Scholarly works in Veterinary Medicine
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Item In utero exposure to bisphenol A alters prostatic responses in adult male rats: Protective effects of melatonin(PCJHBA, 2020) Olukole S. G.; Aina, O. O.; Lanipekun, D. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Adeleke, R. A.; Ogundipe, G. A. T.; Oke, B. O.Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), has been shown to result in a number of reproductive dysfunction. Melatonin (MLT) is a potent antioxidant known to protect against EDC-induced toxicity. We aimed at investigating the protective effects of MLT on prostate gland dysfunction in the F1 adult male Wistar rats exposed to BPA in utero. Rats, confirmed pregnant were divided into five groups (n=5): Control: 0.2 ml canola oil; BPA 25 μg/kg/day; BPA 250 μg/kg/day; BPA 25 μg/kg/day + MLT 1 mg/kg/day and BPA 250 μg/kg/day + MLT 1 mg/kg/day. Blood sample was collected for serum hormonal and biochemical assays. Histopathology of the prostate gland was carried using standard methods. Prostatic index was significantly increased in BPA-treated rats compared to control (p˂0.05). BPA induced prostatic oxidative stress and caused significant decreases in the levels of serum T and LH but resulted in significant increases in the levels of PSA, PAC and TAC. Prostatic lesions observed in the BPA groups rats included hyperplasia (functional, reactive and atypical). These were attenuated in the rats co-treated with MLT. BPA induced marked prostatic alterations, while melatonin co-administration protected against these alterations.Item Melatonin Protects Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatic and Renal Alterations in Rats(African Society for Experimental and Clinical Laboratory Science, 2020) Olukole, S. G.; Ajayi,T. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Ajibola, E. S.; Alamu, A. O.Cyclophosphamide (CLP), a cytotoxic alkylating agent with immunosuppressive and antitumor properties is used in the treatment of different types of cancers, but it is known to cause toxicity-induced changes to the body tissues. Melatonin, an antioxidant mainly secreted by the pineal gland has protective properties especially against tissue toxicity. This study was aimed at investigating the role of melatonin (MLT) in cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity of the liver and kidney using serum biochemical analysis and histopathology in adult Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were grouped into four (n=6): group 1 was injected intraperitoneally with 0.2mL of normal saline for 14 days, group 2 was injected with 10mg/kg of melatonin intraperitoneally for 14 days, group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with 0.2mL of normal saline for 14 days and 150mg/kg of CLP on the 15th day and in group 4, the rats were injected with 10mg/kg of melatonin for 14 days and 150mg/kg of CLP on the 15th day. Forty-eight hours after the last treatment, the rats were weighed; blood samples collected for biochemical analysis while liver and kidney samples were processed for histology. The results revealed that CLP-treated rats had hypokalemia and hypochloremia with a significant increase in the levels of liver and kidney function markers. Histopathological analysis showed congested central vein and widened sinusoids in the liver, while there were widened as well as congested urinary spaces and loop of Henle, with loss of glomerular epithelia in the kidneys. The rats treated with melatonin and CLP showed improvement in body weight, biochemical parameters of hepatic and renal functions as well as improved tissue conditions. In conclusion, a pre-treatment with melatonin is recommended in cyclophosphamide therapy.Item MANAGEMENT OF PASTURE BLOAT IN A POST-PARTURIENT WEST(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M"A two and half year old post parturient West African Dwarf ewe, weighing 22 kgs and with black anterior and white posterior body coat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, with complaints of abdominal distension, sudden laboured breathing and anorexia. The animal was said to have lambed 7 days earlier and was fed with cassava peels and grasses. On clinical examination, the eye ball appeared bulged and starry; the stomach was hard on palpation with frothy buccal exudate and persistent grinding of teeth. The heart rate was 68/minute, respiratory rate was 15/minute and rectal temperature was 39.8oC. Bloat was clinically diagnosed. With the patient properly restrained, an improvised stomach tube was rinsed in vegetable oil and slowly inserted through the oesophagus into the rumen and the gas eructated. Liquid paraffin (15 mls) was subsequently introduced into the rumen via the tube. On removing the stomach tube, a long strand of fresh undigested pasture came out with the tube from the gastrointestinal tract. The hard stomach was thereafter relieved within 5 minutes of the procedure. Long acting Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (2 mls) and 1ml Diclofenac were administered (intramuscularly) simultaneously at different injection sites. Plenty of water was advised to be given orally after 30minutes. Complication resolved and complete recovery of the ewe was achieved after 5 consecutive days of treatment.Item Development of a mobile livestock loading ramp(IOP Publishing, 2020) Mijinyawa,Y.; Asiru, A. A.; Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.An Adjustable Mobile Loading Ramp was developed to serve as panacea to the inadequacy of handling equipment along the cattle value chain in Nigeria. The Ramp is 2.7 m long and 1.0 m wide. Performance evaluation of the ramp was