Scholarly works in Veterinary Medicine
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Item Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Bacteria Isolated from Four selected Rivers and Six Tributaries in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo-State, Nigeria(Biomedical Communications Group, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2018) Amosun, E. A.; Ogunbadewa, A. J.; Otukoya, B. O.Water is one of thè major resources necessary for thè maintenance of life on earth. Among thè pathogens disseminateci in water sources are enteric pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and thè presence of these organisms are responsible for a variety of diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, and enteric fever. This study was aimed to identify and determine antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from selected rivers in Ibadan metropolis. Thirty water samples were collected from three different sites (upstream, midstream and downstream) of four selected main rivers and six tributaries, thè main rivers are: Onibu-ore river, Kudeti river, Ogunpa river and Ona river, while thè tributaries are: Gege river, Awolowo river, Orogun river, Orni river, Tabieleshin river and Eleyele river. The samples were routinely screened for bacteria using MacConkey and blood agar plates. These bacterial isolates were identified biochemically and were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test. All thè tests performed in this study were analyzed using tables. From thè thirty water samples of thè ten selected rivers screened in duplicates in this study, forty-two isolates belonging to eleven bacteria genera of different percentage distribution were identified. These isolates also showed different antibiotic resistance rates and pattems. Of all thè bacteria isolates obtained in this study, only Enterobacter species was not multi-drug resistant. This study detected thè presence of different bacteria isolates in drinking river water from ten selected rivers in Ibadan. It was able to confimi thè presence of E. coli in water and further discovered other bacteria such as Arthrobacter species in water.Item Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria in goat milk in Ibadan, Nigeria(Nigerian Journal of Animal Production (NJAP), 2018) Amosun, E. A.; Olatoye, I. O.; Oyeniyi, T. M.Goat milk and itsproducts are highly nutritious and widely consumed in several countries. In Nigeria, little attention has been given to goats as dairy animals; hence thè raw milk can be a potential source of bacterial contamination and spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens within human, animai and environment. In this study, thè incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria in goat milk in Ibadan, Nigeria was evaluated. The bacteriological quality and antibiotic resistance characteristics of thè isolates froml05 raw milk samples collectedfrom does in fìve goat herds in Ibadan in Oyo-State, Nigeria were carried out. A total ofl26 bacterial isolates belonging to six bacteria genera [Lactobacillus spp (23.81 %), Staphylococcus aureus (23.02%), E.coli (20.63%), Klebsiella pneumonia (15.08%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.35%), Streptococcus spp (07.14%)] were obtainedfrom thè samples. The Gram negative isolates exhibited resistance to amoxillin (84.50%), augmentin (77.59%), septrìn (75.86%), sparfloxacìn (72.41%), chloramphenicol (68.97%), streptomycin (65.52%), perfloxacin (56.90%), tarìvid (51.72%), gentamycin (48.28%), ciprofloxacin (48.27%).While thè Gram positive bacteria also exhibited resistance to ampiclox ( 69.12%), septrìn (42.65%), erythromycìn (33.82%), streptomycin (14.71%), gentamycin (11.76%), rocephin (07.35%), zinnacef (02.94%), ciprofloxacin (01.47%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobials was observed in some of thè isolates. This study revealed high prevalence of MDR bacteria in goat milk that can contrìbute to thè global antibiotic resistance menace through primary or secondary infections assocìated with husbandry, milking and consumption of improperly pasteurized goat milkItem Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria in goat milk in Ibadan, Nigeria(Nigerian Journal of Animal Production (NJAP), 2018) Amosun, E. A.; Olatoye, I. O.; Oyeniyi, T. M.Goat milk and itsproducts are highly nutritious and widely consumed in several countries. In Nigeria, little attention has been given to goats as dairy animals; hence thè raw milk can be a potential source of bacterial contamination and spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens within human, animai and environment. In this study, thè incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria in goat milk in Ibadan, Nigeria was evaluated. The bacteriological quality and antibiotic resistance characteristics of thè isolates froml05 raw milk samples collectedfrom does in fìve goat herds in Ibadan in Oyo-State, Nigeria were carried out. A total ofl26 bacterial isolates belonging to six bacteria genera [Lactobacillus spp (23.81 %), Staphylococcus aureus (23.02%), E.coli (20.63%), Klebsiella pneumonia (15.08%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.35%), Streptococcus spp (07.14%)] were obtainedfrom thè samples. The Gram negative isolates exhibited resistance to amoxillin (84.50%), augmentin (77.59%), septrìn (75.86%), sparfloxacìn (72.41%), chloramphenicol (68.97%), streptomycin (65.52%), perfloxacin (56.90%), tarìvid (51.72%), gentamycin (48.28%), ciprofloxacin (48.27%).While thè Gram positive bacteria also exhibited resistance to ampiclox ( 69.12%), septrìn (42.65%), erythromycìn (33.82%), streptomycin (14.71%), gentamycin (11.76%), rocephin (07.35%), zinnacef (02.94%), ciprofloxacin (01.47%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobials was observed in some of thè isolates. This study revealed high prevalence of MDR bacteria in goat milk that can contrìbute to thè global antibiotic resistance menace through primary or secondary infections assocìated with husbandry, milking and consumption of improperly pasteurized goat milkItem Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and Associated Microbial Quality of Milk from selected Dairy Cattle Herds in Oyo State, Nigeria.