Veterinary Medicine
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Item Potential dual expansion of domesticated donkeys revealed by worldwide analysis on mitochondrial sequences(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Xi-Yao Ma,; Tiao Ning,; Adeniyi C. A.; Jie Li,; Esmailizadeh, A.; Jacqueline, K.; Adedokun, A. M. A.; Olaogun, S. C.Molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication. However, domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic. We therefore compared several population characteristics between these two lineages based on global sampling, which included 171 sequences obtained in this study (including Middle Asian, East Asian, and African samples) plus 536 published sequences (including European, Asian, and African samples). The two lineages were clearly separated from each other based on whole mitochondrial genomes and partial non-coding displacement loop (D-loop) sequences, respectively. The Clade I lineage experienced an increase in population size more than 8 000 years ago and shows a complex haplotype network. In contrast, the population size of the Clade II lineage has remained relatively constant, with a simpler haplotype network. Although the distribution of the two lineages was almost equal across the Eurasian mainland, they still presented discernible but complex geographic bias in most parts of Africa, which are known as their domestication sites. Donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa tended to descend from the Clade I lineage, whereas the Clade II lineage was dominant along the East and North coasts of Africa. Furthermore, the migration routes inferred from diversity decay suggested different expansion across China between the two lineages. Altogether, these differences indicated non-simultaneous domestication of the two lineages, which was possibly influenced by the response of pastoralists to the desertification of the Sahara and by the social expansion and trade of ancient humans in Northeast Africa, respectively.Item A case report of management of pasture bloat in a post-parturient West African Dwarf Ewe in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.Black anterior and white posterior body coat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, with complaints of abdominal distension, sudden laboured breathing and anorexia. The animal was said to have lambed 7 days earlier and was fed with cassava peels and grasses. On clinical examination, the eye ball appeared bulged and starry; the stomach was hard on palpation with frothy buccal exudate and persistent grinding of teeth. The heart rate was 68/minute, respiratory rate was 15/minute and rectal temperature was 39.8oC. Bloat was clinically diagnosed. With the patient properly restrained, an improvised stomach tube was rinsed in vegetable oil and slowly inserted through the oesophagus into the rumen and the gas eructated. Liquid paraffin (15 mls) was subsequently introduced into the rumen via the tube. On removing the stomach tube, a long strand of fresh undigested pasture came out with the tube from the gastrointestinal tract. The hard stomach was thereafter relieved within 5 minutes of the procedure. Long acting Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (2 mls) and 1ml Diclofenac were administered (intramuscularly) simultaneously at different injection sites. Plenty of water was advised to be given orally after 30minutes. Complication resolved and complete recovery of the ewe was achieved after 5 consecutive days of treatment.Item A case report of Management of impaction colic in Donkey in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun R. A. M.Ram fighting is one of the unimaginable sports practiced all around the World. It is often associated with all sorts of injuries which may predispose animals to tetanus. Tetanus is an acute, severe and potentially fatal toxin-mediated disease caused by Clostridium tetani infection. This organism thrives under anaerobic conditions, such as unclean environment, contaminated wounds. A case of an adult West African Dwarf Ram, weighing 45kg presented with generalized stiffness, mild opistotonus, difficulty in swallowing and signs of generalized pain was presented. On physical examination, rapid breathing and mild bloat were observed, but every other clinical parameter was within the normal reference values. Tentative diagnosis of tetanus associated with injuries sustained during animal figthing. The patient was treated with human tetanus immunoglobulin followed by intravenous metronidazole, procaine penicillin streptomycin and diazepam injection administered intramuscularly. High dose of multivitamins was administered