DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

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Appraisal of Social Support Systems in Mitigation Of Stress Experience Among Relatives Of People Living With Mental Illness in Ibadan
(2021) Afolabi, A.
Mental illness is a global public health problem with Nigeria ranking high in the occurrences of depression and suicide. People with mental illness suffer stigma which extends to their families too by association. The relatives as a result face stress and less social support. There have been previous studies on mental illness experiences of patients and interventions were often directed to meeting unmet needs of the mentally ill with less focus on the social support given to the family of the mentally ill patients. Hence, this study examined the social support System to mitigate the stress of relatives of people living with mental illness. The study is cross-sectional and descriptive. A total of copies of questionnaires were distributed and retrieved from purposively selected relatives who are caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who attended the psychiatric unit of the Adeoyo State Hospital, Ring road, Ibadan. Data collected was analysed at univariate and bivariate levels using SPSS. The majority (56%) were males while most (20.3%, 61) of the respondents were in the age range of 50-59 years of age. The majority (59%) of the caregivers are children to the patients. Physical, emotional, psychological and physical stressors are experienced by the relatives and the sources are workplace, religious institutions, friends and community. The respondents experienced stigma in form of unfriendliness (85.8%), criticism (98%); difficulty in association (96%); desertion (87.7%) and non-involvement in social gatherings (86.7%). Family, government, non-governmental organisations provided support for the relatives of patients with mental illness. There is a significant relationship between respondents’ gender and their perceptions about social interactions with significant others. Relative of a family member living with mental illness experience burden due to all forms of stress incurred while taking care of their loved ones. The family also experienced stigmatisation as a result of their relationship with patients living with mental illness. They do not enjoy support from their family members but the government. Non-Governmental Organizations provide them with emotional, physical and informational supports. Government and other stakeholders should ensure that policies and programmes that are formulated and implemented are targeted at reducing stigma, burden and stress experienced by caregivers of patients with mental illness.
Determinants and effects of street hawking among teenage girls in gate area of Ibadan
(2019) Afolabi, A.
The study investigated the causes and effect of Street hawking on teenage girls in Gate area, Ibadan. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design while simple random sampling technique was used to select 50 hawkers for the study. The instrument employed was a questionnaire which was tested to be valid and reliable. The research questions were answered using frequency, percentages and mean. The study revealed that the causes of Street hawking among teenage girls in Gate, Ibadan include inadequate family income (Mean = 2.98), unemployment of parents (Mean = 2.52), to support family (Mean = 3.10) and to make money for self (Mean = 2.78). Also, it was found that the effects of Street hawking on teenage girls in gate, Ibadan include the following: 1 sometimes feel unhappy because I am hawking (Mean = 3.04), I have incurred injuries in the course of hawking (Mean = 2.64), I have experienced physical violence while hawking (Mean = 2.82), I have been sexually harassed in the course of hawking (Mean = 2.70) and Some of my colleagues have offered me alcohol to drink while hawking (Mean = 2.66). The study concluded that Street hawking among teenage girls should of importance be stopped. The factors causing Street hawking are to be improved upon so as to prevent the negative consequences of Street hawking among teenage girls. It was therefore, recommended that government should enlighten the general public on the negative effects of Street hawking by teenagers. Also, government should provide programmes that will increase household income of parents
Drug Compliance and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Patients with Mental Illness in Ibadan
(Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2022) Afolabi, A.
The study looked at medicine adherence and psychosocial well-being in patients with mental illnesses at Adeoyo State Hospital. Ring Road, Ibadan. A descriptive survey design was used in the investigation. One hundred and twenty (120) people with mental illnesses who visit Adeoyo State Hospital. Ring Road. Ibadan. Were purposefully chosen. For data gathering, a customised questionnaire was employed. Data for demographic parameters were analysed using percentage distribution and frequency counts, and Pearson Product Moment Correlational Analysis (PPMC) was used to test hypotheses at p = 0.05. The study found a strong link between medication compliance and psychological well-being in mentally ill individuals (r=,275. n=!20, p (.002).05). It was also shown that there was a substantial association between medication compliance and respondents' social well-being (r=.327, n=l20, p (.001).05). Il was recommended that patients with mental illnesses be monitored lo ensure drug compliance. Medical social workers are needed to educate the general population and society about the consequences of drug noncompliance.
Effects of bullying on the psychological and mental wellbeing of adolescents in selected secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(2023) Afolabi, A.; Animashaun, O. F.
