Scholarly works in Veterinary Medicine
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Item A case report of Dystocia in a primiparous West African dwarf ewe due to relative fetal oversize associated with poor mating management practices in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Olaogun, S. C.; Olaifa A. K.; Odunkoya, D.A one and a half (1½) year old Primiparous West African dwarf ewe, weighing 12 kg was presented with history of anorexia and straining of about 24 hours duration to the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. Close observation of the animal showed a narrow birth canal with bilateral carpal flexion of the foetus which also appeared too big for the dam. Rectal temperature was 36.9°C, Heart rate was 68beats per minute and respiratory rate was 36 breathes per minute. The dam was reported to be mated with a ram of same breed weighing 40kg. Dystocia was diagnosed and caesarean section was recommended to relieve the dystocia. The right lateral side of the abdomen close to the Paralumbar fossa was carefully and aesthetically shaved and prepared. Induction of anaesthesia was done using 2 ml of Lignocaine given epidurally as an inverted L-block and 1 ml of Duracaine was given posteriorly. Complete desensitization of the region was achieved within 5minutes of induction. Drapes were used to prevent contamination as much as possible. A small straight 10cm long incision was made on the lateral side with no obvious bleeding observed. The uterus was located and incised with the apparently big dead foetus weighing 2.2kg taken out and chromic catgut size 1 was used to suture the uterus. The skin was about to be sutured with nylon suture material when the dam passed on. This report highlighted the detrimental effect of poor reproductive management practices and the delay in seeking veterinary care leading to maternal and fetal death with its grave economic consequences.Item Evaluation of amoxicillin content in commonly used multisource Injectable brands in veterinary practice(Egypt’s Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research, 2019) Gberindyer, A .F.; Olaogun, S. C.; Omotosho, O. O.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Shima, F. K.THE AIM Is To Evaluate Amount Of Amoxicillin In The Array Of Its Injectable Formulations From Multisource Marketed And Commonly Used In Veterinary Practice In Nigeria. The Amount Of Amoxicillin In Each Of The 10 Brands Sampled Was Analysed Using A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Thereafter, Percentages Of The Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin Were Determined And Compared With 90-120% Specified In USP And IP. Samples G, H, And J Contained 93%, 98%, And 108%, Respectively Of The Labeled Amount Of Amoxicillin, While B, C, And A Contained Only 39%, 56%, And 58%, Respectively. Again, Samples I, F, D, And E Contained 124%, 135%, 147%, And 413%, Respectively Of The Labelled Amount. Thus, Only Brands G, H, And J Passed Assay Quality Test (AQT) Since The Amount Of Amoxicillin They Contained Was Within The Specified USP And IP Range, And Are Considered Pharmaceutically Equivalent, Consequently, Interchangeable For Intravenous Administrations. Whereas, Brands A, B, And C Failed AQT Because They Contained Less Than The Amount Of Amoxicillin Required, So Even When Used Prudently There Could Be Therapeutic Failure, Bacterial Resistance, And Public Health Implications. Similarly, Brands D, E, F, And I Could Cause Toxicity And High Tissue Residues Because They Contained Higher Than The Required And Labelled Amount Of Amoxicillin. About 30% And 40% Of The Analysed Amoxicillin Brands Contained Less And More Than The Required Amount Of Amoxicillin, Respectively. However, 30% Contained The Amount Within The Specified Range. Consequently, There Is High Rate Of Substandard Amoxicillin Injectable Brands For Veterinary Use In Nigeria Hence The Need For Regular Monitoring.Item Socio-demographic structure and constraints of Smallholder Dairy farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria(Integrity Research Journals, 2019) Abiola, J. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Onaro, S. K.The contribution of dairy farming to the socio-economic development of Oyo state and Nigeria at large cannot be underestimated; we therefore sought to establish socio-demographic status and constraints of small holder dairy farmers at five milk collection centres built by FC WAMCO in Oyo state, Nigeria. Well structure close ended question-based questionnaires were administered in the study location. Farmer’s demography revealed 63.64% and 36.36% male and female respectively, majority (46.54%) were between 30 and 40yrs. 73.82% do not have formal education, 40.18% reported 10 years of rearing. Major constraints identified were; lack of milking equipment reported by 97.64%, 93.82% reported lack of milk preservation facilities. 