I/M. The symptoms were relieved after three hours of intensive treatment each day for two consecutive days. The client failed to present the patient to the clinic for follow-up on the third day citing cost and distance to the clinic as excuses. To the authors’ knowledge a tetanus infection associated with injury from Ram fight has not been previously reported in Ibadan, Nigeria.Item A case report of Management of impaction colic in Donkey in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Olaifa, A. K.; Alaba, B. K.; Olaogun, S. C.A 13 year old male donkey (jack), weighing 171 kg was presented with history' of frequent prolonged recumbency and eliciting sand bath action. The donkey was dehydrated, anorexic, inactive, refused to drink and no defecation. Rolling, bloating, uneasiness, distress were also observed, grunting sound was also heard whenever the animal attempted to rise from recumbency. Rectal temperature was 36.6°C, pulse and respiratory rates were 60 and 30 per minute, respectively. Mucous membrane initially appeared normal but later became congested with generalised bruises on the body of the donkey especially at the bony prominences. Colic was clinically diagnosed and treatment immediately instituted. Animal was drenched with 1 litre of liquid paraffin; 2 litres of lactated Ringer’s solution was given intravenously, I/V; lntramuscular(l/M) injections of 8 mis (2.25mg/Kg) of vitamin B complex and 3.8 mis of50mg/ml (1.1 mg/Kg) Flunixin Meglumine were also administered. The patient was treated for five consecutive days with significant improvement on the third day. The rolling, bloating, distress and uneasiness were relieved after day four of treatment and the donkey was discharged on the fifth day. This report highlighted the causes, type and nature of this particular case, management procedures and preventives strategy of colic in donkey.Item A case report of Dystocia in a primiparous West African dwarf ewe due to relative fetal oversize associated with poor mating management practices in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Olaogun, S. C.; Olaifa A. K.; Odunkoya, D.A one and a half (1½) year old Primiparous West African dwarf ewe, weighing 12 kg was presented with history of anorexia and straining of about 24 hours duration to the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. Close observation of the animal showed a narrow birth canal with bilateral carpal flexion of the foetus which also appeared too big for the dam. Rectal temperature was 36.9°C, Heart rate was 68beats per minute and respiratory rate was 36 breathes per minute. The dam was reported to be mated with a ram of same breed weighing 40kg. Dystocia was diagnosed and caesarean section was recommended to relieve the dystocia. The right lateral side of the abdomen close to the Paralumbar fossa was carefully and aesthetically shaved and prepared. Induction of anaesthesia was done using 2 ml of Lignocaine given epidurally as an inverted L-block and 1 ml of Duracaine was given posteriorly. Complete desensitization of the region was achieved within 5minutes of induction. Drapes were used to prevent contamination as much as possible. A small straight 10cm long incision was made on the lateral side with no obvious bleeding observed. The uterus was located and incised with the apparently big dead foetus weighing 2.2kg taken out and chromic catgut size 1 was used to suture the uterus. The skin was about to be sutured with nylon suture material when the dam passed on. This report highlighted the detrimental effect of poor reproductive management practices and the delay in seeking veterinary care leading to maternal and fetal death with its grave economic consequences.Item Evaluation of amoxicillin content in commonly used multisource Injectable brands in veterinary practice(Egypt’s Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research, 2019) Gberindyer, A .F.; Olaogun, S. C.; Omotosho, O. O.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Shima, F. K.THE AIM Is To Evaluate Amount Of Amoxicillin In The Array Of Its Injectable Formulations From Multisource Marketed And Commonly Used In Veterinary Practice In Nigeria. The Amount Of Amoxicillin In Each Of The 10 Brands Sampled Was Analysed Using A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Thereafter, Percentages Of The Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin Were Determined And Compared With 90-120% Specified In USP And IP. Samples G, H, And J Contained 93%, 98%, And 108%, Respectively Of The Labeled Amount Of Amoxicillin, While B, C, And A Contained Only 39%, 56%, And 58%, Respectively. Again, Samples I, F, D, And E Contained 124%, 135%, 147%, And 