Agricultural Economics

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AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF THE RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN BENDEL, OGUN AND ONDO STATES OF NIGERIA
(1977-09) ADESIDA, A.
This study attempts to assess the economic performance of the rubber processing industry in Bendel, Ogun and Ondo States of Nigeria. The Nigerian rubber industry which experienced a boom in the early 1950's started to face some serious set-backs during and after the civil war which broke out in 13G7. This set-backs were manifested in form of declining productivity and consequent decline in its contribution to foreign exchange earnings. The study which covers the period 7-1 assesses the economic performance of some rubber processing firms in the three states mentioned above in order to identify some of the factors responsible for the set-backs in the industry. The data used for the study were collected mainly through the use of questionnaires and personal interviews. Other sources of data include Federal office of statistics and ministries of Agriculture and Natural Resources in all the three states. Chapter 1 assesses the economic importance of rubber industry in terms of foreign exchange earnings, employment generation and value added to the Nigerian economy. The rubber industry contributed 6.2 percent of the country's total export earnings in 1363. By 1972, it accounted for 4.7 percent of the country's industrial labour force and Chapter 6 uses non-parametric statistical technique to assess the factors limiting expansion and economic performance of the industry. The major limiting factors are lack of capital and inadequacy of raw materials. Labour is not a limiting factor although the industry i9 short of skilled and managerial personnel. A financial analysis for the industry and the estimation of a profit function for rubber processing industry were the major highlights of chapter seven. The financial analysis shows some weak points in financial management positions of some firms while the profit function shows that volume of sales, and selling expenses are the two major factors affecting profits in the processing industry. Some policy recommendations were advanced and these include the need for individual processors to strive to make use of their under-utilized capacity instead of plant expansion. Also, each processor must upgrade his management capability. The rubber commodity board should (i) appoint a committee to look into the present state of affairs of the rubber industry, establish rubber lumps marketing centres and make provisions for price incentives to producers of natural rubber at all levels.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN WESTERN AND KWARA STATES OF NIGERIA
(1978-01) ADIO, D. A.
The objective of this study is to assess the economic performance of tobacco processing industry in Western and Kwara States of Nigeria. After a brief discussion of the development of tobacco industry in Nigeria, some technical aspects of tobacco leaf production, cigarettes manufacture, and blackfat manufacture were discussed. Three firms were selected for the study. These are Nigerian Tobacco Company Limited, Philip Morris (Nigeria) Limited and Premier Tobacco Company Limited. The data used for the study were obtained from two main sources. The Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos; and through questionnaires and personal interviews with the selected tobacco processing firms. Investigations on the economic characteristics of the selected firms indicated that the firms differed not only in year of establishment, but also in ownership patterns (private vs. quasi government), size of capital, labour employment; output size, and value-added to the Nigerian economy. The largest firm (NTC), employed 3,302 workers in 1973 whilst Philip Morris (Nigeria) Limited, which is a medium-sized firm, employed 836 workers during the same period. The smallest firm, Premier Tobacco Company, employed only 40 workers during the same year. Also in terms of capital investment, NTC invested N15,000,000 in 1973, Philip Morris invested N2,400,604, and Premier Tobacco Company invested only N746,150 during the same period. In terms of value-added, NTC contributed N21,4l5,604 whilst Philip Morris added N6,582,75C and PTC added only N33,350 to the economy for the year 1973. The analysis of costs and returns involved in cigarettes manufacture revealed considerable disparity in the cost outlay and in the net returns to each firm. In 1973, for instance, the total cost for NTC was N31,387,419; that of Philip Morris was N10,l30,457; while that of PTC was only NI02.877. The net returns were Ml8,387,581 for NTC, «5,3l3,8o4 for Philip Morris and Nl4,346 for PTC for the same period. From the balance sheets and income statements of these firms, a financial analysis was carried out. This analysis revealed some favourable liquidity and solvency ratios for each firm and thus, each firm could easily qualify for loans advancement from financial institutions for the period under review. Using some time series data collected from the firms, production functions for tobacco processing industry were estimated. The estimated functions revealed that the level of productivities of tobacco leaf input, labour, and capital inputs varied from one firm to the other whilst excise tax had some negative effects on cigarettes manufacture. The sum of elasticity coefficients (which was less than one) implied a decreasing return to scale. The policy implication of the study stressed the need to check smuggling of cigarettes into the country from the neighbouring countries and the need for expansion and better management of the cigarette firms.