(PAGEPress Publications (Italy), 2018) Olatoye, I. A.; Amosun, E. A.; Ogbu, U. N.; Okunlade, O.Improvement of traditional and nomadic milk production through dairy development program in Nigeria requires routine quality and safety monitoring of milk both at herd level and milk collection centers. A total of 411 bulk raw milk sam- ples aseptically obtained from Ibarapa, Oyo and Oke-Ogun industriai milk collection centers were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT), Bulk Somatic Celi Count (BSCC) and bacteriological analysis for assessment of quality and safety of milk from thè herds. One hundred and seven (26.0%) of thè samples were CMT positive, while 74.0% were negative to CMT. The overall mean BSCC, TAC and TCC were 1.27xl03± cells/mL, 1.12xl03± 34 cfu/mL, 97.8±9.8 cfu/mL in thè CMT negative milk samples while for thè strong positive samples thè mean BSCC, TAC and TCC were 4.33xl06 ± cells/mL, 2.35x10" ± 453 cfu/mL, 189.3±41.1 cfu/mL respectively; these were higher than thè Pasteurized Milk Ordinance acceptable limits. Positive corre- lation was found between CMT scores and bacterial contamination and between CMT scores and SCC was recorded. About 26.0% of thè samples with positive CMT could he considered unsafe due to strong correlation with microbial contamination that could result in milk bome zoonoses and public health hazards. However, a greater propor- tion (76.9%) of thè milk with negative CMT scores could be safe for human consump- tion after post-harvest pasteurization. Consequently, there is need to improve han- dling, environmental and milking hygiene; as well as proper herd and udder health management to improve quality and safety of Nigeria dairy productsItem Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Guinea fowl and Chicken in Ibadan North Local Government area, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2017) Amosun, E. A.; Ayantoke, I. A.; Agba, J. U.; Ojo, O. E.Escherichia coli Ol 57 is a major zoonotic disease of thè poultry industry. 315 cloacae samples (177 chickens and 138 guinea fowls) were screened for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC 0157). The samples were pre-enriched with tryptic soy broth, incubated over- night at 37°C for 18 hours, sub-cultured on MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Rose pink colonies on MacConkey agar (putative E. coli) were selected for bio- chemical test. The susceptibility of identified E. coli isolates to antimicrobial agents was determined by thè standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Confirmed E. coli were sub-cultured on Sorbitol MacConkey agar piate (SMAC) and incubated at 37°C for 24hours. Colourless or pale colonies (non-sorbitolfermenters) were further tested. Isolates that produced colourless colonies and agglutinatimi with E. coli 0157 latex test were tested with E. coli HI antiserum by a slide agglutination test as well as other identified E. coli isolates irrespective of their sorbitol fermentatimi reactions were identified serologically using a latex agglutination test kit. Of thè 315 samples, 9.5% were positive for EHEC Ol 57 including 7.3% and 12.3% of thè chickens and thè guinea fowls, respectively. The differences in thè two species were not statistica!ly (P<0.05) significant The resistance of thè EHEC 0157 to antim icrobials were; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 66.67%, nitrofurantoin 60.00%, gentamicin 56.67%, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole 50.00%, tet- racycline 50.00%, pefloxacin43.33%, amoxicillin 33.33 %, ciprofloxacin 33.33 %,ofloxacin 30.00%, and ceftriaxone 20.00%. E. coli OJ57:H7 isolated from guinea fowls were all susceptible to amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin while EHEC 0157:H7 from chickens showed 100% resistance to tetracycline and pefloxacin. The presence of virulent multidrug resistali E. coli 0157 strains in thè faeces of guinea fowls and chickens showed thè dangers that handlers and consumers are exposed and thè implications of disseminatimi of thè pathogens to thè environment through faecal shedding.Item Evaluation of bacteria and antibiotic resistance profiling of Wara (White soft cheese) in Oyo- State, South West, Nigeria(Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2017) Amosun, E. A.; Agbato, A. O.; Daodu, O. B.; Ojo, O. E.Fresh milk from healthy cows contains few bacteria but contamination during handling and processing can rapidly increase bacterial population and subsequently depreciate it quality. This study evaluated thè presence of bacteria and their antibiotic resistance profiles in white soft cheese (Wara) in three major producing locai Government areas in Oyo-State, Nigeria. The cheese samples were collected in sterile universal bottles immediately after production. Samples were immediately transported to thè laboratory for bacteria isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility test of thè isolates. A total of one hundred and sixty-five (165) bacterial isolates of ten different bacterial genera were identified from 102 cheese samples. The isolation rates of different species/genera were Lactobacillus spp (39.8%), E. coli (32.5%), Klebsiella spp (9%), Citrobacter spp (2.4%), Acinetobacter spp (3.6%), Pseudomonas spp (6.6%), Bordetella spp (0.6%), Proteus spp (1.2%), Staphylococcus spp (3.6%) and Strepiococcus agalactiae (0.6%). Results demonstrated substantial differences in their resistance pattems to various antibiotics. The isolates were tested against ten different antibiotics. The Gram negative isolates showed twenty-five resistance pattems while Gram positive isolates revealed fifty-four distinct resistance groups. In all, Gram positive isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (61.1%), gentamicin (51.4%), chloramphenicol (51.1%), amoxicillin (48.6%), ciprofloxacin (44.4%), cotrimoxazole (43.1%), perfloxacin (40.3%), streptomycin (40.3%) Erythromycin (31.9) and ofloxacin (30.6%) while Gram positive showed resistance to chloramphenicol (22.6%), trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole (20.4%), amoxillin/clavulanic acid. (10.8%), streptomycin (9.7%), gentamicin (8.6%), sparfloxacin (6.5%), amoxicilin (5.4%), Perfloxacin (5.4%), ofloxacin (4.3%) and ciprofloxacin (3.2%). Multi-drug resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 69 isolates, 56 Gram positive and 13 Gram negative bacteria. This study confirmed that white soft cheese “wara” can be a source of bacteria with multidrug resistant phenotypes.Item Multidrug Resistant Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Pigeons in Ibadan, Nigeria(African Union, InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR), 2017) Amosun, E. A.; Aweda, D. I.; Ojo, O. E.Pigeons are commonly seen around human dwellings and in city centres.The movement of these birds from place to place makes them a veritable vehicle for environmental dissemination of pathogens. Enterohaemorrhagic E coli (EHEC) OI57:H7 can cause severe and sometimes fatal gastroenteritis in humans.This study investigated the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of EHEC OI57:H7 in the faeces. One hundred and twenty five cloacae samples (82 adult pigeons and 43 squabs) were collected from three different locations in Ibadan metropolis. Enterohaemorrhagic E coli Ol 57:H7 was isolated from samples on BCIG-SMAC following a selective pre-enrichment culture in modified Tryptic Soy Broth supplemented with novobiocin. Suspected non-sorbitol fermenting Ecoli isolates were serologically identified as serotype 0157:H7 using latex agglutination method. Enterohaemorrhagic E coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of all 125 samples examined, 23(18.4%) were confirmed as EHEC 0I57.H7 serotype. Isolates showed resistance to nitrofuranton (100%), ceftriazone (100%), amoxicillin (91.3%), augmentin (73.9%), gentamycin (60.9%), cotrimozazole (60.9%), pefloxacin (47.8%) , tetracycline (34.8%), ciprofloxacin (30.4%) and ofloxacin (17.4%). This study showed that pigeons harbour multidrug resistant EHEC OI57:H7 and may contribute to environmental contamination through faecal shedding.Item Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Ojo, O. E.; Bello, A. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Ajadi, R. A.Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.Item Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Ojo, O. E.; Bello, A. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Ajadi, R. A.Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.Item The comparative susceptibility of commercial and Nigerian indigenous chicken ecotypes to Salmonella gallinarum infection(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, 2013) Ogie, A. J.; Salako, A. E.; Emikpe, B. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Adeyemo, S. A.; Akinoluwa, P. O.This study was to evaluate thè possible genetic resistance of exotic and indigenous chicks to Salmonella gallinarum. A total of 72 nine weeks-old chicks were used for thè study. The Fulani ecotype (Fulani smooth feathers - FSF), Yoruba ecotype (Yoruba smooth feathers - YSF), and thè Exotic breed (Nera Black) chicks were infected with a dose of S. gallinarum (8.3 x IO6 CFU) and were observed for 16 days. Evaluation of resistance was based on clinical signs, mortality, pathology, leukocyte count, bacterial count from liver and spleen of infected chicks. The highest peak for clinical signs in 5. gallinarum infected chicks coincides with highest mortalities recorded on day 11-12 dpi and bacterial count of both liver and spleen on day 8. The lymphocytes count declined on day 8 for all thè experimental chicks except for thè exotic breed. There was no significant difference between thè bacterial counts of thè different groups on day 8. In S. gallinarum infected chicks, 94.4% of all thè chicks showed clinical signs after infection, thè exotic breed showed a prolonged clinical signs while thè Yoruba ecotype showed thè least. 87.5%, 80.0% and 37.5% mortality were recorded in thè exotic breed, Fulani and Yoruba ecotypes respectively. The study showed that thè exotic chicken (Nera Black) was more susceptible to Salmonella gallinarum infection. It also indicated that within thè ecotypes in Nigeria, Fulani ecotype was more susceptible to Salmonella gallinarum infection than thè Yoruba ecotype. The lower clinical signs and mortality observed in Yoruba ecotype indicated a resistance of thè ecotype to 5. gallinarum infection.
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