhoods for building collapse (F(2,86)=17.88). Increasing population growth, flood-plains encroachment and non-adherence to planning regulation are factors influenced vulnerability to disaster in Lagos state. Adherence to land use planning regulation and flood-plain buy-back were recommended as vulnerability reduction strategies.Item Physical Planning and Management of Modern Health Care Facilities in the Rural Area of Ondo State, Nigeria(2014) Jimoh, U. U.Studies on health care facilities, apart from being urban biased, have focused more on spatial inequality and patronage pattern to the neglect of physical planning and management. This study, therefore, evaluated the distribution pattern of the facilities, degree of conformity with planning standard and perception of their management in the rural areas of Ondo state, Nigeria. Ondo state was chosen due to its peculiar characteristics of having upland, midland and coastland areas. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. A combination of the central place and environmental planning and management theories, and three delay model guided the study. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select one rural Local Government Area (LGA) in each senatorial district. A total of 328 rural settlements were identified in the selected LGAs, out of which eleven with modern healthcare facilities were purposively selected. Nine hundred and ninety-eight households were chosen for the study. A structured questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex), physical planning variables (distance travelled, mode of travel) and management variables (community involvement in decision making) was administered to respondents. Observational checklist was used to assess physical planning standards in relation to the facilities (land area, building density, open space, bed space, road, and topography). Key-Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) complemented information on facilities’ management. The KIIs were conducted with the chairmen, community development officers, directors of town planning and senior health officers in the LGAs. Four FGDs were constituted in each LGA. Secondary data on physical planning attributes (threshold population and range) were also sourced. Descriptive statistics and Nearest Neighbour Analysis were employed to determine the spatial pattern of the facilities. Qualitative data were content analysed. The respondents’ mean age was 39.1 ±12.3 years, 52.6% were males. About 90% of the respondents travelled more than the expected maximum five kilometers, and 68.0% walked to health care facilities. Management of healthcare facilities was perceived by the respondents to be inadequate in terms of supervision (57.1%), irregular meetings (54.6%) and poor community dialogue (75.5%). Challenges to healthcare facilities identified by the respondents included: finance (63.2%), non-availability of modern equipment (56.0%) and shortage of medical and paramedical staff (43.0%). Field observations revealed that none of the facilities satisfied the physical planning regulation’s requirements for land area, building density, open space, and bed space, while 64.0 % and 71.4% met the requirements for road and topographical standards respectively. Variations were also observed in the level of compliance with the physical planning regulation standards among the senatorial districts: Ondo north (23.0 %) > Ondo central (16.4%) > Ondo south (12.3%). All health care facilities surveyed did not have the required threshold population needed to guarantee adequate patronage. Modern health care facilities were clustered (Rn < 1). Top-down planning and management approach to health care facilities was observed. Modern health care facilities in the rural areas of Ondo state were poorly distributed. Enforcement of compliance to planning and management standards is recommended.Item Implications of Rapid Urban Expansion on Rural Land Use in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria(2014) Ikpe, S. T.The implications of rapidly expanding cities on rural hinterlands have been documented in the literature. However, such implications are understudied in developing nations including Nigeria. This study, therefore, investigated the implications of rapid expansion of Damaturu, Yobe State, the fastest expanding state capital in northern Nigeria on rural land use pattern from 1986 to 2009. Environmental resource carrying capacity and distance decay effect provided the analytical framework. Survey research design was employed, while sampling elements were clustered and randomly sampled. The Local Government Areas surrounding Damaturu city (Damaturu, Tarmuwa, Fune, Gujba and Kaga) were purposively selected while the four major roads linking Damaturu with the neighbouring states provided the basis for subdividing the study area into four zones. Settlements in each zone were grouped into three, based on distance from Damaturu (<15km; 15-30km; >30km). Two settlements were randomly selected from each group. Two sets of questionnaire were administered to the population (household heads and firewood merchants/local building resource merchants) to elicit information on socio-demographic characteristics (population, age, sex, income), perception of urban expansion, implications on rural land use changes, rural resources depletion and severity index. There were 8,180 residential buildings in the selected settlements, 409 (5.0%) were randomly selected from which household heads were sampled. Similarly, 10.0% of 351 firewood merchants, 652 local building resource (soil, sand, gravel) merchants were randomly sampled. Imagery data collected were analysed using appropriate software. Pre- and post-classification comparison methods were employed to measure the changes of bare surface land, built-up area, tree-cover area and water-bodies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, weighted opinion assessment and Severity Index (SI) at p<0.05. Over ninety percent of respondents were males; mean age was 35.27±12.98 years while mean annual Income (in thousands) was 34.75±23.44. Population increased from 363,131 (1986) to 770,550 (2009). Bare land increased from 435.1ha (1986), 1,397.3ha (1999) to 2,936.2ha (2009). Built-up land increased from 398.6ha (1986), 2,045.9ha (1999) to 3,078.3ha (2009). Tree cover land decreased from 8,420.6ha (1986), 4,597.8ha (1999) to 2,642.9ha (2009). Water bodies decreased from 256.1ha (1986), 130.6ha (1999), to 72.0ha (2009). Average percentage of SI was 62.5%; SI decreased as distance increased 97.6% (<15km), 68.5% (15–30km) and 14.3% (>30km), while mean SI was 2.16 (very severe). The implications (rapid rural land use conversion, fast depletion of local building