413%, Respectively Of The Labelled Amount. Thus, Only Brands G, H, And J Passed Assay Quality Test (AQT) Since The Amount Of Amoxicillin They Contained Was Within The Specified USP And IP Range, And Are Considered Pharmaceutically Equivalent, Consequently, Interchangeable For Intravenous Administrations. Whereas, Brands A, B, And C Failed AQT Because They Contained Less Than The Amount Of Amoxicillin Required, So Even When Used Prudently There Could Be Therapeutic Failure, Bacterial Resistance, And Public Health Implications. Similarly, Brands D, E, F, And I Could Cause Toxicity And High Tissue Residues Because They Contained Higher Than The Required And Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin. About 30% And 40% Of The Analysed Amoxicillin Brands Contained Less And More Than The Required Amount Of Amoxicillin, Respectively. However, 30% Contained The Amount Within The Specified Range. Consequently, There Is High Rate Of Substandard Amoxicillin Injectable Brands For Veterinary Use In Nigeria Hence The Need For Regular Monitoring.Item Socio-demographic structure and constraints of Smallholder Dairy farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria(Integrity Research Journals, 2019) Abiola, J. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Onaro, S. K.The contribution of dairy farming to the socio-economic development of Oyo state and Nigeria at large cannot be underestimated; we therefore sought to establish socio-demographic status and constraints of small holder dairy farmers at five milk collection centres built by FC WAMCO in Oyo state, Nigeria. Well structure close ended question-based questionnaires were administered in the study location. Farmer’s demography revealed 63.64% and 36.36% male and female respectively, majority (46.54%) were between 30 and 40yrs. 73.82% do not have formal education, 40.18% reported 10 years of rearing. Major constraints identified were; lack of milking equipment reported by 97.64%, 93.82% reported lack of milk preservation facilities. 97.64% reported high cost of breeder stock. 51.82% were not aware of artificial insemination. Inaccessibility to good water was reported by 98.55%, 93.09% reported cattle rustling, 70% were not aware of any biosecurity measures.Item Toxicological studies of ethanol leaf extract of cassia fistula on haematological and biochemical parameters of Wistar albino rats(Academic Journals, Nigeria, 2019) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Azeez, O. I.; Adeoye, A. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Oladavies, E. O.Aim: Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant used in folklore medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions such as astringent, febrifuge and purgative. But the effects have not been well elucidated. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Cassia fistula on haematological and serum biochemical indices in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical constituents from the ethanol extract of C. fistula were identified by qualitative techniques and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group A, the control, received 0.2ml of corn oil each daily for 7 days; Group B rats were given 100mg/kg b.w. of Cassia fistula extract, Group C were given 200mg/kg b.w. of the extract while the rats in Group D were given 300mg/kg b.w ethanol extract of Cassia fistula orally for 7 days. Blood samples were collected afterward for determination of haematological parameter while plasma biochemistry was carried on the plasma after 7 days of treatment with the extract. Frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also determined from blood Giemsa stained smear. Results: Qualitative analyses revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardenolides, and phenols. In GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds including phytol, oleic, myristic acids etc. were detected from the ethanol leaf extract of C fistula. Oral treatment of Cassia fistula was found to be safe up to the 300mg/kg b.w dose because haematological and biochemical parameters in treated rats were comparable to the untreated control. In fact, the extract showed nephroprotective and hepatoprotective activity at 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: This study showed that ethanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula is not toxic upt to 300 mg/kg b.w, instead the extract showed some protective effects on liver and kidney functions at the 200 mg/kg b.w dose. This dosage should therefore be explored further for therapeutic purposes.Item Clinico- haematological and biochemical features of natural Babesiosis in Nigerian breeds of Cattle(Animal