RICE INDUSTRY IN KWARA STATE OF NIGERIA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
(1978-08) ADENIYI, J. P.
The objective of the study is, broadly, to examine the structure and performance of rice production and processing enterprise in Kwara state with a view to identifying possible ways of transforming the industry. The study also aims at identifying and evaluating some of the factors determining the level of marketed surplus and consumption of rice. The analytical tools employed are mostly a combination of farm record analysis and Statistical regression/production function techniques. Most of the survey data were collected during the 1977/78 crop season from 230 farming units, 20 rice mills, 50 rice parboilers and 183 rice consumers in Kwara state. Chapter I deals with the general introduction, problem Situation, objectives and methodology, followed by literature review in Chapter II. Chapter III is devoted to an analysis of resource Situation in rice production while Chapter IV deals with resource productivity and resource-use efficiency in rice farming. The structure and economic performance of rice processing industry is analysed in Chapter V; the Chapter also examines the least-cost milling facilities in Kwara state. Chapter VI is devoted to the analysis of the marketed surplus and home consumption of rice while in Chapter VII, the functional relationship between the quantity of rice consumed and selected variables are examined and some consumption elasticities are computed. The findings are summarised in Chapter VIII. The analysis of resource Situation showed, among other things, that Capital is the most limiting factor in Kwara state peasant rice production. It was shown further that while non-institutional sources of credit play a dominant role in peasant rice production, the role of institutional sources is almost nil. The costs and returns analysis showed that, within the limits imposed by the quality of data, an average rice farmer was making a quite satisfactory performance. With an average paddy rice yield of 1,506.9 kg. per hectare, and an estimated cost of £1205.8 per hectare, the net revenue accrueing to an average farmer was estimated at £1251.6 per hectare. In all the areas under study, the land variable alone accounted for over 70% of the variability in the aggregate production of rice, showing clearly that land is the most crucial determinant of rice production in Kwara state. On the whole, only few significant inefficiencies in resource' use were observed, implying that a mere re-allocation of resources may not have any appreciable effect on aggregate rice output. The study also revealed constant returns to scale on both large and small rice farms, and rejected the hypothesis of inverse relationship between output and farm size in paddy rice farming. The analysis of rice processing Operation revealed that rice processing units were making satisfactory performance in spite of the rather high processing costs, the estimated net returns being N7.96 and N51.5 per ton for parboiling and milling units respectively. It was further shown that small rice mills are the least-cost milling facilities in Kwara State. The emphasis on the marketed surplus study was both on the conceptual framework of the models and of the numerical results, The study showed that the allocation of rice output between market sales and home consumptions were both sensitive to price changes. Total price elasticity of marketed surplus ranged from 0.90 to 1.91 while that of home consumption elasticity fell in the range of -0.27 to -1.6. Output elasticity of marketed surplus ranged from 0.64 to 2.5. It was further shown that volume of production was more significant than family size and producer price in their influence on the marketed surplus of rice. With regards to rice consumption by non-rice producing households, the result showed that while family size and income are positively and significantly correlated with the consumption of rice, education appears to be an insignificant Variable. Household size elasticities ranged from 0.46 - 0.58 while income elasticities of rice consumption fell in the range of 0.02to 0.38. The result also points to the conclusion that, at present, consumers' preference for imported rice is rather strong, owing largely to the relatively high cooking quality of this commodity vis-a-vis that of the locally produced rice. Suggested policy measures include the development of irrigation facilities in the state, the expansion of farmers' credit base, selective mechanisation of rice farming operations, the use of modern rice mills in rice processing, a vigorous use of price instrument for the purpose of increasing the marketed surplus of rice in Kwara state and the removal of marketing bottlenecks, not only to facilitate efficient distribution of rice, but also to ensure that farmers are aware of the existing market conditions.
LEAST-COST RATIGNS FOR BROILERS - A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APFROACH
(1979-09) ADESIDA, M. A.