Bullying is a complex and stressful experience that significantly impacts the psychological and mental well-being of adolescents. While its effects were often overlooked, recent attention from researchers, mental health professionals, social workers, and policymakers has focused on understanding how bullying influences adolescent mental health. This study used a descriptive survey design with a correlation approach to examine the impact of bullying on the psychological and mental well-being of adolescents. A sample of 280 students from tour secondary schools in Ibadan Metropolis (two public, two private) was selected using simple random sampling. Data collection utilized a mix of standardized and self-developed 'Instruments, focusing on bullying experiences and both short- and long-term psychological effects. Statistical analysis, including frequency counts and percentages for demographic data, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) for testing hypotheses at a 0.05 alpha level, was employed. The study revealed that all six short-term psychological variables—anxiety and fear (r = .114), anger and rage (r = .377), humiliation and shame (r = .308), sadness and loneliness (r = .499), self-harm/harm to others (r = .159), and school avoidance/absenteeism (r = .184)—showed significant correlations with bullying. Long-term effects such as erosion of self-esteem and confidence (r= .368). Post-traumatic stress disorder (r = .716), anxiety and depression (r= .278), self- destruction (r = .420), schizophrenia (r = .270), substance abuse (r = .255), and agoraphobia (r - .299) also had significant relationships with bullying among victims in these schools. The findings indicate a significant correlation between bullying and the mental well-being of adolescents, with r(298) = .372, p < 0.05. Additionally, psychological effects (r = .290, p < 0.05) were significantly related to mental well-being. The study concludes that bullying has both short-term and long-term adverse effects on the psychological and mental well-being of adolescents in selected secondary schools in Ibadan. It suggests that parents, teachers, school administrators, counselors, and social workers should be vigilant in identifying these effects to mitigate their impact on the mental health of adolescents.
Faith as a correlate of social work treatment success among women with infertility in public hospitals in Ibadan
(2024) Afolabi, A.; Sunday, B.
In recent times, there has been an increase acceptance of treatment of infertility’s comprehensive nature. The study examined how faith correlates with the success of social work interventions among infertile women in public hospitals in Ibadan. Utilizing a mixed-method approach. Data was gathered from 150 participants through structured surveys and interviews. Analysis of the data showed a significant association between faith and social work interventions (r2~0.62l; n=IOO; P<01), highlighting the pivotal rote of faith in improving treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the study identified that faith has a substantial impact on social work intervention treatment outcomes (F (99) =3.697; P<01. Recommendations stemming from the study encompass integrating faith into social work practices, raising awareness among social work professionals regarding the efficacy of faith-based approaches, and advocating for further research into the impact of faith on treatment outcomes.
Gender Disparity and Occupational Roles in the Banking Sector: Social Work Opinion on Workforce Inequality
(2023) Afolabi, A.; Ajala, E. M.
The connection between gender inequality and job roles among bank employees illustrates the complicated factors that sustain workplace disparities. This research investigated how gender- based imbalances appear in the banking industry, frequently leading to uneven representation, salary disparities, and fewer advancement opportunities for women. By delving into aspects like hiring practices, promotion criteria, work-life balance, and organizational culture, the study uncovers the primary obstacles that maintain gender-based occupational segregation. The results indicate that conventional gender expectations, hidden biases, and the absence of supportive workplace policies play significant roles in reinforcing this gap. Recommendations for reducing gender inequality among bank employees include implementing fair hiring and promotion practices, encouraging mentorship programmes, and advocating for workplace flexibility. Prioritizing the cultivation of an inclusive culture and addressing systemic barriers are essential for diminishing gender disparities and fostering a more diverse and fairer banking sector. This summary sheds light on the hurdles women encounter in the banking sector and offers approaches to foster greater gender balance and inclusion in the industry.
Health care expenditure and maternal mortality in Africa
(2021) Eboh, A.; Taiwo, P. A.; Afolabi, A.
Maternal Health has continued to generate some serious concerns across the world, especially in the area of child delivery and the associated complications which largely account for several maternal deaths in most developing countries. The study, therefore, assessed the combined impact of Healthcare expenditure, access to safe drinking water and sanitation Services on maternal mortality in selected 30 African countries spanning 2000-2017. The retrospective design was adopted to examine the statistical associations between the dependent and the independent variables of the study. In the panel regression model analysis, the robust fixed effect estimator was preferred to the random effect model as was determined by the result of the Hausman test. The findings from this study showed that out-of-pocket expenditure had a 0.09percent significant effect on maternal mortality in the robust fixed-effect model. Also, the domestic government general Health expenditure had a 0.05 percent significant effect on maternal mortality in the region. Moreover, access to basic drinking water Services exerted a significant negative effect (-0.01) on the maternal mortality ratio in the selected countries. However, access to at least basic sanitation Services had no significant effect on maternal mortality. Therefore, the authors concluded that a multi-sectorial approach was required to tackle maternal mortality by paying attention to some health- related sectors like water and sanitation Services.
