Veterinary Medicine
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Item Calf Diarrhea: Epidemiological Prevalence and Bacterial Load in Oyo and Ogun States, Nigeria(Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2016) Olaogun, S. C.; Jeremiah, O. T.; Jubril, A. J.; Adewuyi, O. O.Diarrhea in calves is one of the most important causes of calf morbidity, mortality and economic losses. The prevalence of diarrhea in calves was studied in 12 farms in Oyo and Ogun states in South Western Nigeria. A total of 825 calves up to 6-months old were sampled over a period of 12 months with 120 (14.5%) of the calves showing signs of diarrhea. Faecal samples of diarrheic calves (n=120) were collected, and screened for bacterial pathogens using standard laboratory procedures. In Oyo and Ogun States, highest prevalence rates of calves with diarrhea were noticed in two farms of Oyo State 50% (25 out of 50 calves) and Ogun State 23% (12 out of 52 calves) were recorded respectively. Only 19 (15.8%) of the 120 calves had bacterial pathogens; Of the calves (n=19) where bacteria were isolated Escherichia coli was isolated from 12 calves (63.2%), Salmonella species was isolated from 10 calves (52.6%) and Campylobacter species was isolated from 1 calf (5.3%). The lowest levels of bacterial detection were seen in diarrheic samples from White Fulani calves (8.9%) with the highest levels seen in samples from Jersey calves (50%). Calves of 0-2 months had positivity bacterial cause of diarrhea of 18.4%, calves between 3 and 4 months had positivity of 8.8% and calves of 5-6 months had positivity of 20%. Bull calves had 17.0% positivity while heifers had 14.8% positivity among diarrheic calves. Calves having severe diarrhea had highest percentage positivity (26.1%) of bacterial isolates while calves with moderate diarrhea had the least percentage positivity (13.6%). Calves reared in semi-intensive system of management were the most susceptible (18.0%) while those reared under extensive system were least susceptible (13.6%) to bacterial scours. Therefore, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter organisms were most prevalent in calf scours. Age, breeds, sex, severity of diarrhea and system of management are predisposing factors of calf diarrhea.Item Occurrence of Skin Abscess and Sensitivity Pattern of Associated Bacterial Organisms in Pigs on Ifelodun Farm Settlement, Ogun State, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt, 2016) Omotosho, O. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Odukaye, A. O.Pigs are relatively prone to abscess formation especially in the skin. This study was designed to assess the occurrence of skin abscess in pigs on the Ifelodun farm settlement in Ogun state, South-West Nigeria and evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial organisms isolated from pus samples from the abscesses. A total of 2,909 pigs from 104 randomly selected farms on the Ifelodun farm settlement were physically examined. The anatomic locations of gross swellings on the skin were noted. Diagnosis of skin abscess was arrived at after palpation and aspiration of content. Pus samples from 14 intact abscesses were collected aseptically for isolation and sensitivity using standard cultural and disc diffusion method respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. 26 (0.89%) of the 2,909 pigs examined across 22 (21.2%) farms out of 104 farms surveyed were affected. The anatomic distribution of the abscesses includes 43.3%, 6.67%, 16.67% and 33.33% on the neck, forelimbs, trunk, and hind limbs respectively. None was observed on the head. 10 bacterial species were isolated from the 14 tested isolates with Arcanobacterium pyogenes (57.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%) and Escherichia coli (35.7%) being most frequently isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity profile varied with more isolates being sensitive to Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, and Chloraphenicol for gram positive bacterial species and Ceftazidine, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin and Augmentin for gram negative species. Swine skin abscess affects various body regions in pigs on Ifelodun pig farm settlement. The neck and hind limbs were mostly affected likely due to poor injection practices. Based on availability of veterinary preparation readily available in the Nigerian market, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Erythromycin remain viable options for post-surgical management of the abscesses while Chloramphenicol should be avoided due to its deleterious effect on humans. Antibiotic sensitivity is recommended in cases of recurring skin abscesses in a pig or herd.Item A Retrospective Study of Ruminant Cases Presented Between 1996 and 2005 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria(Integrity Research Journals, 