Scholarly works in Agricultural Economics
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Item Financial literacy, women’s empowerment and food safety among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria(2022) Adepoju, A. O.; Adewole, O.; Akinkuolie, T.Financial literacy, women’s empowerment and food safety are important to the eradication of poverty, malnutrition and the economic development of a nation. This study examined financial literacy, female empowerment and food safety among farming households in Oyo state, Nigeria. The mean age of women in the study area was 42 ± 10 years, with the majority having a primary-level education. Most of the women in the study area were financially literate, but more than half were not empowered. The mean food safety index of 0.1 ± 0.01 shows that most households do not carry out food safety practices. Financial literacy is a major determinant of empowerment among the women. Majority of women are not empowered in comparison to their male counterparts. Monitoring and management of existing empowerment programmes for women should be the focus of government interventions to promote self-sufficiency and empowerment,Item Welfare implications of domestic land grabs among rural households in Delta State, Nigeria(Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies,, 2018) Adepoju, A. O.; Ewolor, S.; Obayelu, O. A.Rural households are displaced from their lands without any plan in place to resettle or compensate them, for a promise of improvement in their living standards. This has not only resulted in a decline in the living standard of the rural populace, in terms of loss of land and livelihoods, the poor are also further marginalized and impoverished. This study examines the welfare implication of domestic land grabs among rural households in Delta State, Nigeria, employing primary data obtained from one hundred and seventy-three representative farming households. Descriptive analysis revealed that majority were low-income earners and engaged in farming as their major occupation. Econometric analysis revealed land size, secondary education, community leaders’ influence, compensation and the use to which the grabbed land was put into as some of the significant factors influencing domestic land grabs in the study area. Further, the size of land grabbed, no compensation for the use of land and low farm output were found to have negative effects on the welfare of the farmers. Thus, the need to intensify efforts to ensure that the rural populace is not being unreasonably dispossessed of its lands, becomes imperative. The need for commensurate compensation of rural households whose lands were grabbed and periodical checks on community leaders who positively influence domestic land acquisitions arbitrarily also becomes pertinent for improvement in the welfare of the farmers. This is especially so, if these small-scale farmers are to be significant drivers of global food security.Item Food insecurity status of rural households during the post-planting season in Nigeria(Academic Journals Inc., 2013) Adepoju, A. O.; Adejare, K. A.About two-thirds of rural households in Nigeria are engaged in crop and livestock production as their main source of livelihood. These households are especially vulnerable to chronic food shortages owing to adverse weather and the unavailability of enough food from home production, especially during the post-planting season. This study attempts a proper empirical identification of the food insecure and the reasons for their insecurity, through a profile of food insecurity indices and an investigation of the factors influencing their status during the post-planting season in rural Nigeria. We construct food insecurity indices and specify a probabilistic model, employing the post-planting visit data of the first wave of the General Household Survey-Panel (2010). Results showed that almost half (49.4 percent) of rural households in the country were food insecure during the post-planting period. Identified key rural food insecurity determinants include: gender of household head, tertiary education of household head, access to both formal and informal credit and remittances, household size, dependency ratio and living in the North-Central, North-East, South-East and South-West Geopolitical zones of the country. Since food availability remained below the required levels for large parts of the rural populace during this season, identified food insecure households should be targeted for safety nets.Item Poverty transitions in rural South West Nigeria(Global Journals Inc. (USA), 2012-01) Adepoju, A. O.Poverty dynamics enables a better appreciation of the extent of poverty over time by distinguishing between households exiting and entering into poverty, those never poor and the persistently poor. However, it has not received much attention in the poverty literature in Nigeria, largely due to the lack of nationally representative panel data that track the poverty status of households over time. The dynamics of poverty in rural SouthWest Nigeria (SWN) was therefore investigated using regional panel data. Results showed that 49.5 percent of the households were non-poor while 28.2 percent were poor in both periods respectively. On the other hand, 22.3 percent of the households moved in and out of poverty between the two periods indicating a higher level of chronic poverty in rural South Western Nigeria. However, of the transient poor, while 6.8 percent exited poverty, a larger proportion (15.5 percent) moved into poverty. Results also revealed an overlap between the determinants of chronic and transient poverty as vulnerability aggravated both chronic and transient poverty in the region by increasing the odds of remaining and moving into poverty of poor and non poor households respectively. However, there were a few factors such as primary education of household head, membership of local group or association, access to remittance and credit associated with chronic but not transient poverty and vice versa. The study suggests adoption of mixed policies to poverty reduction and taking into account the factors that prevent the poor from slipping into poverty while giving due attention to the factors that help them