Veterinary Medicine

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    Livestock waste management practices in Oyo state, Nigeria
    (Sciendo (De Gruyter Poland), 2016) Abiola J. O.; Olaogun S. C.
    Livestock waste management methods were evaluated in Oyo State where different farms were visited, structured pre-tested and peer-reviewed questionnaires were administered. The results of this study revealed that the use of animal wastes as manure for farmlands or outright dumping in the bushes, garbage sites or open lands were the most common waste disposal methods practiced by commercial poultry and livestock keepers in Oyo State. Out of all the farms sampled, 45% of the farms practiced Open lands waste disposal methods, 10% practiced sun-dried and burned animal wastes disposal methods, 14% practiced flushing wastes into nearby streams and rivers as slurry, 24% used a combination of all the three methods as space or time permits, 2% turn their waste to biogas for cooking or lightening on the farm and 5% use part of the waste as feed source for ruminants or fishes on the farm. The results showed that larger percentage of the farms does not have an environmental friendly animal waste management system and the implication is widespread air, water and land pollution
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    Perception of Rabies among Residents of Selected Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria
    (Science Domain International, 2016) Adejumobi, O. A.; Omobowale, O. C.; Olaogun, S. C.; Omobowale, T. O.; Nottidge, H. O.
    "Rabies, a fatal neurotropic disease of man and animals is usually a neglected disease in many parts of the world probably because of the erroneous belief that it affects animals predominantly. This study was designed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of people in selected communities of Oyo State, Nigeria with the aim of assessing the possible risk of getting infected with the virus. A total of 323 participants were randomly selected from 10 local government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria and interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi square method. Information obtained included the demographic characteristics of the participants, their interaction with dogs, knowledge about rabies and its fatality, its mode of transmission and prevention as well as the perception of and attitude of people towards rabies. Of the 323 participants, 180(55.8%) were male while 143(44.3%) were female, 115(47.7%) were Christians, 123(51%) were muslims and 3(1.2%) were traditional religion adherents. Furthermore, 263(81.4%) had different levels of education 60(18.6 %) were illiterate, 119(36.8%) used to own dog while only 54(16.4%) presently kept dogs for reasons which included hunting 16(30.1%), security 28(52.8%), breeding {3(5.66%)} and as companionship 6(11.3%). Greater number (80%) lived in the rural areas while 62(19.6%) were urban dwellers. Out of the 323 participants, 256 (79.5%) knew about rabies, of these, 46(18%) heard about the disease from awareness campaigns, 11(4.3%) heard from human and veterinary hospitals 58(22.7%) heard from interpersonal interactions while 123(48.1%) knew by personal experiences. From the people that claimed knowledge, 231(90.2%) knew that rabies was a fatal disease, 96(37.5%) knew about rabies in other animal species aside dogs, 110(43%) knew about rabies transmission by dog or cat bite, 24(9.4%) knew that rabies can be transmitted by wild animals. Also, 130(50.8%) claimed knowledge of rabies prevention in animals but 88(34.4%) only knew about antirabies vaccination.in animals. Similarly, 128(50%) claimed knowledge of rabies prevention in man and of these, 38(14.8%) recommended prophylactic and post exposure antirabies vaccination, 42(16%) hospital visits, 20(7.8%) dog elimination and staying away from dogs, while 12(4.7%) recommended religious means, and use of herbs. When asked about first aid treatment, 99(38.7%) suggested wound washing with soap and antiseptic, 171(66.8%) recommended hospital visit while 40(15.6%) suggested a visit to the herbalist for the antidote. Pearson’s chi square showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the knowledge of the respondents and marital status. Poor knowledge of some aspects of rabies and negative attitude of dog owners towards rabies may portend grave public health consequences.
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    Bovine Helminthosis: Blood Glucose Levels and Age Influence on Susceptibility in Some Nigerian Breeds of Cattle
    (Science Domain, 2015) Olaogun, S. C.; Lasisi, O. T.