It has been established that Nigeria has a food problem especially where protein intake is concerned. The poultry industry has been identified as the quickest means of expanding protein supply and lowering its cost within the short run (10-12 weeks for broilers). However, feeds account for 65-75 percent of the total costs of production. Moreover, the numerous problems facing the feed industry coupled with the poor quality of feeds produced have greatly limited the profitability and rapid expansion of the industry. The linear programming (L.P.) tool was utilized to formulate least-cost diets which made use of locally available ingredients. The scarcity and rising costs of the grains (maize and guinea-corn) which provide over 60 percent by weight of broiler feeds prompted the use of cassava flour as an energy providing Substitute. Feeding trials were carried out to test the efficiency of the least-cost diets. The objectives of the study are (1) To use L. P tool to formulate different least-cost rations which meet specific nutritional specifications for broilers, using readily available feed ingredients. Cassava and soya-bean are being tested as energy and protein providing substitutes respectively. (2) To compare the least-cost formulated diets with the diets used by some commercial farms. (3) To find the optimum killing age/weight. (4) To find the rate of Substitution of cassava flour for maize and guinea-corn in the ration for broilers. (5) To determine the economics of using different levels of cassava flour in the rations for broilers. Experimental results showed that starter diets with 24 percent Protein and 5 percent fibre level were better than those with 26 percent protein and 3 percent fib re levels. The computerised starter and finisher diets tested were cheaper and were found to perform better than the commercial diets. For the cassava based diets, analysis of the experimental results showed significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, differences in Feed Conversion Efficiency (F.C.E.) in both starter and finisher diets in which guinea- corn and maize were replaced. For weight gain, significant (P 0.01) differences were found only in Starter and finisher diets in which cassava replaced maize. For feed intake, significant differences (P < 0.0l) occurred only in Starter diets in which cassava replaced maize. The diets that caused significant differences were those in which the cassava contents were very high (25-40 percent) and they performed poorest. Even though growth is suppressed due to reduced feed intake caused by the powdery nature of the feeds, it is pertinent to note that diets with 40 percent cassava are still highly tolerable to the birds. Analysis of the weight response as cassava level increases showed that the decrease in weight gain was more rapid when cassava was being substituted for by maize rather than by guinea-corn. This could be attributed to the availability of nutrients or the amino-acid balance of the guinea-corn based diets. Carcass qualities of the birds were not taken into consideration because they are not highly rated in this society. The diets were further investigated to see how the nutrients contents and energy-based ingredients influenced performance, using the multiple linear regression model. The square root and quadratic functions were fitted but the quadratic forms gave the lead equations using the laid down criteria. Feed, protein, energy and the amino-acids intakes proved to be significant explanatory variables for the live- weight gain in the birds. Marginal Analysis was performed on some selected functions. The elasticity of production for energy and protein showed increasing returns to scale in the Starter and finisher diets at the mean value of inputs. As higher levels of inputs are used, diminishing returns is likely to set in. The elasticity of Substitution exhibits a unitary one also at the mean value of inputs. A percentage increase in the energy content of the feed results in an equal percentage decrease in the protein level of the diet. The extent of substitution is limited by the requirement of the birds. Optimum quantities of the energy-based ingredients to produce the Optimum broiler weight gain were determined. Production surfaces, isoquants and isoclines were produced for selected functions of the energy-based ingredients. The rate of Substitution between guinea-com/cassava and maize/cassava were found to be declining with increasing level of output as more of cassava and less of maize or guinea-corn are used. Estimates of revenue over feed costs for the various diets were computed. It was discovered that non-significant differences between diet without cassava was not synonymous with equal revenue yielding diets. In general, the computerised diets without cassava gave higher revenue than the commercial diets. For the diets in which cassava replaced the grains, the revenue accruing to the farmer decreased as the percentage cassava content increased. The revenue from guinea-corn diets were however higher than in the maize diets. Diets with 10 percent cassava had higher or equal revenue with the commercial diets. Diets with higher cassava levels were costlier because cassava is costlier than the grains. It is however envisaged that prices of cassava may fall in the near future because of increases in production. Revenue from the diets was therefore obtained using varying costs of diets as cassava price varies. When cassava was made to assume the same price with guinea-corn, all the computarised diets except that with 30 percent cassava level had higher revenues than the commercial diets. The revenue increased as the cassava prices were reduced but the diets with 30 percent cassava gave the lowest revenue all the time. Optimum killing age determined suggested that broilers be sold at eleven weeks for most of the diets except those in which five and 10 percent cassava replaced guinea-corn. The implications of this study are that efforts to improve returns — poultry farmers must be focused on the cost and quality of feeds. Particular attention must be paid to cheap sources of protein, carbohydrate and oils. There is a very high potential for the use of cassava if its adoption becomes a reality in the future. Further investigations are necessary in testing the least-cost diets with the existing various breeds of broilers. Comparison can also be made of the use of soya-bean and groundnut cake as a protein providing ingredient in broiler diets.