Home support variables affecting the well-being of children with cerebral palsv in selected children’s homes in Oyo state, Nigeria
(2022-06) Mojoyinola, J. K.; Afolabi, A.; Adeoti, A. B.
The study investigated how some home support variables (home companionship support. home financial support and home physical exercise) affect the vvell-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children's homes in Oyo State. Nigeria. The descriptive survey research designs of correlational and ex-post-facto types were employed for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 153 participants for the study. They comprised 61 male and 92 female children with cerebral palsy whose ages range from 5 to 20 years and above. Four hypotheses were tested in the study at a 0.05 level of significance, using Multiple regression and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. There was a significant relationship between each of the home support variables and well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children's homes in Oyo State as follow: home companionship support and well-being (r = .575, N 153, p< .05), home financial support and well- being (r = .672, N = 153, p< .05) and home physical exercise and well-being (r= .359, N = 153, p< .05). There was a joint significant effect of home support variables (home companionship support, home financial support and home physical exercise) on the well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children's homes in Oyo State (R = .673, R: = .452, Adjusted R2 = .441. Standard error of estimate = 6.870. F(3/l 49) = 41.021, P<.05). The study also revealed significant relative effects of each of the home support variables on well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children's homes in Oyo State as follow: home financial support (P= 0.432. t = 9.825. p<.05), home companionship support (P = 0.140. t = 5.439. p<.05. and home physical exercise (P = 0.168, t = 4.352, p<.05). Based on the above findings some useful recommendations were made in the study which would go a long way in helping parents, homes, schools and other caregivers meet the needs of children with cerebral palsy and other children alike.
Home support variables affecting the well-being of children with cerebral palsy In selected children’s homes In Oyo State, Nigeria
(Positive Psychology Association, Nigeria with headquarters in University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2022-06) Mojoyinola, J.K.; Afolabi, A.; Adeoti, A. B.
The study investigated how some home support variables (home companionship support, home financial support and home physical exercise) affect the well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children’s homes in Oyo State, Nigeria. The descriptive survey research designs of correlational and ex-post-facto types were employed for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 153 participants for the study. They comprised 61 male and 92 female children with cerebral palsy whose ages range from 5 to 20 years and above. Four hypotheses were tested in the study at a 0.05 level of significance, using Multiple regression and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. There was a significant relationship between each of the home support variables and well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children’s homes in Oyo State as follow: home companionship support and well-being (r = .575, N 153, p< .05), home financial support and wellbeing (r = .672, N = 153, p< .05) and home physical exercise and well-being (r = .359, N = 153, p< .05). There was a joint significant effect of home support variables (home companionship support, home financial support and home physical exercise) on the well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children’s homes in Oyo State (R = .673, R2 = .452, Adjusted R2 = .441, Standard error of estimate = 6.870, F(3/l 49) = 41.021, P<.05). The study also revealed significant relative effects of each of the home support variables on well-being of children with cerebral palsy in selected children’s homes in Oyo State as follow: home financial support (P= 0.432, t = 9.825, p<.05), home companionship support (P = 0.140, t = 5.439, p<.05, and home physical exercise (P = 0.168, t = 4.352, p<.05). Based on the above findings some useful recommendations were made in the study which would go a long way in helping parents, homes, schools and other caregivers meet the needs of children with cerebral palsy and other children alike.
A hospital-based study of stigmatisation and well-being of relative of mentallv-ill in Ogun State, Nigeria
(Faculty of Education University of Ibadan. Ibadan, Nigeria, 2022) Afolabi, A.
The study was a hospital-based one that investigated stigmatisation and well-being of relatives of the mentally-ill in Ogun State It adopted a correlational research design to study 252 relative of mentally-ill-using purposive sampling technique. Self-administered, structured questionnaire and in-depth interview, guides served as instrument for data collection respectively. The data obtained were analysed at univariate and bivariate levels with the aid of statistical package for social science. The findings revealed a weak negative correlation [r(250)=-083,p>0.05] between stigmatisation and self-acceptance among relatives of mentally-ill. A weak negative correlation was also found [r(250)= -167, p<0.05] to exist between stigmatisation and personal growth level of relatives of mentally-ill. Moreover, a weak positive correlation but not significant was found [r(250)=081,p>0.05] between burden of care and care of mentally-ill. However, the contrast was the case with the qualitative finding, it was concluded that stigmatisation has many negative consequences on persons having mental illness including their relatives` well-being in terms of self-acceptance, personal growth and burden of care of mentally-ill
Impact of the Level of Maternal Education on Maternal and Newborn Health in Nigeria
(Faculty of humanities Redeemer's university, Ede, 2022) Afolabi, A.; Kayode, A.A.; Badayi, M.S.