97.64% reported high cost of breeder stock. 51.82% were not aware of artificial insemination. Inaccessibility to good water was reported by 98.55%, 93.09% reported cattle rustling, 70% were not aware of any biosecurity measures.Item Toxicological studies of ethanol leaf extract of cassia fistula on haematological and biochemical parameters of Wistar albino rats(Academic Journals, Nigeria, 2019) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Azeez, O. I.; Adeoye, A. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Oladavies, E. O.Aim: Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant used in folklore medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions such as astringent, febrifuge and purgative. But the effects have not been well elucidated. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Cassia fistula on haematological and serum biochemical indices in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical constituents from the ethanol extract of C. fistula were identified by qualitative techniques and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group A, the control, received 0.2ml of corn oil each daily for 7 days; Group B rats were given 100mg/kg b.w. of Cassia fistula extract, Group C were given 200mg/kg b.w. of the extract while the rats in Group D were given 300mg/kg b.w ethanol extract of Cassia fistula orally for 7 days. Blood samples were collected afterward for determination of haematological parameter while plasma biochemistry was carried on the plasma after 7 days of treatment with the extract. Frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also determined from blood Giemsa stained smear. Results: Qualitative analyses revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardenolides, and phenols. In GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds including phytol, oleic, myristic acids etc. were detected from the ethanol leaf extract of C fistula. Oral treatment of Cassia fistula was found to be safe up to the 300mg/kg b.w dose because haematological and biochemical parameters in treated rats were comparable to the untreated control. In fact, the extract showed nephroprotective and hepatoprotective activity at 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: This study showed that ethanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula is not toxic upt to 300 mg/kg b.w, instead the extract showed some protective effects on liver and kidney functions at the 200 mg/kg b.w dose. This dosage should therefore be explored further for therapeutic purposes.Item Clinico- haematological and biochemical features of natural Babesiosis in Nigerian breeds of Cattle(Animal Health and Production in Africa, 2018) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedeji, P. A.This study evaluated the haematological and biochemical changes associated with bovine Babesiosis. A total of 50 samples confirmed positive for Babesia spp from305 sera collected from clinically suspected cases of Babesiosis within a period of 9 months from some cattle farms in Oyo state, southwest Nigeria. Breeds were established by their morphological features, Age was estimated using rostral dentition and sexes morphologically determined. Haematological and Biochemical analysis were established by adopting standard procedures and the use of specific kits respectively. Results showed 32 (64%) was White Fulani breed, 8 (16%) was Sokoto Gudali breed, 8 (16%) was Red Bororo breed and 2 (4%) was Kuri breed. Female with 43 (86%), while the male had 7 (14%) susceptibility. Older cattle (≥4yrs) with 27 (54%) susceptibility, (3-3½yrs) with 17 (34%) susceptibility, while (2-2½yrs) had the least susceptibility of 6 (12%). Hematological analysis revealed best parameters in White Fulani breed with Mean ± SD of PCV 28.6 ±8.76, HB 9.3±2.98, RBC 7.5±2.44, while the least values were seen in Sokoto gudali breed with then following parameters; PCV 24.6±6.89, HB 8.1±2.29, RBC7.8±1.59. Biochemical analysis revealed White Fulani with the best values as follows; Total protein 5.5±1.87, Albumin 1.3±0.20, Globulin 4.2±1.73, Glucose 58.1±18.0, AST 60.3±15.68, ALT 50.7±14.80. For age group, the best parameters were observed in (3-3½yrs) group with the following; PCV 29.2±7.76, HB 9.4±2.72, RBC 7.6±2.52, Total protein 5.5±2.11, Glucose 56.9±20.31, AST 61.1±17.15 compared to age group 2-2½yrs with the following values; PCV 26.6±9.81, HB 8.3±3.28, RBC 7.1±2.27, Total protein 4.5±1.64, Glucose 49.3±20.85, AST 54±11.01. No significance difference in their indices except in blood urea nitrogen value which was significant among the breeds sampled. This investigation reveals variation in the susceptibility to natural Babesiosis among Nigerian cattle breeds, ages and