scholarly works

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Analysis of Edible Snail (Archachatina margtnata) Marketing in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria
(International journal of applied research and technology, 2012) Adenegan, K.O.; Bolaji-Olutunji, K.A.
The study examined the marketing efficiency, profitability and the factors contributing to the profitability of snail marketing in Oyo State Nigeria. Forty copies of questionnaires were administered in five major markets in Ibadan (Aleshinloye, Oje, Orita-merin, Bodija and Apata markets). Simple descriptive analyses such as percentage and frequency table were used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regression analysis was used to examine the determinants of profitability of snail marketing. It was discovered from the empirical result that 90% of the sellers were female while 10% were male. One hundred percent (100%) of the sellers were 20years of age and above, and have 10 or more years of experience, 37% had no formal education while 40% had primary education and 23% had secondary education. The average profit N24, 250 forms the Budgetary Analysis (Av.selling price -Av.cost price) while the marketing efficiency for different markets are 1.98, 1.54, 1.19, 1.25 and 1.60 for Aleshinloye, Oje, Oritamerin, Bodija and Apata respectively. Four regression functions (Linear Function, Semi log, double log and Exponential Function) were run to analyze the determinants of snail marketing profitability. The exponential function provided the best of fit equation because it has more significant variables, highest coefficient of multiple regression, R\0.66) and lowest DurbinWatson, DW (l.473).The marketing of Snail can be said to be profitable, efficient and sustainable. It can reduce poverty. Therefore, further research should be carried out to domesticate and rear more edible snails in Oyo State and Nigeria as a whole to get more supply of protein and calcium in our diets.
Community Participation in Rural Development: A Case for Environmental Assessment.
(International journal of environment and development, 2000) Fawehinmi, A.S.; Akinterinwa, K.O.
In the face of the popularity of sustainable development, rural development must have an environmentally - friendly posture-thus the need for environmental assessment of proposed projects. This paper makes a case for community participation in environmental assessment addressing the obvious advantages therein. It asserts that the low level of community participation in environmental assessment may have a negative effect on the effectiveness of the performance of the project. It finally makes a call for proper legislation that will give the community a greater and higher level of participation in environmental assessment.
Consumption pattern and demand analysis of dacryodes edulis in Umuahia metropolis of Abia State
(Proceedings of the 37th annual conference of the forestry association of Nigeria held in Minna, Niger State, 2015) Adenegan, K.; Olowoyo, F.B.; Ajewole, o. i.; Koyejo, 0.A.,; Okelola, O.E; Akinyemi, G.0.; Nwachukwu, I.C.
Consumption pattern and demand analysis of Dacryodes edulis commonly called ube by the Igbos in Umuahia, Nigeria was studied. The various uses and reasons for consumption of Dacryodes edulis, socio- economic characteristics of respondents, income elasticity, regression of the significance of socio-economic variables on demand for Dacryodes edulis, correlation of socio-economic status and consumption are addressed. Simple random sampling was adopted. A well structured questionnaire were used for Dacryodes edulis consumers at the household in two selected local government areas in Umuahia. A total of (160) one hundred and sixty questionnaires were administered, on a total of eight (8) villages. Data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive statistics, which shows that almost all the respondents (92.0%) consume Dacryodes edulis and they got to know of Dacryodes edulis through family and friends due to its high medicinal value as claimed by 91.3% of the respondents. Results indicated a significant descriptive (p<0.05) contribution of the inde~ndent variables on the quantity of Dacryodes edulis consumed. The coefficient of determination (R) which is 58% makes the model fitted well to the data. The marital status has the highest contribution (0.179) to the quantity of Dacryodes edulis consumed, this is followed by willingness to buy (0.167), how often (0.137), household size (0.116), age (0.1(0) educational level (0.099), price of purchase (0.095) and profession (0.068).The income elasticity of Dacryodes edulis demand is 13%. The income elasticity is significant at 5% with coefficient of 0.13, this means that a percent increase in income leads to a 13%, of change in Dacryodes edulis consumption. The correlation shows that the quantity purchased and how often you buy Dacryodes edulis is significant (-0.5807) and also the quantity purchased and price quantity of purchase each time is also significant (0.6440).
The consumption pattern of goat meat in Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State, Nigeria
(International journal of sustainable development, 2011) Nwauwa, L.O.E.; Akintunde, O.K.; Adenegan, K.O.
