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Item Meat inspection and cultural isolation of mycobacteriaas predictors of bovine tuberculosis in Ibadan(2007) Cadmus, S.I.B.; Alonge, D.O.; Adesokan, H. K.In order to ascertain the effectiveness of meat inspection as against the conventional culture method in the confirmation of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at Bodija abattoir. Ibadan; a study to assess these two methods in their ability to diagnose bovine tuberculosis was carried out. In all. 290 cattle were inspected at the abattoir out of which 182 had military nodules and granulomatous tubercles in the different organs and their associated lymph nodes which are suggestive of tuberculosis. One hundred and fifty-nine (54.8%) animals were confirmed to have tuberculosis based on the mycobacterial culture. The sensitivity and specificity results of the postmortem examination vis-a vis the culture were 100% and 82.4% respectively; while the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were 87.4% and 100% respectively. This study therefore confirms that with proper meat inspection. a large proportion of tuberculosis cattle can be identified at postmortem. Hence. more emphasis should be directed at the improvement of meat inspection Services in Nigeria since there are no available laboratory facilities for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in the abattoirsItem Serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers in Ibadan, Nigeria(2006-09) Cadmus, S. I. B.; Ijagbone, I. F.; Oputa, H. E.; Adesokan, H. K.; Stack, J. A.A serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals and workers was conducted in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria between May and August 2004. A total of 1,210 cattle, 54 sheep, 496 goats, 200 pigs and 21 humans (i.e. butchers and herdsmen) were screened using the Rose Bengal test (RBT).From the results, prevalence in trade cattle was 5.82% while 0.86% was recorded in goats. None of the sheep and pigs was positive to the test. Out of the 11 samples taken from butchers, seven were positive and none of the ten herdsmen were sero-positive. This gives an infection rate of 63.3% in the butchers; and a combined infection rate of 31.82% in humans. This shows that brucellosis is still a major zoonosis in Nigeria; other public health implications are discussedItem Review of Participatory Epizootiology research of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia at the department of veterinary public health and preventive medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (2007- 2015)(2018-06) Babalobi, O. O.; Alhaji, N. B.This is a review of research application of Participatory Epizootiology to investigate Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia among pastoralists in Oyo State and Niger State, Nigeria, between 2007 and 2015, at the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan where the first author, a Veterinary Epidemiologist Lecturer/Researcher teaches Participatory Epizootiology Research as part of PVM 711: Advanced Epizootiology, a compulsory Course in the three Master degrees curriculum of the Department since 2004. He subsequently designed a PhD research project on the application of Participatory Epizootiology to the Igangan Grazing Reserve and got a University Senate Research SRG/FVM/2006/9A to that effect. In 2007, the Principal Veterinary Officer of the Faculty Eruwa Veterinary Field Station in Ibarapa East Local Government Area, Oyo State, south-western Nigeria, reported to the first author (then Chairman, Eruwa Veterinary Field Station), a suspected case of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia incidence at the Igangan Grazing Reserve. The diseased lung samples of dead infected cattle he brought were confirmed by gross and histopathological examinations at the Faculty’s Department of Veterinary Pathology. From 2011 to 2015, the second author adopted the PE PhD-design (with other conventional veterinary research approach) to investigate Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia prevalence in Niger State, North-central Nigeria, first for his Masters (2011), followed with a PhD (2015). Result indicated that Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in enzootic in Oyo and Niger State, Nigeria with a 77.67% of CBPP outbreaks in Niger State, Nigeria occurring in the dry season, and a prevalence of 8.73%. Participatory Epizootiology is a cheap, low capital involvement of traditional settler beneficiaries in identification of enzootic animal problems and their Community Based Animal Health training need. Participatory Epizootiology should be adopted in combination with conventional veterinary methods for effective Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia surveillance and control techniques in Africa.Item Economic impacts assessment of pleuropneumonia burden and control in pastoral cattle herds of North-central Nigeria(2017-06) Alhaji, N. B.; Babalobi, O. O.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a trans-boundary infectious and contagious respiratory disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It is a disease of high economic importance because of its ability to compromise food security. Information on its economic burden in pastoral cattle herds of Niger State, North-central Nigeria is not readily available. This study was aimed at investigating the economic impacts of CBPP to pastoralists in Niger State, North-central Nigeria, by determining its burden, returns to investments in its control, and cost-effectiveness of the control interventions ex-post evaluation, to provide baseline estimates that will assist animal health authorities and international donors in making investment decisions on its control in Nigeria. A questionnaire-based cross sectional study was conducted in 125 pastoral cattle herds. Economic analyses were conducted using total economic