Vulnerability Profile of Rural Households in South West Nigeria
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2001) Adepoju, A.O.; Yusuf, S. A.; Omonona, B. T.; Okunmadewa, F. Y.
This paper examined vulnerability to poverty of households among rural households in South West Nigeria using primary data from a two-wave panel survey (lean versus harvesting periods). Results showed that on the average there is a 0.56 probability of entering poverty a period ahead in the region and relatively high poverty rates were associated with much higher vulnerability while low poverty rates were associated with considerably low vulnerability. Vulnerable households are mostly large sized with high number of dependants and characterized by under aged or old, female headed, widowed household heads. They are mostly engaged in farming as their primary occupation, have no or low educational attainment and are landless. The findings underscore the centrality of social protection policy mechanisms as potent poverty reduction tools and necessary policy interventions to reduce consumption variability through reducing exposure to risk or improving the ex post coping mechanisms of the vulnerable.
Household energy choice relationships and determinants in Nigeria
(2002) Hamzat, O.I; Akin-Olagunju, O.A; Yusuf, W.A; Yusuf, S.A
In many developing countries, efforts are being made to encourage more efficient energy choices to lessen adverse effects on health and the environment. This study examined the relationship among fuel options and assessed the determinants of household energy choices for Ibadan, Nigeria. Data collected from 180 respondents using multistage sampling procedure were analysed with bivariate probit and logit regression models. Firewood and charcoal were found to be in use as substitute cooking fuels to LPG while electricity was used as its complement. Improved economic state of households was associated with the use of clean energy sources. Households with large number of members had to settle for less clean fuel types because of low per capita resource availability while education assisted in making better fuel choices for cooking. The study recommends policies aimed at growing national income and improving citizens’ welfare. Education-for-all campaigns should be intensified and national education projects scaled up for improved access. Rural areas also need targeted development so that the inhabitants can seek alternatives to traditional fuels
Determinants of traditional agricultural exports in Nigeria: an application of cointegration and correction model
(2003) Okoruwa V.O.; Ogundare, G.O; Yusuf, S.A
The study aimed to derive estimates of factors influencing Nigeria’s agricultural exports to five principal countries - United States, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, and France, with the aid of error correction representation procedures. The analysis was carried out with the data collected on Nigeria primary exports - cocoa, palm kernel, and rubber, over 38 years (1960 - 1997). Agricultural commodity exports to the selected countries were influenced by the domestic output, population growth, quantity supplied by competing countries, index of industrial production of importing countries, and time trend. However, the domestic output and population growth rate were the most significant factors influencing agricultural exports in the importing countries. In addition, there is high feedback captured by the coefficients of the error correction mechanism. There seems to be an instantaneous change in the short-run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium values of agricultural exports as a result of policy changes in the regressors. Efforts to boost agricultural exports from Nigeria will need to incorporate policy measures to improve producer prices, enhance the quality of the products, and ensure timely exports of the commodities, especially those with a positive relationship between the index of industrial production of importing countries and Nigeria’s exports. With short-run policy changes by the importing countries, the rate of response by Nigerian producers through exports will be almost spontaneous, as indicated by the coefficient of the error correction mechanism ECM (-1).
Determinants of Food Security Status of Rural Households Living With HIV/AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria
(2007) Adenegan, K.O.; Adewusi O.A.
The study assessed the determinants of food security status of households living with HIV/AIDS in Southwestern Nigeria. Eighty-five people living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed for the study. Descriptive statistics, cost of calorie measure and the Logit model were used in analyzing the data collected. The result shows that there is high prevalence of food insecurity among the households living with HIV/AIDS. The result of the Logit model also shows that gender, education, monthly food intake (Kcal), total monthly income, drug share and food share significantly influence the food security status of the households living with HIV/AIDS. To improve the food security status of households living with HIV/AIDS, it is recommended that economic policy should be directed towards the reduction of the food prices, thus reducing the food share of the household monthly expenditure (Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 10: 9 – 18, January 2007)
Technical Efficiency of Poultry Egg Production in Ogun State: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach
(2007) Yusuf, S.A.; Malomo, O.