Goat is a multi-purpose animal whose uses range from consumption, companionship to commercial meat production. Its production and consequent consumption is widely accepted in Nigeria among the different ethno-religious sects unlike pig, dog and donkey. The paper examined the factors that affect consumption pattern of both kid and mature goat meat in Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 150 consumers of goat meat through the use of structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model. The study results showed that 10% of the respondents in the study area consumed both kid and mature goat meat, while the remaining 20% and 70% consumed the kid goat only and mature goat meat only categories, respectively. Tenderness and unpalatable nature of the kid goat meat were found to reduce its demand. The results obtained also showed that the number of the dependants of consumers significantly influenced consumers' preference for the goat meat consumed. The likelihood ratio for the model, lambda (A) is 16.9 which is significant at 5% level. This implies that the goat meat consumer groups are heterogeneous. The multinomial logistic estimate for the combined goat meat consumer groups revealed that income and number of dependants of respondents were significant and therefore explained why individuals prefer to consume either the combination of kid and mature goat meat or the mature goat meat instead of the kid goat. The educational status of respondents and price of other meat products were not significant and therefore did not significantly influence individual's preference for a combination of kid and mature goat meat or only mature goat meat, instead of consuming the kid type of meat only. The study therefore recommends that efforts should be "lade to create awareness of the dangers of consuming meat with high cholesterol content which has been linked to cause many diseases coupled with training of butchers and goat meat processors on modern methods of processing cholesterol-free meat for healthy consumption.
"Contribution of livestock production to household income in ibadan metropolis of Oyo State in Nigeria "
(Conference of the animal science association of Nigeria, 2001) Adenegan, K. O.; Fapojuwo, O.E.
Credit utilisation among rice farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria
(Journal of sustainable development, 2010) Oladokun, Y. O. M.; Adenegan, K. O.
Assessment has to be made: (ii) assessment of a bank's performance involves both quantitative and qualitative factors; (iii) there is the problem of identifying banks' inputs and outputs; and (iv) the existence of several heterogeneous ,inputs and outputs. That cannot be easily compared. The study makes use of Data Envelopment Analysis in an attempt to measure the relative efficiency of commercial banks. It was observed that inefficiencies link more to inefficient resource utilisation rather than production scale. Also, Nigerian Banks were noted to be highly operationally inefficient. Hence, it is not sufficient to increase the capital base but it is important to make the environment more competitive, and to improve the absolute efficiency of the industry.
Demand, Supply Response and Preference Switch for Rice in Nigeria
(2014) Ayanwale, A. O. S.
The phenomenon of increasing rice importation defying several policy interventions has been of great concern in Nigeria. This rising importation is however driven by increasing demand, shortage in domestic supply and consumers’ preference for imported rice. Yet, comprehensive national studies on determinants of demand, supply response and preference switch for rice are scarce. Thus, the determinants of demand, supply response and preference switch for rice were investigated. Secondary data from the Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of 2004 conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and time series data from the official records of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 1960-2008 were used. Due to elimination of households with missing values on variables of interest, a total of 18,861 out of 21,900 households were used in the NLSS. Variables used in NLSS included Household Size (HS), Non-Food Total Expenditure (NFTE), Years of Education (YE), sector (urban/rural), occupation (farming/non-farming) and Membership of Association (MA) which were hypothesized to influence household expenditures on Imported Rice (IR), Improved Domestic Rice (IDR) and Local Rice (LR). Data on area cultivated, level of import, fertilizer consumption and prices were used in IRRI rice statistics and these variables were also hypothesized to influence supply (output) of rice. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Tobit regression model, vector error correction model and generalised least square regression at p= 0.05. The HS and YE were 4.9±2.9 and 6.8±6.3 years, respectively. Rural dwellers, farmers and members of association constituted 76.1%, 82.7% and 54.2%, respectively. Monthly rice expenditure was N2, 712.40, representing 25.0% of total monthly food expenditure. The expenditure share of IR (45.0%) was higher than IDR (30.0%) and LR (25.0%). Urban sector, YE, HS and NFTE increased the demand for IR by 4.0×10-03, 2.0×10-04, 1.0×10-03 and 1.0×10-09, respectively, while Farming Occupation (FO) reduced it by 9.0×10-03. Also, FO increased IDR demand by 8.0×10-03. Conversely, HS, NFTE, and MA reduced IDR demand by 9.0×10-04, 2.0×10-08 and 1.0×10-09, respectively. Also, NFTE and MA, respectively, increased LR demand by 6.0×10-09 and 4.0×10-03. Price elasticities of IR, IDR and LR which were -3.0×10-03, -7.0×10-04 and -2.0×10-03, respectively implied that rice was price inelastic. Also, income elasticities of IR, IDR and LR which were, respectively, 7.0×10-08, 2.0×10-07 and 1.0×10-07 classified rice as ‘necessities’ and ‘normal’ good. In the long-run, area cultivated and fertilizer consumption increased rice output by 2.8 and 2.3 respectively. Rural Sector (RS), HS, FO, and price of IR increased consumers’ switch from IR to IDR by 55.1, 6.6, 130.4, and 30.7, respectively, while price of IDR reduced it by 19.4. Price of IR and RS positively influenced switch from IR to LR by 2.0 and 70.2, respectively, while price of LR reduced it by 16.3. Education and urban livelihood increased demand for imported rice. Increasing rice area cultivated and usage of fertilizer may boost domestic rice supply. Price reduction will be a veritable tool in switching consumers’ preference from imported to improved domestic and local rice.
Determinants
(International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 2012) Adenegan, K.O.; Adepoju, A,; Nwauwa, L.E.O.
"Regression model was used to analyse the volume of maize offered to the market for sale. The result of the Tobit model correctly predicted 67% of the observation with a significant chi square of 52.93 and it shows the overall significance of the model. All variables had positive coefficients significantly differ from zero except years of education, transaction cost, marital status and household size. This means that a unit increase in the quantity of these variables will increase the proportion of maize offered for sale by the respondents. The, result of the regression model also showed that R -Square and adjusted R-Square are respectively 5 % and 90% with a significant overall fit. Volume of maize sold by individual respondents was used as the dependent variable. Total maize produced (p
"Determinants of access to microcredit in Ijebu - ode local government area of Ogun state, nigeria "
(Journal of rural economics and development, 2006) Adenegan, K.O.; Yusuf, S.A.; Ibraheem, F.O.
Microcredit is an important input for enhanced productivity, employment and income generation among small and medium scale enterprises. Using stratified random sampling procedure; data were collected from 140 respondents in ljebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun state on the determinants of access to microcredit. The data were analysed with the aid of logistic regression analysis. The study reveals that being a male, having higher level of education, owning assets as well as generating income enhanced the log-likelihood of accessing credit. Thus, suggesting that these variables are key in improving access to microcredit in the area.
"Determinants of child labour Participation among cassava processing Households in Ogun state, nigeria "
(Journal of Economics and Rural Development, 2006) Adenegan, K.O.; Adewusi, O.A
The study examined the determinants of child labour participation among cassava processing rural households in Ogun state, Nigeria. Data were obtained using a three-state sampling procedure. The study used Logit model to analyse determinants of child labour among cassava processing households. The variables age of household head, household size, gross income from cassava processing, primary occupation of household head and poverty status of the household were found to significantly explain child labour participation among the cassava processing households. It is recommended that a policy designed to ameliorate the poverty of these rural poor must among other things recognize provision of sound education at affordable fees, encourage birth control measures would check child labour participation among cassava processing households in the study area.
Determinants of food security status of rural households living with HIV/AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria
(African Journal of Biomedical Research, 2007) Adenegan, K.O.; Adewusi, O.A.
The study assessed the determinants of food security status of households living with HIV /AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria. Eighty-five people living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed for the study, Descriptive statistics, cost of calorie measure and the Logit model were used in analyzing the data collected. The result shows that there is high prevalence of food insecurity among the households living with HIV /AIDS. The result of the Logit model also shows that gender, education, monthly food intake (Kcal), total monthly income, drug share and food share significantly influence the food security status of the households living with HIV/AIDS. To improve the food security status of households living with HIV/AIDS, it is recommended that economic policy should be directed towards the reduction of the food prices, thus reducing the food share of the household monthly expenditure
"Determinants of Market Orientation among Smallholders Cassava Farmers in Nigeria"
("Global Journal of Management and Business Research Finance", 2013) "Adenegan, K. O.; Olorunsomo, S. O.; Nwauwa, L. O. E.