sexes with generalise anaemia, lymphocytopaenia, neutrophilia, hypoproteineimia, hypoalbuminaemia and extremely low blood urea nitrogen.Item Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma bovis isolates from some States in Nigeria inoculateci intramammarily into lactating New Zealand white rabbits(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, 2019) Amosun, E. A.; Emikpe, B. O.The focus of this study was to test thè pathogenicity of Mycoplasma bovis isolated from cases of clinical mastitis in cattle in some States of Nigeria. Pathogenicity study of Mycoplasma bovis was carried out using five New Zealand White lactating rabbits, obtained from a locai breeder in Ibadan, Nigeria. The left mammary glands of each rabbit were inoculated intracisternally with Imi of 2.4 x IO5 cfu/ml of Mycoplasma bovis obtained from cases of clinical mastitis in Nigeria. The right mammary glands served as control and received 1 mi of sterile Tryptose Soy broth each. The clinical signs, post-mortem and histological findings were recorded. Clinically, thè rabbits were weak and anorexic with mortalities. Grossly, lesions were observed in thè spleens, lungs and thè ovaries, while thè mammary glands were atrophied. This clearly showed thè septicaemic nature of thè Mycoplasma bovis isolated from thè clinical mastitis cases hence proper hygienic practices should be implemented during milking for public health reasons.Item Antibiotic profiling of bacterial isolates obtained from turkey and chicken in selected farms in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Amosun, E. A.; Adepoju, B. C.; Ogunbadewa, A. J.; Abatan, M. O.In recent times, the prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance has increased tremendously due to a number of factors including use of human drugs for the treatment of animal diseases, leading to the transfer of antibiotic resistance in terms of antibiotic residues in poultry meat to pathogenic bacteria. This study determined the antibiotic profiles of bacterial isolates in poultry cloacal swabs from selected farms in Ibadan. Fifty and twenty cloacal swabs were collected aseptically from turkey and chicken at Apete and University of Ibadan research farm respectively. The samples were immediately transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. Thus, the cloacal swabs were screened using MacConkey agar, blood agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques and tested to ten different antibiotic discs according to Kirby-Bauer procedure. Sixty-one and thirteen different isolates were detected from turkey and chicken cloacal swabs respectively. Of the turkey isolates, Pseudomonas had the highest occurrence of 25% while Escherichia coli (46%) had the highest occurrence of the chicken isolates. The Gram-negative isolates showed high resistance to augmentin (69%), streptomycin (69%), sulphamethoxazole (78%) and chloramphenicol (82%). Staphylococcus species which was the only Grampositive isolate in this study was greatly resistant to gentamicin (83%). Both the turkey and chicken isolates had different antibiotic resistance rates and patterns with a huge percentage (86%) of them being multi-drug resistant. This work observed a higher resistance to many of the commonly used antibiotics in the poultry industry thereby, posing a public health risk since most of these drugs are used for treatment of human infectionsItem Clinico-haematological features of dermatophilosis in indigenous breeds of cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2018) Olaogun, S. C.; Jeremiah, O. T.This study evaluated the clinical-hematological profiles in bovine dermatophilosis. A total of 50 dermatophilosis infected cattle were studied clinically and 50 blood samples taken from two different locations of Akinyele cattle market and Bodija Abattoir Ibadan. Hematological parameters such as PCV, Hb, RBC,WBC,Platelets, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Lymphocyte and Neutrophils were evaluated using standard procedures .The level of severity was classified based on the extent of the surface lesions and the chronicity as observed on the animals vis a viz body condition scoring system, hematological parameters under different breeds, sexes, ages and severity of disease condition were subjected to a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with no level of significance established at p < 0.05. White Fulani was the breed with the highest cases of dematophilosis (66%), females (86%) were more infected than males. Cattle within age bracket of 2-2½ years (38%) showed clinical signs of dermatophilosis more than other age groups. Sokoto Gudali breed had the highest values for most hematological parameters, while Kuri breed had the least values for most of the hematological parameters. Females showed better values