cost, benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis models. The values of mortality and morbidity losses to the herders were 219,038.5 USD and 35,598.8 USD, respectively. The total economic cost of CBPP to pastoralists was estimated to be 294,800.3 USD. Return on investment in CBPP control by vaccination and treatment was positive, with a benefit-cost ratio of 6.4. The Average cost-effectiveness ratio value for treatment intervention was 13.7 USD per life cattle saved and for vaccination option was 0.6 USD per death/cull averted. The estimated economic costs due to CBPP have shown that the disease was of high economic importance and must be controlled.Item Transcending from veterinary public health to one Health: a review of the role of veterinary medicine in human health(2017-12) Babalobi, O. O.From the pre-modern era around 475 CE when ‘horse doctoring’ was the subject of veterinary attention because of economic interest to 1762 when the first veterinary school was established to control the devastating economic effects of Rinderpest (Cattle plague) in cattle; basically, veterinary medicine evolved both as a practice and a profession to attend to specific human disease, financial, economic and nutritional needs. It took 250 years after the establishment of the first veterinary school to finally get Rinderpest eradicated worldwide. Meanwhile, environmental degradation/pollution and current modern economic/trade practices have led to an estimated 61% of emerging human infections over the past fifty years or thereabout being zoonotic diseases of human beings transmitted from animals. During the same period, non-zoonotic animal diseases now have serious economic, mortality, public health, trans-boundary and international trade effects; and pets have become significant human emotive partners. These challenges call for an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach, with Veterinary Medicine being the fulcrum of a One Health initiative „to attain optimal health for animal, humans (and plants) in a common environment’. Nigerian veterinarians have the professional agricultural-environmental--medical-veterinary responsibility to have an active and pioneer ‘paradigm shift’ towards instutionalization of One Health in Nigeria, lest it suffers from ‘paradigm paralysis’- a harmful inaction and/or resistance to the imperative of expedient change.Item Survey of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in trade cattle slaughtered at abattoirs in North-central Nigeria(2017-01) Alhaji, N. B.; Babalobi, O. O.; Yatswako, S.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is one of the most important infectious and contagious disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa and whose control is urgently needed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate prevalence of CBPP and associated animal factors that predisposed to the disease in trade cattle slaughtered in Niger State, North-central Nigeria between January and May 2014. A total of 525 trade cattle were selected by systematic sampling approach from five purposively selected central abattoirs in the State. Serum samples were analyzed using c-ELISA and lung lesions determined at post-mortem inspections. The OpenEpi 2.3.1 software was used for statistical analyses. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to present the results. Associations between animal characteristics (predictor variables) and sero-positivity as well as presence of CBPP lung lesions (outcome variables) were tested using Chi-square tests and likelihood backward logistic regressions. A sero-prevalence of 31.8% (95% CI: 27.93, 35.89) in live cattle before slaughtered was observed. Also, 29.5% (95% CI: 25.74, 33.53) of the slaughtered trade cattle had CBPP lung lesions at post-mortem inspections. Cattle in age group 4–5 years were more likely (OR 2.00; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.39) to be significantly exposed to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides (Mmm) infection. Cows were more likely to be significantly predisposed to Mmm infections. Furthermore, bunaji breeds were more likely (OR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.42, 3.59) to be significantly predisposed to Mmm infections. This study has shown the need to combine more reliable serological tests with post-mortem examinations to improve active surveillance of CBPP in trade cattle. These dual approaches to investigation of CBPP and identification of intrinsic factors predisposing to infection should be institutionalized as elements of epidemio-surveillance and control strategies of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa.Item Molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia by detection, identification and differentiation of mycoplasma mycoides mycoides in Niger State, Nigeria(2015-12) Alhaji, N.B.; Babalobi, O. O.The study was aimed at epidemiologically detecting, identifying, and differentiating Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains according to their geographical origins in asymptomatic cattle populations of Niger State, North-central Nigeria between January and August 2013, using conventional and fingerprinting PCR assays without culturing or enriching of the field samples. Cross sectional molecular study of asymptomatic cattle sampled in the major abattoirs and livestock markets was carried out. Geographical lineage differentiation of the strains was performed on the basis of presence or absence of 8.84 kb genomic segment. With primers pair MM450/MM451, two 574 bp genomic fragments of DNA of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides were detected. Using fingerprinting PCR; with insertion element IS1296/R(all) primers pair the detected two strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides genomic DNA were specifically identified by generation of a fragment of 1.1 kb; with IS1296/R1 primers pair, identified Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains were differentiated to be of African cluster by generation of 1.4 kb. The PCR procedures were sensitive and produced rapid results that identified two strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides of African/Australian origin. The presence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides African/Australian strains, which is useful for vaccine production, was therefore established in Niger State, Nigeria.Item One health capacity building in sub-Saharan Africa(2016) Rwego, I. B.; Babalobi, O. O.; Musotsi, P.; Nzietchueng, S.; Tiambo, C. K.; Kabasa, J. D.; Naigaga, I.; Kalema-Zikusoka, G.; Pelican, K.Africa of late has been faced with challenges that require a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach to address them, and academic and non-academic institutions have played a key role in training and conducting research that would promote the One Health approach. Objectives: The objective of this review was to document networks and organizations conducting One Health training, research, and outreach in Africa, as one of a series of articles around the world. Methods: Data for this review were collected from organizations through key contacts of the authors and their knowledge of networks they have worked with. Web searches were conducted using One Health, training, and research as key words for work done in Africa. Results: Africa has major networks involved in One Health training, research, and outreach, with participation of both academic and non-academic institutions. This review highlights an effort in Africa to form networks to conduct multidisciplinary training and research. The main networks include Afrique One, Southern Africa Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), and One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA). Conclusions: Both academic and non-academic institutions and organizations have shown an interest to conduct multidisciplinary training and research in Africa for managing challenges that Africa is facing currently, especially the outbreak of infectious diseases.Item Using sero-positivity to assess geospatial burden of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia on pastoral cattle herds of north-central Nigeria(2016) Alhaji, N. B.; Babalobi, O. O.; Saidu, S.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious disease of cattle endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. A cross-sectional sero-geospatial survey was conducted to assess the CBPP sero-geospatial burdens among estimate at-risk sero-positive cattle in nomadic and sedentary pastoral cattle production systems of north-central Nigeria, between January and August 2013. A total of 765 cattle in 125 nomadic herds and 375 cattle in 125 sedentary herds were sampled. Sera were analysed using c-ELISA. OpenEpi version 2.3 was used for statistical analyses. Geo-coordinates of herds were taken using Garmin GPS, while ArcGIS 9.3 was used to map geospatial data of sero-positive cattle and herds in the agro-geographical zones. In nomadic production, 16.2 % (95 % CI 13.7 to 19.0.) cattle were sero-positive in 47.2 % (95 % CI 38.2 to 56.3) herds. And the sedentary system had 9.6 % (95 % CI 6.9 to 12.0) sero-positive cattle in 27.2 % (95 % CI 19.6 to 35.9) herds. Agro-geographical zone A was more likely (OR 3.42; 95 % CI 1.90, 6.15) to have significant impacts on cattle-level sero-geospatial burden than Agro-geographical zone B. Also, Agro-geographical zone C was more likely (OR 5.14; 95 % CI 2.91, 9.08) to have significant impacts oncattle-level sero-geospatial burden than Agro-geographical zone B. The developed GIS CBPP risk maps showed various densities of its burdens in the agro-zones. The visualized proportional circle maps presented GIS usefulness in the active surveillance of CBPP, and if used in conjunction with sero-diagnosis, the maps would aid policymakers with practical imageries for livestock disease control decisions in pastoral cattle herds.Item The sero-prevalence and seasonality of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in nomadic pastoral cattle herds of Niger State, Nigeria(2016) Alhaji, N.B.; Babalobi, O. O.A cross-sectional study was conducted in the three agro-ecological zones of Niger State, Nigeria between December 2012 and August 2013 to determine the prevalence, distribution and seasonality of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in the state. A total of 765 sera were collected from cattle in 125 nomadic herds, and were tested using competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Participator)' epidemiology survey was conducted to obtained information on the seasonal occurrence of the disease. The true prevalence at the cattle-level was 16.2% (124/765; 95% Cl: 13.7, I9.0) with Kontagora Agro-zone having the highest sero-prevalence (25.3%; 95% Cl: 20.2, 30,1) amongst the zones. The herd- level true sero-prevalence was 47.2% (59/125; 95% Cl: 38.2, 56.3) with the same Kontagora Agro-zone having the highest sero-prevalence of 72.5% (95% Cl: 56.1, 85.4) among the zones. The Kontagora Agro-zone shared border with the Republic of Benin and some international stocks routes across it significantly (p<0.000000279) had higher sero-prevalence than other zones. The nomadic pastoralists’ concordance on the most season of occurrence of CBPP is early dry season (October to December) and the agreement was very strong (Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance fP=0.87]9) and statistically significant (P<0.01). The study showed the usefulness of population-based serological survey in detecting active infection in populations which, until now, may be considered to be free of disease by experts’ opinions. The study highlighted the benefits of conducting serological and participatory epidemiology surveys simultaneously, to ascertain the infection status of animals. These findings should be considered for strengthening active surveillance and control of CBPP in Nigeria.