The study examines the technical efficiency of poultry egg production in Ogun state using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and OLS regression. The data for the study were collected with the use of well-structured questionnaires from poultry farmers. Average number of birds for small farm size is 301, for medium farm size is 740, while that of large size is 2288. The corresponding net returns were x 589, x 464.46 and x 739.56 per bird per farm respectively. Majority of the farmers are relatively technical efficient in their use of resources, with mean technical efficient being 0.873. Farmers with large farm size are most technical efficient with a mean of 0.8877 followed by medium farm size with a mean of 0.8687 while small farm size has the least mean of 0.8638. The mean input slack for stock, labour and feed are 3.032, 8.942, 0.482 respectively, while the output slack is zero. Years of experience and education have positive effect on technical efficiency at 1 percent while household size negatively affects efficiency at 1 percent. The study concluded that poultry egg production is profitable in the study area and that majority of the farmers are relatively efficient
Forecasting Mango and Citrus Production in Nigeria: A Trend analysis
(2007) Yusuf, S.A; Salau, A.S
This paper provides the prediction of future production of citrus and mango in the medium term up to 2010. The prediction was based on the assumptions that past trends (area planted and yield) and existence of normal weather pattern will hold. Time trend model with specific emphasis on growth model was employed. The analysis delineated three different eras (period between 1961and 2003, 1986 – 2003, and 1991-2003). These eras were used to simulate the different policy regimes of Regulation, Structural Adjustment era and Liberalization era. In general, output of citrus and mango maintained upward trend over the years. However, the growth rate was highest for the era including Structural Adjustment. Following from this, output predictions over the medium term are highest for the analysis with Structural Adjustment era
Effects of Social Capital on Rural Poverty in Nigeria
(2007) Okunmadewa,F.Y; Yusuf, S.A; Omonona B.T
Against the backdrop of increasing focus on the use of Local Level Institutions (LLIs) in addressing poverty and the growing literature on impact of social capital on welfare and poverty, this study provides empirical evidence for Nigeria. The study focuses on households’ memberships in LLIs using primary data from 587 households in 6 participating pilot states under the World Bank’s assisted Community-based Poverty Reduction Project (CPRP). Six measures of social capital were identified. These are density of membership, internal heterogeneity of associations, meeting attendance, payment of membership due, labor contribution and decision making. The study reveals that an average household size of 9 participates in at least 3 LLIs. Further, internal heterogeneity reveals some level of diversity in each group while meeting attendance index averaged about 60% for all participating members of households. An average of N4, 254.90 membership due and 43 days of labour are contributed by households to LLIs. The basic data from the study indicate that households with higher social capital are less poor using different dimensions of poverty. The study shows that while a unit increase in household size tend to aggravate poverty by 3.1%, one extra year of educational attainment reduces the extent of poverty by 1.6%. The level of heterogeneity of the associations, meeting attendance index, cash contribution score and the labour contribution score are the key social capital dimensions with dampening effect on poverty, in the order listed, a unit change in each of these dimensions of social capital leads to 0.85, 1.2, 0.82 and 0.3%, respectively. The findings of this study support recent emphasis on investing in social capital. In addition, it has been shown that investments in LLIs need to be part of poverty alleviation programmes
Determinants of Selected Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria: An Ecm Approach
(2007) Yusuf, S.A.; Yusuf, W.A
This study examines the factors that determine the export performance of three major agricultural exportable commodities of cocoa, rubber and palm-kernel in the context of liberalization. Using time series data covering thirty-three years and to avoid spurious result, error correction model was applied in the analysis. The unit root test is in line with the a priori expectation that macroeconomic variables are not stationary at their level. Virtually all the variables tested were differenced once before attaining stationarity. Each of the three equations indicated that the dependent variables cointegrated with their arguments at 1 percent level. There is the existence of short term and long term equilibrium relationships between the dependent variables and their determinants. The results of the parsimonious error correction specifications showed that the previous year’s output and the net value of world trade negatively affect cocoa exports at 1 percent level while the previous year’s GDP positively contributes to cocoa exports at 5 percent. The lagged price ratio reduces rubber exports significantly at 5 percent but the real exchange rate significantly increases the export performance of rubber at 10 percent level. The previous year’s exports of palm kernel and the real GDP contributed positively to palm-kernel exports at 5 percent level while the lagged premium and palm kernel output negatively contributed to its export at 5 percent and 10 percent respectively. Promotion of agricultural exports is essential to reduce the burden of dependence on oil exports
Assessment of poverty among urban farmers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria
(2008) Yusuf S.A.; Adesanoye A. O; Awotide D. O
This study examined poverty status of urban farm households. The study was carried out in Ibadan metropolis. The data used for the study were obtained from well-structured questionnaires. 200 farming households were sampled from two local government areas within Ibadan metropolis. Data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics, poverty indices and logistics regression analysis. Results from the study showed that those engaged in crop farming have the highest poverty level (50%), while mixed farming households have poverty level of 37% and livestock, 17%. The estimated logistic regression equation showed that crop farming activity engaged in and household size increase the odd ratio of being poor while age of urban farmers, educational status, years of experience in farming and livestock farming decrease the odd ratio of being poor. Hence, mixed farming and livestock farming are antidote to reducing poverty among urban farmers
Determinants of expected poverty among rural households in Nigeria
(2008-09) Oni, O.A.; Yusuf, S.A.