Determinants of Profit Efficiency of Small-Scale Dry Season Fluted Pumpkin Farmers Under Tropical Conditions: A Profit Function Approach
(International Journal of Vegetable Science, 2013) Nwauwa, L.O.E.; Rahji, M.A.Y.; Adenegan, K.O.
Determinants of rice farmer's access to credit in niger state, nigeria
(Journal of rural economics and development., 2011) Odu, O.O.; Okoruwa, V.O.; Adenegan, K.O.; Olajide, A.O.
"The performance of the agricultural sector has been relatively poor considering the attitude of existing financial institutions to the support of the sector. Informal credit supply is limited while formal credit supply is often inaccessible to smallholder farmers. Therefore, borrower's characteristics that determine access to formal and informal sources of credit were examined. Data collected by the Africa Rice Centre from Niger State in 2009 were used. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 373 out of 470 rice farmers from whom information was collected. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model were then used to analyse the data. Results revealed that agricultural credit programmes and village residents in the formal and informal credit sectors respectively were the accessible sources of credit. The results also revealed that access to formal credit was significantly increased by experience in rice farming, expenses on fertilizer input and rice income while access to informal credit was significantly increased by gender, duration of village residency, experience in rice farming and expenses on fertilizer input. It is recommended that a suitable credit support programme for access to formal credit should be introduced. "
The determinants of rice farmers’ productivity in Ekiti State, Nigeria
(Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016) Osanyinlusi, O. I.; Adenegan, K. O.
The issue of low productivity of the Nigerian farmers is becoming topical particularly in rice production. Rice is an annual crop and one of the most important staple food crops in Nigeria. Since the mid-1970, the demand for rice has been increasing at a much faster rate in Nigeria than in any other African country. This paper therefore examines the factors affecting rice farmers’ productivity as well as constraints limiting rice production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Primary data was used for this study with the aid of a well-designed questionnaire to collect data from 160 randomly selected rice farmers. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used in selecting the respondents. Three major rice-producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposively selected from the State, followed by the random selection of two villages from each LGA. In all, 160 rice farmers were randomly selected from six villages. The objectives were analysed using descriptive statistics, OLS regression and Likert-type scale. The results showed that the linear functional form gave the best line of fit. R2 value was about 77% and statistically significant at 1% level. Farm size, level of education and quantity of fertilizer were positively and significantly related to productivity at 1% and 10% respectively, while years of farming experience and quantity of seeds used were negatively significant at 10% and 1% respectively. Pest infestations and financial constraints were ranked as the most challenging factors limiting rice production in the study area. It is therefore recommended that extension services should be intensified in the area to educate the farmers on the appropriate application rate of fertilizer and seed rate per hectare. In addition, the relevant research institutes should develop a technology for controlling or preventing birds’ infestations in the area.
Economic Growth, Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Rural Nigeria
(2012) Adigun, G. T.
The Nigerian economy over the past few years grew at one of the highest rates in Africa. Yet, this growth has not led to substantial reduction in inequality and poverty, particularly in the rural sector. This was partly attributed to redistributional problem of national wealth which has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, the study assessed the contribution of growth and wealth distribution to poverty reduction in rural Nigeria from 1996 to 2004. Data from the National Consumer Survey (NCS) of 1996 and National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of 2004 sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics were used. The number of households sampled under the NCS and NLSS were 11,577 and 22,200 respectively. The rural household components of NCS and NLSS totaling 9377 and 14,515 respectively were used. Variables extracted for the study included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as average household expenditure. The data were analysed using Gini, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke measures of poverty, the Shapley decomposition rule in co-operative game theory and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique at p = 0.05. Rural household mean ages in 1996 and 2004 were 44.8 ±13.2 and 43.0 ±14.2 years respectively. Mean family size was 5.4 ± 3.7 in 1996 and 4.9 ± 2.9 in 2004. Gini coefficient and poverty incidence in 1996 were 48.0 