carried out based on the animal stress indicators i.e. pulse and respiratory rates measured before and after loading. For comparison, similar data were collected when loading was done manually at the Akinyele Cattle Market in Ibadan, Nigeria. The mean pulse rates (beats per minute) of animals before and after loading were 65.67 and 72.33 units respectively for the ramp as against 68.67 and 89 units for the manual method respectively. The mean respiratory rates (breaths per minute) before and after loading were 30 and 34.66 units respectively for the ramp compared to 29 and 45.67 units for the manual method respectively. Statistical analyses showed that there were no significant differences between the pulse and respiratory rates before and after loading of animals using the ramp. The manual method resulted in significant differences between the pulse and respiratory rates before and after loading. The use of the ramp eliminates many of the hazards associated with loading and unloading of animals onto transport vehicles.Item Potential dual expansion of domesticated donkeys revealed by worldwide analysis on mitochondrial sequences(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Xi-Yao Ma,; Tiao Ning,; Adeniyi C. A.; Jie Li,; Esmailizadeh, A.; Jacqueline, K.; Adedokun, A. M. A.; Olaogun, S. C.Molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication. However, domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic. We therefore compared several population characteristics between these two lineages based on global sampling, which included 171 sequences obtained in this study (including Middle Asian, East Asian, and African samples) plus 536 published sequences (including European, Asian, and African samples). The two lineages were clearly separated from each other based on whole mitochondrial genomes and partial non-coding displacement loop (D-loop) sequences, respectively. The Clade I lineage experienced an increase in population size more than 8 000 years ago and shows a complex haplotype network. In contrast, the population size of the Clade II lineage has remained relatively constant, with a simpler haplotype network. Although the distribution of the two lineages was almost equal across the Eurasian mainland, they still presented discernible but complex geographic bias in most parts of Africa, which are known as their domestication sites. Donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa tended to descend from the Clade I lineage, whereas the Clade II lineage was dominant along the East and North coasts of Africa. Furthermore, the migration routes inferred from diversity decay suggested different expansion across China between the two lineages. Altogether, these differences indicated non-simultaneous domestication of the two lineages, which was possibly influenced by the response of pastoralists to the desertification of the Sahara and by the social expansion and trade of ancient humans in Northeast Africa, respectively.Item A case report of management of pasture bloat in a post-parturient West African Dwarf Ewe in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.Black anterior and white posterior body coat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, with complaints of abdominal distension, sudden laboured breathing and anorexia. The animal was said to have lambed 7 days earlier and was fed with cassava peels and grasses. On clinical examination, the eye ball appeared bulged and starry; the stomach was hard on palpation with frothy buccal exudate and persistent grinding of teeth. The heart rate was 68/minute, respiratory rate was 15/minute and rectal temperature was 39.8oC. Bloat was clinically diagnosed. With the patient properly restrained, an improvised stomach tube was rinsed in vegetable oil and slowly inserted through the oesophagus into the rumen and the gas eructated. Liquid paraffin (15 mls) was subsequently introduced into the rumen via the tube. On removing the stomach tube, a long strand of fresh undigested pasture came out with the tube from the gastrointestinal tract. The hard stomach was thereafter relieved within 5 minutes of the procedure. Long acting Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (2 mls) and 1ml Diclofenac were administered (intramuscularly) simultaneously at different injection sites. Plenty of water was advised to be given orally after 30minutes. Complication resolved and complete recovery of the ewe was achieved after 5 consecutive days of treatment.Item A case report of Management of impaction colic in Donkey in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun R. A. M.Ram fighting is one of the unimaginable sports practiced all around the World. It is often associated with all sorts of injuries which may predispose animals to tetanus. Tetanus is an acute, severe and potentially fatal toxin-mediated disease caused by Clostridium tetani infection. This organism thrives under anaerobic conditions, such as unclean environment, contaminated wounds. A case of an adult West African Dwarf Ram, weighing 45kg presented with generalized stiffness, mild opistotonus, difficulty in swallowing and signs of generalized pain was presented. On physical examination, rapid breathing and mild bloat were observed, but every other clinical parameter was within the normal reference values. Tentative diagnosis of tetanus associated with injuries sustained during animal figthing. The patient was treated with human tetanus immunoglobulin followed by intravenous metronidazole, procaine penicillin streptomycin and diazepam injection administered intramuscularly. High dose of multivitamins was administered I/M. The symptoms were relieved after three hours