2016) Abiola, O. J.; Olaogun, S. C.; Emedoh, O. M.; Jeremiah, O. T.Retrospective study of ruminant cases (cattle, sheep and goats) presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan between a period of ten years (January1996 to December 2005) was conducted to determine the most prevalent diseases using clinical case file records. Within the period of study, a total of 601 cases were handled out of which 394 (65.56%) occurred in goats, 171(28.45 %) sheep and 36(5.99%) cattle. The most prevalent infections in the three species were ectoparasitism (31.11%), endoparasitism (16.97%) and reproductive cases (13.31%). Among caprine species, endoparasitism was 27.16%, while ectoparasitism and reproductive conditions had 20.96% and 13.96% respectively. As for ovine species endoparasitism was 38.01% while ectoparasitism 9.94% and reproductive conditions had 9.94. But among bovine species, endoparasitism was 41.67%, reproductive conditions had 22.22% and bacterial diseases had 16.67%. The high prevalence of these conditions may be due to poor management practices, improper health/veterinary care, stress on pregnant animals, and neglect of prophylactic measures for disease prevention. There is therefore need for awareness and education of livestock farmers/owners on effective prevention and control measures through livestock extension services and proper management system that restrict animals from roaming freely thereby preventing injuries caused by trauma.Item Livestock waste management practices in Oyo state, Nigeria(Sciendo (De Gruyter Poland), 2016) Abiola J. O.; Olaogun S. C.Livestock waste management methods were evaluated in Oyo State where different farms were visited, structured pre-tested and peer-reviewed questionnaires were administered. The results of this study revealed that the use of animal wastes as manure for farmlands or outright dumping in the bushes, garbage sites or open lands were the most common waste disposal methods practiced by commercial poultry and livestock keepers in Oyo State. Out of all the farms sampled, 45% of the farms practiced Open lands waste disposal methods, 10% practiced sun-dried and burned animal wastes disposal methods, 14% practiced flushing wastes into nearby streams and rivers as slurry, 24% used a combination of all the three methods as space or time permits, 2% turn their waste to biogas for cooking or lightening on the farm and 5% use part of the waste as feed source for ruminants or fishes on the farm. The results showed that larger percentage of the farms does not have an environmental friendly animal waste management system and the implication is widespread air, water and land pollutionItem Perception of Rabies among Residents of Selected Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria(Science Domain International, 2016) Adejumobi, O. A.; Omobowale, O. C.; Olaogun, S. C.; Omobowale, T. O.; Nottidge, H. O."Rabies, a fatal neurotropic disease of man and animals is usually a neglected disease in many parts of the world probably because of the erroneous belief that it affects animals predominantly. This study was designed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of people in selected communities of Oyo State, Nigeria with the aim of assessing the possible risk of getting infected with the virus. A total of 323 participants were randomly selected from 10 local government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria and interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi square method. Information obtained included the demographic characteristics of the participants, their interaction with dogs, knowledge about rabies and its fatality, its mode of transmission and prevention as well as the perception of and attitude of people towards rabies. Of the 323 participants, 180(55.8%) were male while 143(44.3%) were female, 115(47.7%) were Christians, 123(51%) were muslims and 3(1.2%) were traditional religion adherents. Furthermore, 263(81.4%) had different levels of education 60(18.6 %) were illiterate, 119(36.8%) used to own dog while only 54(16.4%) presently kept dogs for reasons which included hunting 16(30.1%), security 28(52.8%), breeding {3(5.66%)} and as companionship 6(11.3%). Greater number (80%) lived in the rural areas while 62(19.6%) were urban dwellers. Out of the 323 participants, 256 (79.5%) knew about rabies, of these, 46(18%) heard about the disease from awareness campaigns, 11(4.3%) heard from human and veterinary hospitals 58(22.7%) heard from interpersonal interactions while 123(48.1%) knew by personal experiences. From the people that claimed knowledge, 231(90.2%) knew that rabies was a fatal disease, 96(37.5%) knew about rabies in other animal species aside dogs, 110(43%) knew about rabies transmission by dog or cat bite, 24(9.4%) knew that rabies can be transmitted by wild animals. Also, 130(50.8%) claimed knowledge of rabies prevention in animals but 88(34.4%) only