scholarly works

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Actualization of strategies for privatized preventive veternary services to nomadic herdsmen in southern Nigeria.
(1997) Esuruoso, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.
Grazing reserves and development of traditional pastoralism in Nigeria: progress and prospects
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 1999) Babalobi, O. O.; Esuruoso, O. O.
The Nigerian beef industry is controlled by pastoralists for whom production strategies are primarily for stock survival rather than increased off-take. Their production system is in the traditional (extensive migratory) phase of development, which needs to be modernized (intensified) to bridge the increasing gap between supply and demand for beef in Nigeria while sustaining the pastoral lifestyle of the producers. In this paper, the most sustained effort at development of pastoralism - the grazing reserve scheme - is examined for its effectiveness Using the Dobi Grazing Reserve in Niger State. Nigeria as study area, its progress towards the settlement and economic development of pastoralism is evaluated. From the result, an unprecedented voluntary settlement of pastoralist and marginally improved production parameters are recorded. Possession of land rights, grazing security, presence of water and grazing resources, and the deliberate policy of encouraging transhumance activity out of the reserve during the dry season, were factors responsible for the voluntary settlement. The need for stricter stock control measures, provision of extension/veterinary services and socio-economic infrastructure and a greater involvement of settlers in the funding and administration of the reserve are highlighted as conditions for sustaining the programme.
Relevance of value and integrity to the ideals of the varf organization and in relation to the mandate of the veterinary council of Nigeria
(Animal care services Konsult NIG. LTD, 2000) Olugasa, B. O.; Esuruoso, G. O.; Oghre-Ikanone, E.
Mixed farming in a grazing reserve in Northern Nigeria
(2000) Babalobi, O. O.; Akinwumi, J. A.
Nigeria's main pastoral development strategy is the settlement of pastoralists in grazing reserves. The goal of the strategy is to turn such nomadic pastoralists into mixed farmers who will take up crop farming to supplement livestock farming. Using the Bobi Grazing Reserve, Niger Stale, Nigeria as case study, the attainment of this goal is evaluated by the use of structured questionnaire, interviews, field surveys, project site visitation and personal observation. From the results, ninety-five percent (95%) of settled pastoralists willingly adopted mixed farming as an economic survival strategy. This was in response to reduced herd size on settlement, in the face of declining land available for nomadism among other reasons. Average herd size of 41.5 cattle, 14.0 gnats and 7.5 sheep was insufficient to supply household income need hence settlers took up crop farming to supplement income. Annual income from livestock farming (N62,182.00) was 78.1% of total income per settler, while crop farming supplied 21.9% (N 17.400) of the income. Farmers farmed a mean 3.97 hectares out the maximum 4.00 hectares allowed in the reserve. Ninety-five percent of settlers expressed willingness to expand farm size in response to domestic needs. Thus hitherto nomadic pastoralists became mixed farmers on settling in the reserve. Mixed farming therefore appears to be an achievable goal in Nigeria’s pastoral development strategy.
Epizootiology of pastoralism in Nigeria
(2000) Babalobi, O. O.; Esuruoso, G. O.
Application of geographical information systems to assess the risk of trypanosomosis in Apete, Ibadan
(2001) Oguamanam, L.; Babalobi, O. O.; Fabiyi, O.
Geography information System (GIS) was applied to assess the risk of trypanosomosis at Apete area, Ibadan, Nigeria where the University of Ibadan’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital has a satellite station. Primary data were collected from physical field observations and interviews with residents and community leaders in the area between September 2000 and March 200.1 Secondary data sources included maps from Oyo State ministry of Land, Housing and Survey, International Livestock Research Institute ILRI. Internet Search and consultation with GIS personnel at the Geography Department of the University of Ibadan. Data analysis was done at DISEG Niq Ltd Ibadan. Software used included Arcview GIS Version 3.1® Atlas GIS® and Arc info GIS Microsoft Word 98® was used for typing Epizootological criteria chosen included the Forest Reserve Area Rivers and An-mal Host locations at Apete area. Results classified Apete area into high risk and medium risk areas and highlight the potential of GIS for landscape epizootological research. Recommendation are made for provision of relevant database of high quality which should be regularly updated. There is need for collaborative efforts with the GIS unit of Geography Department of the University.
