Veterinary Medicine
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Item Melatonin Protects Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatic and Renal Alterations in Rats(African Society for Experimental and Clinical Laboratory Science, 2020) Olukole, S. G.; Ajayi,T. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Ajibola, E. S.; Alamu, A. O.Cyclophosphamide (CLP), a cytotoxic alkylating agent with immunosuppressive and antitumor properties is used in the treatment of different types of cancers, but it is known to cause toxicity-induced changes to the body tissues. Melatonin, an antioxidant mainly secreted by the pineal gland has protective properties especially against tissue toxicity. This study was aimed at investigating the role of melatonin (MLT) in cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity of the liver and kidney using serum biochemical analysis and histopathology in adult Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were grouped into four (n=6): group 1 was injected intraperitoneally with 0.2mL of normal saline for 14 days, group 2 was injected with 10mg/kg of melatonin intraperitoneally for 14 days, group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with 0.2mL of normal saline for 14 days and 150mg/kg of CLP on the 15th day and in group 4, the rats were injected with 10mg/kg of melatonin for 14 days and 150mg/kg of CLP on the 15th day. Forty-eight hours after the last treatment, the rats were weighed; blood samples collected for biochemical analysis while liver and kidney samples were processed for histology. The results revealed that CLP-treated rats had hypokalemia and hypochloremia with a significant increase in the levels of liver and kidney function markers. Histopathological analysis showed congested central vein and widened sinusoids in the liver, while there were widened as well as congested urinary spaces and loop of Henle, with loss of glomerular epithelia in the kidneys. The rats treated with melatonin and CLP showed improvement in body weight, biochemical parameters of hepatic and renal functions as well as improved tissue conditions. In conclusion, a pre-treatment with melatonin is recommended in cyclophosphamide therapy.Item MANAGEMENT OF PASTURE BLOAT IN A POST-PARTURIENT WEST(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M"A two and half year old post parturient West African Dwarf ewe, weighing 22 kgs and with black anterior and white posterior body coat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, with complaints of abdominal distension, sudden laboured breathing and anorexia. The animal was said to have lambed 7 days earlier and was fed with cassava peels and grasses. On clinical examination, the eye ball appeared bulged and starry; the stomach was hard on palpation with frothy buccal exudate and persistent grinding of teeth. The heart rate was 68/minute, respiratory rate was 15/minute and rectal temperature was 39.8oC. Bloat was clinically diagnosed. With the patient properly restrained, an improvised stomach tube was rinsed in vegetable oil and slowly inserted through the oesophagus into the rumen and the gas eructated. Liquid paraffin (15 mls) was subsequently introduced into the rumen via the tube. On removing the stomach tube, a long strand of fresh undigested pasture came out with the tube from the gastrointestinal tract. The hard stomach was thereafter relieved within 5 minutes of the procedure. Long acting Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (2 mls) and 1ml Diclofenac were administered (intramuscularly) simultaneously at different injection sites. Plenty of water was advised to be given orally after 30minutes. Complication resolved and complete recovery of the ewe was achieved after 5 consecutive days of treatment.Item Development of a mobile livestock loading ramp(IOP Publishing, 2020) Mijinyawa,Y.; Asiru, A. A.; Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.An Adjustable Mobile Loading Ramp was developed to serve as panacea to the inadequacy of handling equipment along the cattle value chain in Nigeria. The Ramp is 2.7 m long and 1.0 m wide. Performance evaluation of the ramp was carried out based on the animal stress indicators i.e. pulse and respiratory rates measured before and after loading. For comparison, similar data were collected when loading was done manually at the Akinyele Cattle Market in Ibadan, Nigeria. The mean pulse rates (beats per minute) of animals before and after loading were 65.67 and 72.33 units respectively for the ramp as against 68.67 and 89 units for the manual method respectively. The mean respiratory rates (breaths per minute) before and after loading were 30 and 34.66 units respectively for the ramp compared to 29 and 45.67 units for the manual method respectively. Statistical analyses showed that there were no significant differences between the pulse and respiratory rates before and after loading of animals using the ramp. The manual method resulted in significant differences between the pulse and respiratory rates before and after loading. The use of the ramp eliminates many of the hazards associated with loading and unloading of animals onto transport vehicles.Item Potential dual expansion of domesticated donkeys revealed by worldwide analysis on mitochondrial sequences(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Xi-Yao Ma,; Tiao Ning,; Adeniyi C. A.; Jie Li,; Esmailizadeh, A.; Jacqueline, K.; Adedokun, A. M. A.; Olaogun, S. C.Molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication. However, domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic. We therefore compared several population characteristics between these two lineages based on global sampling, which included 171 sequences obtained in this study (including Middle Asian, East Asian, and African samples) plus 536 published sequences (including European, Asian, and African samples). The two lineages were clearly separated from each other based on whole mitochondrial genomes and partial non-coding displacement loop (D-loop) sequences, respectively. The Clade I lineage experienced an increase in population size more than 8 000 years ago and shows a complex haplotype network. In contrast, the population size of the Clade II lineage has remained relatively constant, with a simpler haplotype network. Although