Vulnerability measures are becoming tools for evolving proactive steps to alleviate poverty. Against this backdrop, this study examined the determinants of expected poverty (a measure of vulnerability) among rural households in Nigeria. The data for the study were obtained from the merged General Household Survey (GHS) and the National Consumer Survey (NCS) of 1996. The cross-sectional data were augmented with certain covariate factors. The data were analysed using three-stage feasible generalized least squares (3FGLS). Both idiosyncratic and covariate factors affect the expected log per capita consumption of rural Nigerians. The overall expected poverty for the country at 0.535 is 1.02 times the observed poverty in 1996. Higher expected poverty is correlated with living in the North East, no formal education, farming, older head of household, large household size and male-headed household. The North East region has both lower mean per capital consumption and higher variance compared with other regions of the country. Consumption variance is highest for households whose heads have secondary education, while households whose heads have no formal education have the lowest mean expected consumption. Farming households have lower mean per capita consumption than non-farming households. Male-headed households have both lower mean consumption and higher consumption variance relative to their female-headed counterparts. Further, household heads below age 20 have the lowest mean consumption and the highest consumption variance. Households with more than ten members have very low mean consumption and very high consumption variance. Depending on whether there is low mean consumption or higher consumption variance or both, policy strategies suitable for the different groups will vary from increased mean per capita consumption to consumption smoothening or both.
Determinants of child labour and schooling in rural northeastern Nigeria
(2008-09) Amao, I.O.; Oni, O.A.; Yusuf S.A.; Omonona, B.T.
Child labour interferes with proper schooling and negatively affects the pace of economic growth by preventing full realization of positive externalities associated with human capital formation. The study examined the determinants of child labour and schooling in rural northeastern Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 969 children. Information was collected on child, parent/household and community characteristics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty index and Multinomial Logit regression. Most (59.8%) of the children were Combining School with Work (CSW); boys (59.6%) were more involved in this activity than girls (45.6%). Girls (26.9%) were more involved in schooling only (SCH) than boys (17.8%). The regression results showed that a unit increase in the age of children reduced the probability of SCH (0.03) relative to Neither School Nor Work (NSNW) while it increased the probability of CSW and Working (WRK) (0.03 and 0.02) respectively. Being a boy increased the probability of CSW (0.13) and reduced that of SCH (0.09) relative to being in NSNW. Also, being a child of a non-poor household increases the probability of SCH (0.09) and reduces that of WRK (0.06) relative to NSNW. The determinants of child labour and schooling in northeastern Nigeria are age, sex, poverty status of households among others. Inessence, it is recommended that households should be encouraged to allow all children aged 5-14 years to participate in schooling in order to acquire the required 9 years of basic education as specified by the International Labour Organization.
Households’ vulnerability to poverty in ibadan metropolis, oyo state, nigeria
(2010) Adepoju, A. O.; Okunmadewa, F.Y.
This paper empirically assessed vulnerability to poverty at the household level using a two-period panel data set obtained from 150 households sampled from two local government areas within Ibadan Metropolis. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, poverty indices and probit regression analysis. Analysis of the socio-economic characteristics and their relationship with vulnerability to poverty revealed that large-sized households headed by men who were old, widowed, self-employed, uneducated or who had only primary school education and no access to any form of credit, were more vulnerable than other households. The estimated probit regression model showed that marital status and tertiary education status of respondents reduced vulnerability to poverty while primary education status and household size enhanced households vulnerability to poverty.