and 69.2% compared to 46.0 and 65.1% in 2004 respectively. In 1996, the poverty gap and severity indices were 34.5 and 21.2% respectively while in 2004, the corresponding values were 27.6 and 14.9% respectively. Poverty severity was highest (61.8%) among Remittances Income Earners (RIE) and least (32.8%) among non – farm income earners in 2004. Highest variation (67.1%) in income was among RIE while the least (45.3%) was among agricultural income group. Both economic growth and income redistribution reduced poverty by 0.025 and 0.056% respectively. A 10% decrease in inequality resulted in 0.04 and 2.45% reduction in poverty in 1996 and 2004 respectively. Similarly, a 10% increase in growth in 1996 and 2004 reduced poverty in both periods by 0.02 and 0.23% respectively. Variations in income distribution within the two periods contributed 0.248 to total inequality compared with 0.362 between the two periods. Income distribution disparity within the two periods (0.245) contributed less to poverty than the variation between the two periods (2.934). A 10% increase in growth from 1996 to 2004 reduced poverty by 6.2% and decreased inequality by 3.4%. The respective key determinants of growth for both periods were age of household head (0.011, 0.199), housing (0.038, 0.032), education (0.129, 0.141) and hours worked (0.183×10-4, 0.002). Others were gender (- 0.117, -0.213) and household size (-0.044, -0.140). Economic growth and income redistribution generally ameliorated poverty between 1996 and 2004 in rural Nigeria and the growth facilitating factors comprised quality of housing, education, longer hours of work and being a middle aged household head. The effect of poverty was however more noticeable among remittances income earners.
Economic Impact of Climate Change on Smallholder Crop Farms in Nigeria
(2015) Odozi, J. C
The negative effect of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture across Africa has been well established. This underscores its global policy interest. In Nigeria, crop farming is climate dependent and farmholders often employ measures that are sub-optimal against climate risk. This raises the vulnerability of farming to CC uncertainty. For a long time, knowledge of CC perception by farmholders dominated the existing literature. However, information on economic estimates of damages and responses at the farm level is relatively scanty. Economic impact of CC on smallholder crop farms was therefore investigated. General household survey data on smallholder farms collected by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in 2010 was used together with baseline climate observations from 1950-2000 and projections (2000-2050) of the World Climate Data Base (WCDB). Complementary data on population, soil and altitude for 774 Local Government Areas (LGA) were sourced from National Population Commission (NPC) and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Variables from NBS were farm value, farm revenue, crops cultivated, land size, area planted, household size and age. Variables from WCDB were Mean Temperature (MT) and Mean Precipitation (MP) for wet and dry seasons. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, multivariate probit and Ricardian models at ∝0.05 Farm value and annual farm revenue were 156293.3 (10714.3-1619433.0) N/ha and 47837.1 (3966.2-2159244.3) N/ha respectively. Land size was 2.7±1.9 ha while area planted, household size and age were 2.3±18.2 ha, 5.2±1.6 and 51.3±15.3 years respectively. Baseline MT and MP were 26.3±2.9 ℃and 179.2±75.1 mm/month respectively for wet season and 25.9±3.0 ℃ and 22.3±24.7 mm/month for the dry season. Projected MT and MP were 27.61±3.0 ℃ and 192.3±61.6 mm/month for wet season and 27.5±3.0 ℃ and 25.6±29.3 mm/month for dry season respectively. Baseline MP increased the probability of cultivating sorghum (0.5%), cowpea (0.2%), and yam (0.1%) while it reduced the probability of cultivating millet (0.8%), rice (0.1%), cassava (0.1%) and maize (0.5%). Baseline MT increased the probability of cultivating millet (5.8%), rice (2.4%) and maize (51.5%) and reduced the probability of cultivating sorghum (0.7%), cowpea (2.1%), cassava (0.7%) and yam (36.7%). Projected MT reduced the probability of cultivating all crops with the highest probability on sorghum (10.5%). While the effect of projected MP on the probability of cultivation was mixed across crops, the highest probability of reduced cultivation was observed for rice (25.9%) and the least for maize (1.8%). Controlling for non-climate factors, climate change reduced farm value by 62.8% for the whole country and across agricultural zones by 8.2%, 41.9%, 7.2% and 41.0% for North central, North east, North west, and South west respectively except for South east that increased marginally by 3.4%. Climate change affected revenue and crop cultivation of smallholders and could affect food security in the near future. Impact was huge for the whole country and varies across agricultural zones. Use of stress tolerant technologies (irrigation, and drought tolerant seeds) and institutional support would enhance coping capacity against climate change risk
Economics of "poultry egg" marketing in ibadan metropolis
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2005) Adenegan, K. O.; Olayide, O.E.