Livestock productivity indices of transhumant agropastoralists in a grazing reserve in Northern Nigeria
(2001) Babalobi, O. O.
The offtake and some other production parameters of transhumant agropastoralist settlers in the Bobi Grazing Reserve, Niger State, Nigeria was determined from a stratified sample of twenty percent (20%) of settlers in each of the five (5) settlement blocks in the reserve. Sample size was forty settler households who had a total of 1659 cattle, 301 sheep and 559 goats. Data collected were subjected to simple statistical analysis (Percentage, Standard Deviation, Mean). Age at first calving was between 43 and 48 months, calving interval was 16-20 months, calving percentage was 56.6% and calf mortality was 18.89% Settled pastoralists in the reserve had productivity indices that were better than national average indices, despite inadequate extension promotion and delivery facilities in the reserve.
The application of geographical information systems to veterinary medicine: an overview
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2002) Babalobi, O. O.; Fabiyi, O.; Oguamanam, L.
Geographical Information Systems, (GIS), are powerful computerized systems with inputting, storage, mapping, analysis and display of spatial data capabilities (spatial data are associated with a location on the earth’s surface). Geographical Information Systems have tremendously enhanced Ecological Epizootiology, the study of diseases in relation to their ecosystems. It has found increasing application for surveillance and monitoring studies, identification and location of environmental risk factors as well as disease prediction, disease policy planning, prevention and control. This article is an overview of the application of GIS to veterinary and medical research, education, decision support and information systems indifferent parts of the world, including Nigeria.
Differential diagnosis of a swine epizootic of unknown etiology in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(2003) Babalobi, O. O.; Ayoade, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D. O.; Oyedele, O.
Outbreaks of unconfirmed infections associated with high mortalities in pig herds were reported at the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm, and in other parts of Ibadan, Nigeria between June and October 2001. Based on a tentative diagnosis of African Swine Fever and differential diagnosis of classical swine lever, encephalomyocarditis virus and anthrax, research was initiated between July and November 2001 to confirm the cause of the outbreak. This included farm visit, to observe clinical signs, collect samples and do necropsies, electronic mail communication of presenting signs. Internet web searches. laboratory tests and serological (immunoblotting assay) tests A confirmatory diagnosis of the infection as African Swine Fever (ASF) was reached. This diagnosis is important to enable researchers and appropriate authorities to introduce monitoring and control measures.
The use of e-groups (listserve mailing lists) for the development of the veterinary profession in Nigeria
(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2003) Babalobi, O. O.
The advent of the Internet hits opened diverse opportunities for sharing and exchange of information rapidly to a worldwide audience. One of such opportunities is the possibility of creating electronic mailing list (or e-group) containing several hundreds or even thousands of e-mail addresses. E-groups have the distinct advantage that a message need not he sent to the individual e-mail addresses hut to a single address and vet immediately gel posted to all members. The Yahoo ISP has some 180 e-groups on veterinary related topics including nigeriavetphpmforum, newly created by the author. The latter is aimed at promoting interactive veterinary public health and preventive medicine activities, information dissemination and education on relevant issues globally. The paper sheds some light on existing veterinary related e-groups, how to assess or join them and how to create new e-groups for the development of veterinary profession.
Evaluation of the extension activities of the National Livestock Projects Division Kontagora, Nigeria
(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2003) Ogundipe, G. A. T.; Babalobi, O. O.; Annatte, I. A.
An evaluation study of five commodity-based livestock extension models of the Kontagora district officer of the National Livestock Project Division (NLPD) under Nigeria’s Second Livestock Development Plan (NLDP) was carried out between 1992 and 1996. The adoption rates for the models were 27.8% for the Small Holder Cattle Fattening Scheme (SHCFS). 16.3% for the poultry model and 14% for the piggery model. All the adopters of the SHCFS received virtually all their inputs at subsidised rates through the NI, PD. In contrast, virtually no extension service or inputs were provided to the poultry and pincers models, hence the lower adoption rates, despite strong evidences of socio-economic relevance. The correction of the extension delivery detects indicated, and a major policy reorientation towards the development of poultry and pigs hand-in-hand with cattle to alleviate Nigeria’s animal protein deficit, are recommended.