the distribution of the two lineages was almost equal across the Eurasian mainland, they still presented discernible but complex geographic bias in most parts of Africa, which are known as their domestication sites. Donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa tended to descend from the Clade I lineage, whereas the Clade II lineage was dominant along the East and North coasts of Africa. Furthermore, the migration routes inferred from diversity decay suggested different expansion across China between the two lineages. Altogether, these differences indicated non-simultaneous domestication of the two lineages, which was possibly influenced by the response of pastoralists to the desertification of the Sahara and by the social expansion and trade of ancient humans in Northeast Africa, respectively.Item A case report of management of pasture bloat in a post-parturient West African Dwarf Ewe in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun, R. A. M.Black anterior and white posterior body coat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, with complaints of abdominal distension, sudden laboured breathing and anorexia. The animal was said to have lambed 7 days earlier and was fed with cassava peels and grasses. On clinical examination, the eye ball appeared bulged and starry; the stomach was hard on palpation with frothy buccal exudate and persistent grinding of teeth. The heart rate was 68/minute, respiratory rate was 15/minute and rectal temperature was 39.8oC. Bloat was clinically diagnosed. With the patient properly restrained, an improvised stomach tube was rinsed in vegetable oil and slowly inserted through the oesophagus into the rumen and the gas eructated. Liquid paraffin (15 mls) was subsequently introduced into the rumen via the tube. On removing the stomach tube, a long strand of fresh undigested pasture came out with the tube from the gastrointestinal tract. The hard stomach was thereafter relieved within 5 minutes of the procedure. Long acting Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (2 mls) and 1ml Diclofenac were administered (intramuscularly) simultaneously at different injection sites. Plenty of water was advised to be given orally after 30minutes. Complication resolved and complete recovery of the ewe was achieved after 5 consecutive days of treatment.Item A case report of Management of impaction colic in Donkey in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Olaogun, S. C.; Adedokun R. A. M.Ram fighting is one of the unimaginable sports practiced all around the World. It is often associated with all sorts of injuries which may predispose animals to tetanus. Tetanus is an acute, severe and potentially fatal toxin-mediated disease caused by Clostridium tetani infection. This organism thrives under anaerobic conditions, such as unclean environment, contaminated wounds. A case of an adult West African Dwarf Ram, weighing 45kg presented with generalized stiffness, mild opistotonus, difficulty in swallowing and signs of generalized pain was presented. On physical examination, rapid breathing and mild bloat were observed, but every other clinical parameter was within the normal reference values. Tentative diagnosis of tetanus associated with injuries sustained during animal figthing. The patient was treated with human tetanus immunoglobulin followed by intravenous metronidazole, procaine penicillin streptomycin and diazepam injection administered intramuscularly. High dose of multivitamins was administered I/M. The symptoms were relieved after three hours of intensive treatment each day for two consecutive days. The client failed to present the patient to the clinic for follow-up on the third day citing cost and distance to the clinic as excuses. To the authors’ knowledge a tetanus infection associated with injury from Ram fight has not been previously reported in Ibadan, Nigeria.Item A case report of Management of impaction colic in Donkey in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Olaifa, A. K.; Alaba, B. K.; Olaogun, S. C.A 13 year old male donkey (jack), weighing 171 kg was presented with history' of frequent prolonged recumbency and eliciting sand bath action. The donkey was dehydrated, anorexic, inactive, refused to drink and no defecation. Rolling, bloating, uneasiness, distress were also observed, grunting sound was also heard whenever the animal attempted to rise from recumbency. Rectal temperature was 36.6°C, pulse and respiratory rates were 60 and 30 per minute, respectively. Mucous membrane initially appeared normal but later became congested with generalised bruises on the body of the donkey especially at the bony prominences. Colic was clinically diagnosed and treatment immediately instituted. Animal was drenched with 1 litre of liquid paraffin; 2 litres of lactated Ringer’s solution was given intravenously, I/V; lntramuscular(l/M) injections of 8 mis (2.25mg/Kg) of vitamin B complex and 3.8 mis of50mg/ml (1.1 mg/Kg) Flunixin Meglumine were also administered. The patient was treated for five consecutive days with significant improvement on the third day. The rolling, bloating, distress and uneasiness were relieved after day four of treatment and the donkey was discharged on the fifth day. This report highlighted the causes, type and nature of this particular case, management procedures and preventives strategy of colic in donkey.Item Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling and detection of Cefotaxime- Resistant Escherichia coli from Commercial Laying Hens, Indigenous Ducks and Chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2024) Amosun, E. A.; Kolapo, A. M.; Ojja, C. V.Cefotaxime is a critically important antimicrobial agent for thè treatment of infections in humans and animals. The upsurge in thè incidence of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coti from animai sources is of global public health importance. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coti is a Gram negative zoonotic bacterial pathogen. Infections by Escherichia coti usually occur following consumption of foods and water contaminated with faeces. The development of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coti is a concem worldwide. This study evaluated thè prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti in commercial laying hens, indigenous ducks and chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti isolates from thè cloacae of these poultry sources were tested for antimicrobial agents. The overall isolation rate of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti was 6.5% (6/93), 3.2% (3/93) and 10.0% (20/200) from indigenous ducks, indigenous chickens and commercial laying hens respectively. Cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti isolates were 89.7%, 86.2%, 65.5%, 55.2%, 37.9%, 27.6%, 20.7% and 20.7% resistant to sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, ceftazidime, amoxicillin -clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone respectively. Whereas, 75.9%, 68.9%, 62.1%, 51.7%, 41.4%, 27.6%,10.3% and 10.3% susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, sulphamethoxazone and tetracycline respectively. Multidrug resistant (MDR) was observed in 89.7% (26/29) of thè isolates which exhibited 2 (in indigenous ducks), 3 (in indigenous chickens) and 13 (in commercial laying hens) different MDR pattems to 7 antimicrobial classes of drug. Higher isolation rate of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coti and remarkable numbers of thè isolates from commercial laying hens showed multidrug resistant than that of indigenous ducks and chickens. Misused of drugs was predicted in commercial laying hens. This study showed that thè indigenous ducks and chickens harbour multidrug resistant Escherichia coti and may contribute to environmental contamination through faecal shedding.Item Prevalence of Pseudomonas Species, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk samples of apparently normal lactating cows at various cattle farms in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University in Egypt, 2023) Amosun, E. A.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Banwo, O. G.; Akhaine, S.; Amoo, O.; Jeremiah, O. T.This study was aimed at identifying the most significant bacteria isolates in the udder quarters as pathogenic causes of subclinical mastitis, and as well to investigate antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated organisms. The study was carried out at three cattle farm locations in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. A total number of 105 apparently healthy lactating cows without udder inflammation were sampled for milk; sampling by hand stripping was done after swabbing the teats with cotton wool dipped in alcohol and discarding the first stripping. Culture and isolation techniques, as well as biochemical tests of milk samples from the four quarters of udders of the 105 apparently healthy cows were carried out. In addition, an in vitro antibacterial sensitivity test was performed for six classes of antibacterial agents. A test of independent assessment (Chi-square test) was used to determine if association existed between the bacterial species collectively isolated and the affected animals (p = 0.716) or quarters (p = <0.000). The study established the presence of subclinical mastitis associated with known pathogens of which Pseudomonas species (67.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (53.6%) and Escherichia coli (14.3%) were most significant in decreasing order of quarter distribution in average percentages. The study further revealed differences in susceptibility of the various quarters and spread of infection. The isolated pathogens were generally most susceptible to the fluoroquinolones while varying degrees of resistance was a finding for other classes of antibacterial used possibly due to their prolonged and indiscriminate use; and this calls for caution by animal health care providers.Item Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Sheep and Goats from Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria(Faculty of Basic Medical Scienecs, University of Ibadan, 2023) Adetunji, F. E.; Amosun, E. A.; Olatoye, I. O.; Ojo, O. E.Antìmicrobial misuse, unhygienic husbandry practices, dose interaction between humans and animai as obtained in livestock market facilitate thè emergence, dissemination and transmission of resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These organisms are responsible for various intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in human and animals. According to this report, thè prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in sheep and goats from selected markets in Ibadan. Three hundred and four (304) samples were collected for a cross-sectional survey among thè sheep and goat markets in Ibadan. From thè same sheep and goats, 152 milk samples and 152 faeces samples were collected. In order to identify any antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, these samples underwent bacteriological analysis. On MacConkey agar plates with 1 mg/L cefotaxime added, all samples were cultivated. Utilizing a biochemical test kit (Oxoid Microbact GNB 24E®), thè isolates were identified. ESBL products were evaluated utilizing a doublé disc diffusion test with discs impregnated with cefpodoxime and cefpodoxime-clavulanic acid. By using thè disc diffusion approach, antibiotic resistance was identified. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Eighty-eight ampicillin resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated from 304 samples collected and 23 (26.1%) of thè isolates were cefotaxime- resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Only 9(10.2%) were confirmed phenotypic ESBL-producers and they were all from faeces. AH ESBL -producing Enterobacteriaceae were E. coli strain and showed 100% resistance to tetracycline and ceftazidime, 77.8% resistance to amoxicillin and sulphamethoxazole but susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofioxacin in this investigation. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates showed different antibiotic resistance pattems. In this study, 100% of ESBL-producing E. coli were multidrug- resistant, showing resistance to at least three separate classes of antibiotics. Public awareness of thè significance of stringent hygiene in animai husbandry needs to be raised in light of thè possible threat that thè existence of multidrug resistant ESBL-producing E. coli in small ruminants poses to public health
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