overcome poverty in the targeting of the various anti-poverty programmes of government.Item Factors influencing domestic energy choice of rural households in Ogun State, Nigeria(Friends Science Publishers, 2012) Adepoju, A. O.; Oyekale, A. S.; Aromolaran, O.Choices of domestic energy that are made by rural households are able to influence environmental conservation and sustainable development. This study determined the factors influencing choice of energy by rural households. Data were collected from randomly sampled households. Analysis was done with descriptive statistics and Logit regression. Result showed that the largest proportion of the respondents used kerosene oil for cooking and lighting. Logit regression results showed that there was gender influence in fuel wood choice. Also, illiterate household heads had higher likelihood of choosing charcoal. Choices of kerosene oil and electricity were influenced by proximity. It was recommended that efforts to address energy problem in rural areas should take cognizance of ensuring availability and affordability of cleaner energy sources, among others.Item Determinants of multidimensional poverty transitions among rural households in Nigeria(IAAE, 2018) A. Adepoju, A.Despite recent progress in poverty reduction globally, millions of people are either near or living in severe multidimensional poverty in Nigeria. This study examined multidimensional poverty transitions in rural Nigeria, employing the Alkire and Foster Measure of Multidimensional Poverty, Markov Model of Poverty Transitions and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for analysis. Results showed that multidimensional poverty among rural households in Nigeria is mainly chronic (46.5%) while education and assets dimensions contributed most to the incidence and severity of multidimensional poverty among the households. Educational status, household size, number of assets owned, ownership of land influenced transient poverty while marital status, household size, land ownership and number of assets owned influenced chronic poverty. The study recommends the enactment and implementation of relevant laws against marginalization of rural women in ownership of assets and intensification of efforts and incentives aimed at encouraging human capital development in the rural areasItem Economic Growth, Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Rural Nigeria(2012) Adigun, G. T.The Nigerian economy over the past few years grew at one of the highest rates in Africa. Yet, this growth has not led to substantial reduction in inequality and poverty, particularly in the rural sector. This was partly attributed to redistributional problem of national wealth which has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, the study assessed the contribution of growth and wealth distribution to poverty reduction in rural Nigeria from 1996 to 2004. Data from the National Consumer Survey (NCS) of 1996 and National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of 2004 sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics were used. The number of households sampled under the NCS and NLSS were 11,577 and 22,200 respectively. The rural household components of NCS and NLSS totaling 9377 and 14,515 respectively were used. Variables extracted for the study included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as average household expenditure. The data were analysed using Gini, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke measures of poverty, the Shapley decomposition rule in co-operative game theory and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique at p = 0.05. Rural household mean ages in 1996 and 2004 were 44.8 ±13.2 and 43.0 ±14.2 years respectively. Mean family size was 5.4 ± 3.7 in 1996 and 4.9 ± 2.9 in 2004. Gini coefficient and poverty incidence in 1996 were 48.0 and 69.2% compared to 46.0 and 65.1% in 2004 respectively. In 1996, the poverty gap and severity indices were 34.5 and 21.2% respectively while in 2004, the corresponding values were 27.6 and 14.9% respectively. Poverty severity was highest (61.8%) among Remittances Income Earners (RIE) and least (32.8%) among non – farm income earners in 2004. Highest variation (67.1%) in income was among RIE while the least (45.3%) was among agricultural income group. Both economic growth and income redistribution reduced poverty by 0.025 and 0.056% respectively. A 10% decrease in inequality resulted in 0.04 and 2.45% reduction in poverty in 1996 and 2004 respectively. Similarly, a 10% increase in growth in 1996 and 2004 reduced poverty in both periods by 0.02 and 0.23% respectively. Variations in income distribution within the two periods contributed 0.248 to total inequality compared with 0.362 between the two periods. Income distribution disparity within the two periods (0.245) contributed less to poverty than the variation between the two periods (2.934). A 10% increase in growth from 1996 to 2004 reduced poverty by 6.2% and decreased inequality by 3.4%. The respective key determinants of growth for both periods were age of household head (0.011, 0.199), housing (0.038, 0.032), education (0.129, 0.141) and hours worked (0.183×10-4, 0.002). Others were gender (- 0.117, -0.213) and household size (-0.044, -0.140). Economic growth and income redistribution generally ameliorated poverty between 1996 and 2004 in rural Nigeria and the growth facilitating factors comprised quality of housing, education, longer hours of work and being a middle aged household head. The effect of poverty was however more noticeable among remittances income earners.Item Effect of Social Capital on Rural Household Welfare in Southwestern Nigeria(2013) Adepoju, A. A.Rural household welfare remains low in Nigeria, as the traditional capital (physical, natural, human and financial) has not fully led to its improvement. There is increasing shift of attention to social capital as an element that explains household welfare. The nexus between social capital and rural household welfare in southwestern Nigeria has not been fully examined. The effect of social capital on rural household welfare in southwestern Nigeria was therefore investigated. Multistage sampling technique was used. Oyo and Ekiti states were selected from the six states in southwestern Nigeria based on their poverty profile (the least poor and the poorest). Six rural Local Government Areas and thirty-two communities were selected from the two states based on probability proportionate to size and sample size of 298 was used for the analysis. Data were collected on household demographic characteristics such as age, education and household size, expenditure profile and social capital dimensions: Membership Density (MD), Decision Making (DM), Meeting Attendance (MA), heterogeneity, Cash Contribution (CC) and Labour Contribution (LC). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ordered probit, ordinary least square, two-stage least square and control function regression models at p=0.05. Ninety three percent of the households were headed by male. Mean age, years of formal education and household size were 48.3 ± 11.7 years, 8.4 ± 6.3 years and 6.1 ± 2.6 respectively. Average MD and DM in association were 4.5 ± 2.1 and 24.7 ± 13.2. Households attended four out of every five meetings scheduled. Diversification of membership measured by heterogeneity index was 21.7 ± 16.4 while annual CC and LC to association were N7,412.95 ± N9,757.73 and 54.6 ± 18.4 mandays respectively. Membership in religious group accounted for the highest proportion (77.3 percent) while recreational club accounted for the lowest (4.67 percent). The highest Welfare Tercile (WT) had monthly mean per capita expenditure of N9,135.98 N4,014.35 which was four times the value for the lowest WT (N2,239.82 N958.33). The maximum CC to associations was recorded by the highest WT (N9,756.90 ± N12,358.25) while the lowest WT had the maximum LC of 24.7 ± 20.2 mandays. Majority of the households (78.0 percent) benefited from access to information on market outlets and share of risk/shocks while 55.5 percent had access to land. Low educational level reduced benefit derived from social group by 0.027, while being a farmer (0.404), LC (0.016) and DM increased benefit received from social group. Household welfare reduced with increase in age (-2.965), being married (-2.965), household size (-0.398), being a farmer (-1.676) and LC (-7.5x10-4). Conversely, age squared, education and DM index increased household welfare by 0.2 percent, 10.8 percent and 2.8 percent respectively. Aggregate social capital index increased household welfare by 9.5 percent, while controlling for non-linear interaction of social capital with unobservable variables further increased the effect of social capital by 13.1 percent. Decision making and aggregate social capital improved household welfare while labour contribution reduced it. A bi-causality relationship existed between social capital and household welfare.Item Income Diversification and Poverty Among Rural Farm Households in Southwest Nigeria(2011) Idowu, A. O.Rural development has been erroneously equated to agricultural development. The former works to diversify income through non-farm activities to complement proceeds of the latter. However, the actual role of non-farm income in poverty alleviation is not yet known among rural households. There is therefore the need to critically explore the roles of non-farm income diversification in rural poverty alleviation. The patterns and contributions of non-farm income diversification to poverty reduction among rural farm households in Southwest Nigeria were investigated. A multistage sampling technique was used to obtain data from rural farm households. Three states (Ekiti, Ogun and Osun) from the six south western states were randomly selected. Five agricultural zones were randomly selected from the three states based on probability proportionate to size. In each zone, four blocks and three cells per block were selected. Lastly, two farming communities per cell and four farming households per community were selected to make 480 farming households. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-economic characteristics, household assets, income generating activities, labour-use, income and expenditure. Descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measures, Herfindal index, Tobit and Probit regression methods were employed for data analyses at p = 0.05. Mean age of household heads, household size and dependency ratio were 49.9 ± 0.6 years, 6.8 ± 0.1 and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively. The mean year of schooling of household heads was 8.8 ± 0.2 and 83.7% of households were headed by male. The mean per capita income was N206.7 ± 160.3/day while the per capita cost of basic needs was N253.4 ± 28.6/day. The incidence, depth and severity of poverty were 76.4%, 32.9% and 17.3% respectively. Ninety four percent of the households derived their income from a diversified portfolio of livelihood activities, with non-farm activities accounting for 67.1% of the income. The non-farm activities included skilled (18.0%) and unskilled (22.9%) wage employment, self-employment (81.3%) and social and community service (8.8%). Self-employment was the largest non-farm income source contributing 42.1%. Involvement in non-farm labour activities was significantly higher among poor than non-poor farm households. The level of income diversification depicted by Herfindal index was 2.8 ± 0.04 and it was significantly higher among poor than non-poor farm households. The implicit wage rate of household labour use in farming activities (N1,773.4/manday) was significantly higher than in non-farm activities (N878.0/manday). Education (0.1) and electricity (0.5) significantly increased non-farm income diversification while distance to urban centre (-0.04), landholding (-0.6) and animal asset base (-0.2) significantly reduced non-farm income diversification. Participation in non-farm skilled (-0.1) and unskilled (-0.1) wage employments significantly reduced the probability of being poor. Other characters of respondents that significantly reduced the probability of being poor included education (-0.1), landholding (-0.4), investment asset base (-0.000005) and rural electricity (-0.1) while household size (0.1) increased the probability. Participation in skilled and unskilled wage employment significantly reduced poverty among rural farm households in Southwest Nigeria.