Towards an increasing awareness and use of remote sensing and geographical information systems in veterinary medicine in Nigeria
(2003) Babalobi, O. O.
Although Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been employed for decades for diseases surveillance, prediction and intervention programs, its awareness and application to Veterinary Medicine in Nigeria is a recent phenomenon. Over the past couple of years, a number of veterinarians at the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan. Ibadan. Nigeria base pioneered the use of GIS to study the Epizootiology of Trypanosomosis. African swine fever, Tuberculosis and Transhumant Pastoralism in Nigeria. This has been in collaboration with GIS personnel in the University's Department of Geography and the private sector. At Government level, the Federal Depot Uncut of Agriculture and Rural Development recently sponsored five veterinarians (including the author) in the first leg of an intensive training on the application of CIS to Veterinary Epidemiology. The intensive four week course took place at the Regional Center for Aerospace Survey (RECTAS), Ile-lfe, Nigeria, and is part of the capacity building aspect of the Nigeria component of the Pan African Program for the Control of Epizoonics (PACE). RS/GIS is not vet in the curricula of any of Nigeria's five (5) veterinary schools, neither is there as vet any unit/center devoted to the application of RS/GIS to veterinary Medicine in Nigeria. Although the theme of in 2004 Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association was ADVANCES IN INFORM ATION TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT ON THE VETERINARY PROFESSION, only one paper (by the author), dealt with the application of RS/GIS to Veterinary Medicine. To promote increased awareness and use of RS/GIS in Veterinary Medicine, multilateral assistance will he required in the training of personnel and equipping of Veterinary RS/GIS units.
Teaching animal hygiene in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria
(2003) Olugasa, B. O.; Esuruoso, G. O.; Oghre-Ikanone, E.
Animal hygiene is taught under the title veterinary public health and preventive medicine in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The term animal hygiene is not commonly used here, but the definition of animal hygiene cogently interprets the composition and integration of the ten subject areas taught under veterinary public health and preventive medicine in Ibadan. There are three units within the department, namely; veterinary public health, veterinary preventive medicine, and wildlife and fish ecology and diseases. The essential pursuit of each of these three units is animal hygiene in the order of the subdivisions into veterinary preventive medicine, food safety and environmental protection basics of the animal and human health
Differential diagnosis of a swine epizootic of unknown etiology in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(2003) Babalobi, O. O; Ayoade, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Oyedele, O.
Outbreaks of unconfirmed infections associated with high mortalities in pig herds were reported at the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm, and in other parts of Ibadan, Nigeria between June and October 2001. Based on a tentative diagnosis of African Swine Fever and differential diagnosis of classical swine fever, encephalomyocarditis virus and anthrax, research was initiated between July and November 2001 to confirm the cause of the outbreak. This included farm visits to observe clinical signs, collect samples and do necropsies, electronic mail communication of presenting signs, Internet web searches, laboratory tests and serological (immunoblotting assay) tests. A confirmatory diagnosis of the infection as African Swine Fever (ASF) was reached. This diagnosis is important to enable researchers and appropriate authorities to introduce monitoring and control measures.
Professional issues for the Nigerian veterinarian in the twenty-first century
(National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria, 2005) Babalobi, O. O.
The imperative of enhanced professionalism of veterinary practice in Nigeria in a technologically advanced and sophisticated 21st century is discussed. The concept of professionalism, the qualities of a professional, an overview of expectations from the Veterinary Council of Nigeria, Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, Nigerian veterinary educational institutions, public sector veterinarians, private sector veterinarians and individuals in enhancing professionalism of veterinary practice in Nigeria are enumerated. One of the challenges that will face the Nigerian veterinarian as we enter the twenty-first century is the response to the demands of an increasingly sophisticated Nigerian society. Definitely, the 21st century will be characterized by increased application of science and technology and of higher taste, values and expectation from clients and consumers. How does the veterinarian respond appropriately to this? It is only by enhanced professionalism by veterinary practitioners that the profession can meet these imminent challenges. This paper highlights the areas where increased professionalism are called for, and the roles and functions of different veterinary groups in meeting these challenges.