    The effect of natural bovine helminthosis on blood glucose levels and the influence of age on its susceptibility were studied in four breeds of cattle in Ibadan Nigeria, using abattoir samples. One hundred and twenty cattle (28 males and 92 females) comprising Sokoto Gudali (51),White Fulani (30), Red Bororo (24) and Kuri (15) breeds of cattle which were all above 2.5 years old were used for this study. The blood glucose levels of all the cattle were determined by spectrophotometric method using Randox kitR (Randox LaboratoriesLimited, United Kingdom) while the corresponding fecal samples were examined for the helminth burden using the modified McMaster technique. The age of each cattle was estimated using a standard dentitition technique. The data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Correlation analysis. Significance was determined at p< 0.05. Sokoto Gudali breed was the least susceptible (21.56%) to natural helminthosis while Kuri breed was the most susceptible (26.67%). Cattle in age range of 2.5-3years were the most susceptible to natural helminthosis across all the breeds, while cattle older than 3 years were less susceptible. Blood glucose had positive correlation with age (r = 0.24) and negative correlation with helminth burden (r = -0.14). Hypoglycemia was prominent in all the cattle with heavy helminth burdens. Female cattle showed a significantly higher susceptibility to natural helminthosis than males. This study identifies natural helminthosis as a predisposing factor to hypoglycemia in Nigerian breeds of cattle which is observed to be more severe in younger cattle.
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    Peste de Petit Ruminants in Oyo State: Current Epidemiology and Clinical Features. 49th
    (Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA), 2012) Lasisi, O. T.; Olaogun S. C.
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    Peste de Petit Ruminants in Oyo State: Current Epidemiology and Clinical Features. 49th
    (Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA), 2012) Lasisi, O. T.; Olaogun S. C.
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    Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Amosun, E. A; Olatoye, I. O.
    Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.
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    Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Ojo, O. E.; Bello, A. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Ajadi, R. A.
    Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.
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    Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Ojo, O. E.; Bello, A. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Ajadi, R. A.
    Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.
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    The comparative susceptibility of commercial and Nigerian indigenous chicken ecotypes to Salmonella gallinarum infection
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, 2013) Ogie, A. J.; Salako, A. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Adeyemo, S. A.; Akinoluwa, P. O.
    This study was to evaluate thè possible genetic resistance of exotic and indigenous chicks to Salmonella gallinarum. A total of 72 nine weeks-old chicks were used for thè study. The Fulani ecotype (Fulani smooth feathers - FSF), Yoruba ecotype (Yoruba smooth feathers - YSF), and thè Exotic breed (Nera Black) chicks were infected with a dose of S. gallinarum (8.3 x IO6 CFU) and were observed for 16 days. Evaluation of resistance was based on clinical signs, mortality, pathology, leukocyte count, bacterial count from liver and spleen of infected chicks. The highest peak for clinical signs in 5. gallinarum infected chicks coincides with highest mortalities recorded on day 11-12 dpi and bacterial count of both liver and spleen on day 8. The lymphocytes count declined on day 8 for all thè experimental chicks except for thè exotic breed. There was no significant difference between thè bacterial counts of thè different groups on day 8. In S. gallinarum infected chicks, 94.4% of all thè chicks showed clinical signs after infection, thè exotic breed showed a prolonged clinical signs while thè Yoruba ecotype showed thè least. 87.5%, 80.0% and 37.5% mortality were recorded in thè exotic breed, Fulani and Yoruba ecotypes respectively. The study showed that thè exotic chicken (Nera Black) was more susceptible to Salmonella gallinarum infection. It also indicated that within thè ecotypes in Nigeria, Fulani ecotype was more susceptible to Salmonella gallinarum infection than thè Yoruba ecotype. The lower clinical signs and mortality observed in Yoruba ecotype indicated a resistance of thè ecotype to 5. gallinarum infection.
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    Escherichia coli from Nigeria exhibit a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance where reliance on antibiotics in poultry production is a potential contributing factor
    (Academic Journals, 2013) Nsofor, C. A.; Olatoye, I. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Iroegbu, C. U.; Davis, M. A.; Orfe, L. H.; Cali, D. R.
    To assess thè prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Nigeria, single Escherichia coli isolates were collected from a geographically diverse panel of fecal samples collected from human clinical and non- clinical donors (n=77), livestock (cattle, swine, and goats) and chickens (n=71 total). There was no difference in thè proportion of isolates resistant to >1 antibiotics from human clinical and non-clinical samples, but overall, this was significantly higher for human (85.7%) compared to animai (53.5%) isolates (P<0.0001). The average number of resistance phenotypes per isolate was significantly higher for human (5.0), goat (4.0), and poultry (3.4) compared with cattle (2.4) and swine (2.0) (P<0.05). There were 25 different resistance phenotypes with more diversity from animai compared with human isolates. A survey of management practices at 30 poultry farms in thè vicinity of Ibadan found that all respondents self-milled feed and most (87.7%) routinely added antibiotics to feed. Tetracyclines were thè dominant antibiotics of choice followed by tylosin and gentamicin and some use of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. If this pattern of antibiotic resistance and use is repeated across thè different sectors of food-animal production and in multiple developing countries, then trade and travel are likely to disseminate resistance traits to other countries potentially negating locai policies that are designed to limit selection for antibiotic resistant bacteria