Educational Status of Mothers: Implication for Preschoolers' Nutritional Intake in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
(African journal of educational research, 2012) Adenegan, K.O.
"The study was carried out to assess the impact of the educational status of mothers on preschooler's nutritional intake. The children in Ibadan Metropolis were used as a case study. Simple statistical anaiysis was employed to explain the socio economic characteristics of the mothers. The daily dietary intake of the children was recorded and weighed against the recommended dietary allowance given by the FAO/WHO. The results showed that as the calorie intake increases, the protein also increases, sharing a positive relationship. Results also revealed that mothers with no formal education had children with the highest level of intake in both calorie and protein. The mothers with secondary school education were found to give the least to their children which will indeed be associated with the nature of their jobs. Male children were shown to consume more than the female children. On the average, 72.08% of the recommended for calorie was met and 96. 8% for the protein was met. Regression results showed that protein intake and class of the child is positively related to the level of calorie intake. The age of the child and educational status of the mother was shown to be negatively related to the level of caloric intake. It was therefore recommended that programmes on the nutritional needs of a child by the Government while mothers be encouraged to have vegetable gardens behind their houses, making it cheaper and more easily accessible. This will certainly improve the daily intakes and the nutritional status of children "
Effect of Social Capital on Rural Household Welfare in Southwestern Nigeria
(2013) Adepoju, A. A.
Rural household welfare remains low in Nigeria, as the traditional capital (physical, natural, human and financial) has not fully led to its improvement. There is increasing shift of attention to social capital as an element that explains household welfare. The nexus between social capital and rural household welfare in southwestern Nigeria has not been fully examined. The effect of social capital on rural household welfare in southwestern Nigeria was therefore investigated. Multistage sampling technique was used. Oyo and Ekiti states were selected from the six states in southwestern Nigeria based on their poverty profile (the least poor and the poorest). Six rural Local Government Areas and thirty-two communities were selected from the two states based on probability proportionate to size and sample size of 298 was used for the analysis. Data were collected on household demographic characteristics such as age, education and household size, expenditure profile and social capital dimensions: Membership Density (MD), Decision Making (DM), Meeting Attendance (MA), heterogeneity, Cash Contribution (CC) and Labour Contribution (LC). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ordered probit, ordinary least square, two-stage least square and control function regression models at p=0.05. Ninety three percent of the households were headed by male. Mean age, years of formal education and household size were 48.3 ± 11.7 years, 8.4 ± 6.3 years and 6.1 ± 2.6 respectively. Average MD and DM in association were 4.5 ± 2.1 and 24.7 ± 13.2. Households attended four out of every five meetings scheduled. Diversification of membership measured by heterogeneity index was 21.7 ± 16.4 while annual CC and LC to association were N7,412.95 ± N9,757.73 and 54.6 ± 18.4 mandays respectively. Membership in religious group accounted for the highest proportion (77.3 percent) while recreational club accounted for the lowest (4.67 percent). The highest Welfare Tercile (WT) had monthly mean per capita expenditure of N9,135.98  N4,014.35 which was four times the value for the lowest WT (N2,239.82  N958.33). The maximum CC to associations was recorded by the highest WT (N9,756.90 ± N12,358.25) while the lowest WT had the maximum LC of 24.7 ± 20.2 mandays. Majority of the households (78.0 percent) benefited from access to information on market outlets and share of risk/shocks while 55.5 percent had access to land. Low educational level reduced benefit derived from social group by 0.027, while being a farmer (0.404), LC (0.016) and DM increased benefit received from social group. Household welfare reduced with increase in age (-2.965), being married (-2.965), household size (-0.398), being a farmer (-1.676) and LC (-7.5x10-4). Conversely, age squared, education and DM index increased household welfare by 0.2 percent, 10.8 percent and 2.8 percent respectively. Aggregate social capital index increased household welfare by 9.5 percent, while controlling for non-linear interaction of social capital with unobservable variables further increased the effect of social capital by 13.1 percent. Decision making and aggregate social capital improved household welfare while labour contribution reduced it. A bi-causality relationship existed between social capital and household welfare.