knew about antirabies vaccination.in animals. Similarly, 128(50%) claimed knowledge of rabies prevention in man and of these, 38(14.8%) recommended prophylactic and post exposure antirabies vaccination, 42(16%) hospital visits, 20(7.8%) dog elimination and staying away from dogs, while 12(4.7%) recommended religious means, and use of herbs. When asked about first aid treatment, 99(38.7%) suggested wound washing with soap and antiseptic, 171(66.8%) recommended hospital visit while 40(15.6%) suggested a visit to the herbalist for the antidote. Pearson’s chi square showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the knowledge of the respondents and marital status. Poor knowledge of some aspects of rabies and negative attitude of dog owners towards rabies may portend grave public health consequences.Item Bovine Helminthosis: Blood Glucose Levels and Age Influence on Susceptibility in Some Nigerian Breeds of Cattle(Science Domain, 2015) Olaogun, S. C.; Lasisi, O. T.The effect of natural bovine helminthosis on blood glucose levels and the influence of age on its susceptibility were studied in four breeds of cattle in Ibadan Nigeria, using abattoir samples. One hundred and twenty cattle (28 males and 92 females) comprising Sokoto Gudali (51),White Fulani (30), Red Bororo (24) and Kuri (15) breeds of cattle which were all above 2.5 years old were used for this study. The blood glucose levels of all the cattle were determined by spectrophotometric method using Randox kitR (Randox LaboratoriesLimited, United Kingdom) while the corresponding fecal samples were examined for the helminth burden using the modified McMaster technique. The age of each cattle was estimated using a standard dentitition technique. The data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Correlation analysis. Significance was determined at p< 0.05. Sokoto Gudali breed was the least susceptible (21.56%) to natural helminthosis while Kuri breed was the most susceptible (26.67%). Cattle in age range of 2.5-3years were the most susceptible to natural helminthosis across all the breeds, while cattle older than 3 years were less susceptible. Blood glucose had positive correlation with age (r = 0.24) and negative correlation with helminth burden (r = -0.14). Hypoglycemia was prominent in all the cattle with heavy helminth burdens. Female cattle showed a significantly higher susceptibility to natural helminthosis than males. This study identifies natural helminthosis as a predisposing factor to hypoglycemia in Nigerian breeds of cattle which is observed to be more severe in younger cattle.Item Peste de Petit Ruminants in Oyo State: Current Epidemiology and Clinical Features. 49th(Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA), 2012) Lasisi, O. T.; Olaogun S. C.Item Peste de Petit Ruminants in Oyo State: Current Epidemiology and Clinical Features. 49th(Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA), 2012) Lasisi, O. T.; Olaogun S. C.Item Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Amosun, E. A; Olatoye, I. O.Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.Item Multidrug resistant verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2014) Ojo, O. E.; Bello, A. O.; Amosun, E. A.; Ajadi, R. A.Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 0157:H7 is a predominant cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans. To assess thè role of dogs as a possible source oftransmission ofVTEC 0157:H7 to humans, thè faeces of diarrhoeic (31) and non-diarrhoeic (63) dogs were examined for thè presence of thè organista. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was isolated from 22 (23.4%) out of 94 samples examined. The organism was detected in 5 (16.1%) out of 31 diarrhoeic faeces and 17 (26.9%) out of 63 non-diarrhoeic faeces, but thè difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). All thè E. coli 0157:H7 isolates produced one or both of verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). Verocytotoxin 1 (VT1) was detected in 10 (45.5%) out of 22 isolates, VT2 in 8 (36.4%), while both toxin types were detected in four (18.2%) isolates. Sixteen (72.7%) out of 22 isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials from different classes, while 18 distinct antimicrobial resistance pattems were observed among thè isolates. The isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (86.4%), chloramphenicol (36.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), gentamicin (18.2%), kanamycin (68.2%), nalidixic acid (22.7%), neomycin (40.9%), norfloxacin (9.1%), streptomycin (63.6%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (63.6%) and tetracycline (77.3%). The present study showed that diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs may serve as potential sources of multi-drug resistant VTEC 0157 :H7 transmissible to humans.
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