Confirmatory diagnosis of African swine fever in southern Nigeria by immunoblotting assay
(2005) Olugasa, B. O.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Adewale, G.A.; Adewale, G.A.; Ayoade, G.O.; Ijagbone, I.F.; Babalobi, O.O.; Agbede, S.A.
When a swine epizootic occurred in groups of pigs in south western Nigeria in 2001, a need for detailed investigation and confirmatory diagnosis arose at the University of Ibadan. A class of epizootiology students at the university was involved in the investigation. Comprehensive information about the nature and causation of the disease was provided. Four diagnostic techniques were used for confirmatory diagnosis, including Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA), immunoblotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and virus isolation. Only immunoblotting assay was used at the University of Ibadan, while samples were sent to the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) in Vom, Nigeria for I-ELISA and to two reference laboratories for African swine fever in South Africa and Madrid, Spain for PCR and virus isolation respectively. The results obtained from these laboratories using the other three diagnostic techniques were compared with that of the immunoblotting assay. Immunoblotting assay confirmed all samples that tested positive on PCR and virus isolation. It was also relatively easier to use, highly sensitive and specific for confirmatory diagnosis. It was however costlier in application for large sample size testing compared to I-ELISA.
An outbreak of animal trypanosomosis in a fulani herd at Idofian in Kwara State Nigeria
(2005) Ijagbone, I. F.; Esuruoso, G. O.; Adeyemi, I. G; Olugasa, B. O.
An epizootiological investigation was conducted to establish the cause of an outbreak of a disease which reportedly resulted in fifty cases of abortions and thirty deaths out of a population of 1,200-cattle within one month after its onset. The incident occurred in a Fulani.farm settlement located on the outskirt of Idofian via-Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Using parasitological methods, 9 out of the 34 animals sampled from the herd; were positive for trypanosoniosis, indicating 26.47% prevalence of the disease in the farm; Trypanosoma vivax was detected in seven of the samples while T. congolense was present in two. This finding coupled with other epizootiological parameters examined established trypanosoniosis outbreak in the herd which might have resulted in the reported cases of abortion and death among the cattle. The finding underscores how the disease can still be a major impediment to the growth of cattle enterprise in some parts of Nigeria.
Development of a geo-informatics database of abattoirs in Ibadan, Nigeria for epizootiological surveillance
(National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria, 2005) Onyeka, L.; Ogundipe, G. A. T.; Babalobi, O. O.
Animal diseases and health problems transcend local and international kudus. requiring attention to geographical, spatial and temporal considerations before effective prevention and control could be implemented. The application of geo-information technologies has been on for decades to facilitate diseases reporting, monitoring, surveillance, prediction and intervention (prevention/treatment/control) programmes. Low stock of livestock base data is one of the challenges/limitation to the adoption/application of modern geographic information technologies in the control of epizootics m Africa, including Nigeria. Abattoris are typical foci for epizootiological studies of animal diseases, including zoonotic disease of public health importance. This paper highlights the use of Geographical Inhumation Systems and Global Positioning System technologies lot the establishment of a spatial baseline geographical data of some abattoirs in Ibadan, one of Africa’s largest cities. Such a baseline data could form a basis for the running of an effective veterinary inhumation system for disease diagnosis, monitoring and surveillance
PROMED – mail: an electronic mail disease-reporting: a case study
(2005) Babalobi, O. O.; Cowen, P.
The early warning of disease outbreaks is a critical aspect of disease reporting, monitoring and surveillance at local, regional and international levels. Electronic mail (e-mail) provides a rapid, effective and increasingly accessible forum for disease outbreak reporting (and notification) worldwide. Drawing from their experience respectively as a subscriber and one of the three veterinary moderators to ProMED (the biggest e-mail early disease reporting forum in the world), the authors highlight the benefits of the medium for Nigeria (Africa). The use of ProMED forum for the confirmatory diagnosis of the 2001 epizootic of African swine fever (ASF) in pigs in Ibadan is a case at hand.
Introductory epizootiology
(VetAcademic Resource Publishers and Consultants, 2005) Esuruoso, G. O.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Olugasa, B. O.