of intensive treatment each day for two consecutive days. The client failed to present the patient to the clinic for follow-up on the third day citing cost and distance to the clinic as excuses. To the authors’ knowledge a tetanus infection associated with injury from Ram fight has not been previously reported in Ibadan, Nigeria.Item A case report of Management of impaction colic in Donkey in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Olaifa, A. K.; Alaba, B. K.; Olaogun, S. C.A 13 year old male donkey (jack), weighing 171 kg was presented with history' of frequent prolonged recumbency and eliciting sand bath action. The donkey was dehydrated, anorexic, inactive, refused to drink and no defecation. Rolling, bloating, uneasiness, distress were also observed, grunting sound was also heard whenever the animal attempted to rise from recumbency. Rectal temperature was 36.6°C, pulse and respiratory rates were 60 and 30 per minute, respectively. Mucous membrane initially appeared normal but later became congested with generalised bruises on the body of the donkey especially at the bony prominences. Colic was clinically diagnosed and treatment immediately instituted. Animal was drenched with 1 litre of liquid paraffin; 2 litres of lactated Ringer’s solution was given intravenously, I/V; lntramuscular(l/M) injections of 8 mis (2.25mg/Kg) of vitamin B complex and 3.8 mis of50mg/ml (1.1 mg/Kg) Flunixin Meglumine were also administered. The patient was treated for five consecutive days with significant improvement on the third day. The rolling, bloating, distress and uneasiness were relieved after day four of treatment and the donkey was discharged on the fifth day. This report highlighted the causes, type and nature of this particular case, management procedures and preventives strategy of colic in donkey.Item A case report of Dystocia in a primiparous West African dwarf ewe due to relative fetal oversize associated with poor mating management practices in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Olaogun, S. C.; Olaifa A. K.; Odunkoya, D.A one and a half (1½) year old Primiparous West African dwarf ewe, weighing 12 kg was presented with history of anorexia and straining of about 24 hours duration to the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. Close observation of the animal showed a narrow birth canal with bilateral carpal flexion of the foetus which also appeared too big for the dam. Rectal temperature was 36.9°C, Heart rate was 68beats per minute and respiratory rate was 36 breathes per minute. The dam was reported to be mated with a ram of same breed weighing 40kg. Dystocia was diagnosed and caesarean section was recommended to relieve the dystocia. The right lateral side of the abdomen close to the Paralumbar fossa was carefully and aesthetically shaved and prepared. Induction of anaesthesia was done using 2 ml of Lignocaine given epidurally as an inverted L-block and 1 ml of Duracaine was given posteriorly. Complete desensitization of the region was achieved within 5minutes of induction. Drapes were used to prevent contamination as much as possible. A small straight 10cm long incision was made on the lateral side with no obvious bleeding observed. The uterus was located and incised with the apparently big dead foetus weighing 2.2kg taken out and chromic catgut size 1 was used to suture the uterus. The skin was about to be sutured with nylon suture material when the dam passed on. This report highlighted the detrimental effect of poor reproductive management practices and the delay in seeking veterinary care leading to maternal and fetal death with its grave economic consequences.Item Evaluation of amoxicillin content in commonly used multisource Injectable brands in veterinary practice(Egypt’s Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research, 2019) Gberindyer, A .F.; Olaogun, S. C.; Omotosho, O. O.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Shima, F. K.THE AIM Is To Evaluate Amount Of Amoxicillin In The Array Of Its Injectable Formulations From Multisource Marketed And Commonly Used In Veterinary Practice In Nigeria. The Amount Of Amoxicillin In Each Of The 10 Brands Sampled Was Analysed Using A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Thereafter, Percentages Of The Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin Were Determined And Compared With 90-120% Specified In USP And IP. Samples G, H, And J Contained 93%, 98%, And 108%, Respectively Of The Labeled Amount Of Amoxicillin, While B, C, And A Contained Only 39%, 56%, And 58%, Respectively. Again, Samples I, F, D, And E Contained 124%, 135%, 147%, And 413%, Respectively Of The Labelled Amount. Thus, Only Brands G, H, And J Passed Assay Quality Test (AQT) Since The Amount Of Amoxicillin They Contained Was Within The Specified USP And IP Range, And Are Considered Pharmaceutically Equivalent, Consequently, Interchangeable For Intravenous Administrations. Whereas, Brands A, B, And C Failed AQT Because They Contained Less Than The Amount Of Amoxicillin Required, So Even When Used Prudently There Could Be Therapeutic Failure, Bacterial Resistance, And Public Health Implications. Similarly, Brands D, E, F, And I Could Cause Toxicity And High Tissue Residues Because They Contained Higher Than The Required And Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin. About 30% And 40% Of The Analysed Amoxicillin Brands Contained Less And More Than The Required Amount Of Amoxicillin, Respectively. However, 30% Contained The Amount Within The Specified Range. Consequently, There Is High Rate Of Substandard Amoxicillin Injectable Brands For Veterinary Use In Nigeria Hence The Need For Regular Monitoring.