Health and Production in Africa, 2018) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedeji, P. A.This study evaluated the haematological and biochemical changes associated with bovine Babesiosis. A total of 50 samples confirmed positive for Babesia spp from305 sera collected from clinically suspected cases of Babesiosis within a period of 9 months from some cattle farms in Oyo state, southwest Nigeria. Breeds were established by their morphological features, Age was estimated using rostral dentition and sexes morphologically determined. Haematological and Biochemical analysis were established by adopting standard procedures and the use of specific kits respectively. Results showed 32 (64%) was White Fulani breed, 8 (16%) was Sokoto Gudali breed, 8 (16%) was Red Bororo breed and 2 (4%) was Kuri breed. Female with 43 (86%), while the male had 7 (14%) susceptibility. Older cattle (≥4yrs) with 27 (54%) susceptibility, (3-3½yrs) with 17 (34%) susceptibility, while (2-2½yrs) had the least susceptibility of 6 (12%). Hematological analysis revealed best parameters in White Fulani breed with Mean ± SD of PCV 28.6 ±8.76, HB 9.3±2.98, RBC 7.5±2.44, while the least values were seen in Sokoto gudali breed with then following parameters; PCV 24.6±6.89, HB 8.1±2.29, RBC7.8±1.59. Biochemical analysis revealed White Fulani with the best values as follows; Total protein 5.5±1.87, Albumin 1.3±0.20, Globulin 4.2±1.73, Glucose 58.1±18.0, AST 60.3±15.68, ALT 50.7±14.80. For age group, the best parameters were observed in (3-3½yrs) group with the following; PCV 29.2±7.76, HB 9.4±2.72, RBC 7.6±2.52, Total protein 5.5±2.11, Glucose 56.9±20.31, AST 61.1±17.15 compared to age group 2-2½yrs with the following values; PCV 26.6±9.81, HB 8.3±3.28, RBC 7.1±2.27, Total protein 4.5±1.64, Glucose 49.3±20.85, AST 54±11.01. No significance difference in their indices except in blood urea nitrogen value which was significant among the breeds sampled. This investigation reveals variation in the susceptibility to natural Babesiosis among Nigerian cattle breeds, ages and sexes with generalise anaemia, lymphocytopaenia, neutrophilia, hypoproteineimia, hypoalbuminaemia and extremely low blood urea nitrogen.Item Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling and detection of Cefotaxime- Resistant Escherichia coli from Commercial Laying Hens, Indigenous Ducks and Chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024) Amosun, E. A.; Kolapo, A. M.; Ojja, C. V.Cefotaxime is a critically important antimicrobial agent for thè treatment of infections in humans and animals. The upsurge in thè incidence of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coti from animai sources is of global public health importance. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coti is a Gram negative zoonotic bacterial pathogen. Infections by Escherichia coti usually occur following consumption of foods and water contaminated with faeces. The development of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coti is a concem worldwide. This study evaluated thè prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti in commercial laying hens, indigenous ducks and chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti isolates from thè cloacae of these poultry sources were tested for antimicrobial agents. The overall isolation rate of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti was 6.5% (6/93), 3.2% (3/93) and 10.0% (20/200) from indigenous ducks, indigenous chickens and commercial laying hens respectively. Cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti isolates were 89.7%, 86.2%, 65.5%, 55.2%, 37.9%, 27.6%, 20.7% and 20.7% resistant to sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, ceftazidime, amoxicillin -clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone respectively. Whereas, 75.9%, 68.9%, 62.1%, 51.7%, 41.4%, 27.6%,10.3% and 10.3% susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, sulphamethoxazone and tetracycline respectively. Multidrug resistant (MDR) was observed in 89.7% (26/29) of thè isolates which exhibited 2 (in indigenous ducks), 3 (in indigenous chickens) and 13 (in commercial laying hens) different MDR pattems to 7 antimicrobial classes of drug. Higher isolation rate of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti and remarkable numbers of thè isolates from commercial laying hens showed multidrug resistant than that of indigenous ducks and chickens. Misused of drugs was predicted in commercial laying hens. This study showed that thè indigenous ducks and chickens harbour multidrug resistant Escherichia coti and may contribute to environmental contamination through faecal shedding.