resources, decreasing water bodies) were perceived by 85.9% of the respondents as being negative. Fire-wood merchants viewed the expansion as negative because they expended more energy and cover longer distances for same quantity of resource. Local building resource merchants viewed increasing distance and rural degradation as negative, but made more sales to physical developers. Coping strategies of the household respondents included relocation of farm sites (78.0%), intensive agriculture (14.0%) and land conservation (8.0%). Fire-wood and local building resource merchants underwent longer distances for resources. Rapid rural land use conversion and rural resource depletion were viewed as negative implications of Damaturu expansion. Therefore, there is the need to evolve strategies to manage these negative implications on rural land use and resources.Item Urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry: Transcending poverty alleviation to climate change mitigation and adaptation(Urban climate, 2014) Lwasa, S.; Mugagga, F.; Wahab, B.; Simon, D.; Connor, J.; Griffith, C.A range of published and grey literature over the last three decades has underlined the importance of urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry (UPAF) in cities of developing regions. The focus in the published literature is on livelihoods, poverty reduction and ecosystems services at multiple city scales. Cities of developing regions, particularly in Africa, are searching for ways of addressing the unavoidable impacts of climate change and UPAF has demonstrated scalable adaptation and mitigation potential. However, evidence of UPAF’s role in mitigating and adaptation to climate change is scattered in various reports and has not been synthesized for its potential role in developing urban adaptation strategies. Building on the earlier poverty reduction focus of UPAF research, this paper contributes to UPAF knowledge regarding mitigating and adapting to climate change in urban and peri-urban areas in East and West Africa. The paper reports a synthesis based on a systematic review of the available literature on these regions, and selected sources on other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The paper also examines the extent to which literature conveys any evidence for UPAF playing a role in mediating the effects of climate/environmental change. Limited empirical verification was undertaken in Kampala and Ibadan, but this does not form the basis for systematic generalization. The key emerging areas of adaptation and mitigation include enhanced food security,Item The spatial pattern of disasters in public schools in Ibadan, Nigeria(Journal of engineering & environmental studies, 2015) Wahab, B.; Folarin, S.This research investigated the spatial pattern of public schools affected by disasters in Ibadan from 2009 to 2014. It also examined the occurrences and effects of disasters on educational facilities, the disaster preparedness facilities and users' knowledge of the facilities. Using the stratified random sampling technique, three urban out of five and two rural out of six local government areas (LGAs) in Ibadan were randomly selected for the study. All the 50 public schools affected by the 52 disaster events from 2009 to 2014 in the three urban and two rural LGAs, representing 87.7 per cent of the total number of public schools affected by disaster in Ibadan, were selected and geo-referenced. Copies of a questionnaire was administered to heads of schools and three teachers were randomly selected in each of the 50 schools, giving a total of 200 (19.4 per cent) of the total population. Staffs of Oyo State Ministry of Education, Oyo State Emergency Management Agency and Oyo State Universal Basic Education Board were interviewed. Informal interviews were also held with school prefects. Secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Between 2009 and 2014, 52 disaster events occurred and 50 public schools were affected. Sixty-eight (68) school buildings were affected and one life was lost. The public schools affected increased from six (6) in 2010 to seventeen (17) in 2011 owing to the rainfall of26 August, 2011. About 42.0% of the schools located on steep terrain experienced gully erosion. Only 4.7% schools had fire extinguishers and 60.5% had first-aid kits. Roofs of school buildings were easily blown off by the rainstorm/windstorm. Nearest neighbor analysis revealed a random and a dispersed pattern of public schools affected by disaster in urban and rural areas, respectively. The study recommended that the Ministry of .. Education, in collaboration with Oyo State Emergency Management Agency and other relevant stakeholders in disaster management, should promote awareness about safe schools, develop vulnerability assessment guidelines for schools, and ensure, that every school has disaster contingency plan.Item Conflict resolution strategies on community-driven projects in private and public housing estates in Lagos state, Nigeria(African journal for the psychological study of social issues, 2015) Wahab, B.; Adetunji, O.This study examined the cause of conflict and resolution strategies employed in the management of community-driven projects (CDPs) in selected public and private estates in Lagos State. Primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire, in-depth interviews with key informants and personal observation. A structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 25% of landlords/heads of households in both the Lagos State Development and Property Corporation (LSDPC) Ijaye-Ogba Estate in Agege Local Government Area (LGA) and Rufus Lanre-Laniyan Estate in Kosofe LGA. Four in-depth interviews (IDIs) were also conducted with the executives of the Residents’ Associations and Youths Association in each estate. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data collected. The study revealed that in both public and private estates, the provision and maintenance of community-based facilities generated conflicts in the forms of quarrel, fight, clashes, and murmuring. Communication, mediation, negotiation and reconciliation were the major strategies used by community elders and leaders of associations to resolve conflicts internally among residents in the housing estates. The study concluded that conflicts were likely to always arise in the provision, use and management of CDPs, but the ability to resolve such conflicts would always bring about peaceful co-existence in housing areas. The study recommended timely publicity, transparency, accountability and regular presentation of stewardship reports between the management committee of CDPs and residents/users in reducing and resolving conflicts over community-based projects.