than males. Age range 3-3½ years had most of the highest values. Mild infestation showed the highest values. Therefore, this study has been able to revealed variation to dermatophilosis susceptibility, Kuri breed, adult cattle and bulls appeared to be more resistance. The hematology in generalized dermatophilosis have been elucidated by this present study and have been found to vary with age, sex, severity of infection and breed of cattle.Item Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the urine of dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019) Amosun, E. A.; Amusa, A. O.; Ojo, O. E.Bacteria exist as part of thè norma! flora of thè urogenital tract of animals. However, some of them may cause severe opportunistic infections in immuno-suppressed host requiring antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antìmicrobial resistance may lead to therapy fatture and protracted tllnesses. This study investigated thè diverse reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in thè urogenital tract of dogs in lbadan. A total of 114 urine samples from male (42) and female (72) dogs were examined for thè presence of bacteria by inoculation onto cultural media. Bacteria identification was based on cultural, microscopie and biochemical characteristics. Bacteria isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin, amoxillin/ clavulanic acid, cefixime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin/cloxacillm, erythromycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, perfloxacin, ceftriaxone, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethozoJeand cefuroxime. Overall, 184 bacteria isolates were identified from thè 64 (56.14%) of thè 114 urine samples examined. The remaining 47 (41.2%) of 114 samples did notyield significant bacterial growth on thè various bacteriological media. The bacteria detected in thè urine samples inciuded Escherìchia coli (59); Staphylococcvs aureus (40), Slreptococci spp (32), Klebsiella spp (22), Pseudomonas aemgìnosa (12), coagulase negative staphylococcus spp (7), Enterobacter spp (7) and Proteus mirabilis (5). The organisms showed varying degrees of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Many of thè organisms demonstrated resistance to at least three antimicrobials from different classes. Forty-twò resistance groups were observed among thè Gram-positive bacterial isolates while eleven resistance groups were observed among thè Gram-negative isolates. ‘APX-CRX-AM-CET-S-SXT-E-PEF-CN’ and ‘CAZ-CPR-NITAUG-OFL-CXM-GENV CRX ’ were thè predom inant resistant pattems for Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates respectively. This study revealed a diversity and high level of multidrug resistance bacteria in thè urogenital traets of dogs. These bacteria maybe important as primary or opportunistic aetiological agents of infection in die affected host with thè possibility of zoonotic transmission to human companions.Item Nasal carriage of methicilliin resistant staphylococcus aureus in livestock and farmworkers in Two Communities in Lagos, Nigeria(Israel Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA), Raanana, Israel, 2019) Adesida, S. A.; Oke, A.-O. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Coker, A. O.The epidemiology of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is dynamic and thè associated public health risk is likely to increase in settings where there is dose interaction between humans and animals.This study assessed thè occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus from livestock and farm personnel, and estimated methicillin-resistance among thè isolates.Two hundred and fifty (250) nasal specimens were collected ffom sheep, goats, cows and farm personnel who had contact with thè animals in two farms in a sub- urban region within Lagos State. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using disk diffusion method. The presence of mecA and mecC gene was determined by PCR. S. aureus was recovered from 141 (56.4%) of thè 250 nasal samples analyzed: 32 (22.7%) from cows, 25 (17.7%) from sheep, 32 (22.7%) from pigs, 24 (17.0%) from goats and 28 (19.9 %) from farm workers. Ten isolates, consisting of 4 from cows (8%), 3 from pigs (6%), and 3 from farm personnel (6%), were positive for MRSA. The human-MRSA were recovered from pig workers (2) and a cow farm worker (1). All MRSA strains were resistant to at least three different antimicrobial categories. The MSSA strains were dassified into thirteen antibiotypes of various subtypes. mecC- MRSA was not detected. The high frequency of S. aureus with phenotypic multidrug resistance traits encountered in this study presents a major public health issue. Thus, practices directed at minimizing thè burden of antimicrobial resistance in farm animals should be initiated.