Spatial dimension of poverty in rural Nigeria
(AcademicJournals, 2010) Obayelu. O. A.; Awoyemi, T. T.
Poverty is a rural phenomenon in Nigeria. This study investigated poverty profile across geopolitical zones in rural Nigeria, using the 2003/2004 NLSS data. The result of FGT poverty decomposition shows that majority of the poor (84%) live in the rural area. Northwest zone had the highest relative contribution to incidence and depth of national rural poverty (29 and 30% respectively) while Southwest had the least relative contribution (4 and 3% respectively). Although North-central had the highest level of severity of rural poverty (P2 = 0.1454), North-west accounted for the highest relative contribution (30%) to national rural poverty.
Technical and Allocative Efficiency of Poultry Egg Producers in Nigeria
(2011) Ashagidigbi, W.M.; Sulaiman, S.A.; Adesiyan, A
This study carried out an analysis of the determinants of efficiency among poultry egg farmers in Jos metropolis of Plateau state, Nigeria. A three stage random sampling technique was used in collecting the data used for this study. The study shows clearly that farm size and cost of drugs are the most important inputs in poultry egg production in the area. About 69% variation in the output of poultry egg production was found to be due to the technical inefficiency of the farmers. Technical efficiency of poultry egg farmers in the study area was found to be high with a mean of 94.2%. Further, analysis reveals that the intensity of output (total production), average price of feed, price of drugs, capital input and cost on utilities are the determinants of allocative efficiency while farming experience and access to credit facilities have significant impact on cost inefficiency. The study recommended the need for stakeholders in poultry egg production to intensify effort in ensuring farmers access to credit and extension services and also sensitize farmers with respect to the right level of input combinations that can improve efficiency level of poultry egg production in Nigeria
Effect of Distance on Utilization of Health Care Services in Rural Kogi State, Nigeria
(RoutlegeTaylor & Francis Group, 2011) Awoyemi, T.T.; Obayelu, O.A.; Opaluwa, H.I.
Adequate and equitable distribution of health care facilities in rural areas is critical to human capital development. The study determined factors influencing utilization of health facilities in rural Kogi state, Nigeria. The data for the study were collected from 160 rural households and 60 health care providers from randomly selected rural areas from the four agricultural zones in Kogi state. The indices of accessibility reveal that there is unequal access to modern health facilities in the study area. The multinomial logit was used to analyze the factors influencing the utilization of health facilities in the study area. The result reveals that household size, distance and total cost of seeking health care affect the utilization of government and private hospitals while total cost of seeking health care and the quality of access route affect the use of traditional care. The policy implication arising from this study suggests that distance to improved health facilities and the total cost of seeking health care need to be reduced to enhance accessibility to improved health services by various socio-economic groups in the area.
Poverty and Vulnerability in Rural South-West Nigeria
(ARPN, 2012) Adepoju. A.O.; Yusuf, S. A.
The near failure of various programmes and strategies by successive governments in Nigeria has been linked to the improper diagnosis of poverty as a static concept. There are growing concerns that poverty is not reducing due to the lack of understanding of its dynamic nature and vulnerability to poverty. This study investigates poverty and vulnerability to poverty in rural South-West Nigeria (SWN). Primary data were collected from 582 rural households in a two-wave panel survey (harvesting and lean periods) employing a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using; Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measure; 3-Stage Feasible Generalized Least Squares (3FGLS); Tobit and Probit regression methods. Poverty lines of N3313.57 and N4093.21 were estimated for the two periods, respectively. Based on these, the incidence of poverty was 35.0% and 43.6% for the first and second periods. At the standard vulnerability threshold of 0.5, 55.7% of rural households in SWN were vulnerable to poverty. A unit increase in household size and dependency ratio aggravated vulnerability by 0.05 and 1.28, while attainment of secondary and tertiary education reduced vulnerability by 0.14 and 0.23, respectively (P<0.01). Vulnerability also translated into significantly (P<0.01) higher poverty by increasing the ex-post probability of becoming poor by 0.34. However, there were some factors related with vulnerability but not poverty and some related to poverty but not vulnerability. The study therefore suggests that poverty alleviation programs must focus not only on those factors which aggravate poverty but also vulnerability, in order to employ several specialized approaches to tackle these multifarious problems.