Cross-sectional studies have shown a number of factors Chat impact maternal health, including socioeconomic status, health-seeking behaviours, and education. The objective of this study was to establish the impact of maternal education on maternal and newborn health in Nigeria. The design adopted for this study was retrospective. The 2018 NDHS and global data were used as primary sources for the study. Predictive factors responsible for good health indicators were considered for all the States in Nigeria. The educational status of the mother and utilization of maternal and newborn health Services were considered for analysis. The result showed a strong link between maternal education and maternal health in Nigeria, just as it exists in other parts of the world. It was concluded that maternal education knits many social parts together and creates a whole piece of interaction, creating a better health outcome. Literate women were more likely to deliver in health care facilities under the supervision of skilled birth attendants. They are also more likely to present themselves and their newborns for postnatal care. The benefits of maternal education extend beyond just the direct recipients of the education; children also benefit from maternal schooling as maternal education significantly reduces the risk of not accessing maternal and newborn health Services. Therefore, more attention should be given to girl-child education as a strong social determinant of health when devising strategies to reduce maternal mortality and to achieve universal health coverage in Safe Motherhood.
Influence of discriminating factors of mental illness on the social wellbeing of patients in contemporary Nigerian society
(2023-06) Afolabi, A.; Bakare, M. A.
Discrimination against individuals with mental illnesses is widespread and can have severe consequences for their recovery and well-being. In order to effectively address this issue, it is important to recognize, anticipate, and safeguard the rights of patients. A study was conducted in Ibadan to examine the social well-being of relatives of mentally ill patients and identify the distinguishing characteristics of mental illness. The research employed a descriptive methodology and utilized a simple random sampling technique, selecting 156 participants who completed a self-developed questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed several significant relationships: knowledge was positively correlated with the social well-being of relatives (r = .182, n = 146, p < .05); attitude was also positively correlated (r = .0521, n = 146, p > .05); and behaviour showed a significant correlation as well. Based on these findings, it is recommended to enhance mental health literacy, as it can greatly benefit individuals and the overall population. Social workers should organize public awareness campaigns to educate the general public about the stigma associated with mental illness. Additionally, the government should prioritize mental health in budget allocations and allocate sufficient funding to support this area
Knowledge and attitude as determinants of practice of family planning among married men in Aleshinloye market, Ibadan
(2019) Afolabi, A.
This study examined knowledge and attitude as determinants of practice of family planning among married men in Aleshinloye Market, Ibadan. Descriptive survey design method was used for the study. Purposive sampling method was used to select participants for the study while a single questionnaire tagged ‘ Knowledge and Attitude as determinants of Practice of Family Planning among Married Men Questionnaire (KA PFPMMQ) " was used to collect relevant data. Two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance, using Pearson Moment Correlation. The study established that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and family planning practice among married men (r = .891, n— 150. P < .05). Also, it was also revealed that there was a significant relationship between attitude and family planning practice among married men at Aleshinloye market (r = .867. n- 150. P < .05! Based on the above findings the study recommends that government should create more awareness to educate the general populace as knowledge about the subject matter is important in it acceptance and change in attitude
Knowledge of and Attitude towards Female Genital Mutilation among Mothers inAdeoyo Specialist Hospital, Ibadan
(Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2021) Afolabi, A.
This study investigated mothers' knowledge of and attitudes toward female genital mutilation at Adeoyo Specialist Hospital in Ibadan's postnatal clinic. The descriptive research design was adopted. A total of fifty (50) subjects were used as the sample, and the data far this study were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. In general, (78%) of mothers cited cultural and religious reasons far the practise of female circumcision. Findings showed that mothers had a high level of knowledge, and despite having a high level of knowledge about female genital mutilation and its dangers, the respondents' overall attitude is negative. As a result, social workers will need to increase health education programmes, seminars, campaigns, and rallies to encourage active discouragement of harmful cultural practises, such as female genital mutilation.
Mental health implications of lockdown during corona virus pandemic among adults resident in Ibadan, Nigeria
(National Association of Social Workers, 2020) Afolabi, A.
The study examined the mental health implications of lockdown during coronavirus pandemic among adult residents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research method was adopted for the study. The study made use of questionnaire adapted from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and GHQ- 28. One hundred and thirty-two respondents filled the validated questionnaire with a reliability co- efficient of 82 at 0.05 level of significance. Three research questions and one hypothesis were formulated for the study. Findings revealed that there is a high level of effect of lockdown during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the anxiety level among adults resident in Ibadan. On the whole, sleeplessness is perceived as the dominant of two variables and is significantly positively correlated with depression and anxiety with the least coefficient (r= 0.434**) is also significant and positively correlated with depression among adult residents in Ibadan. Based on these findings, the government at all levels (Local, State and Federal) should provide adequate palliative measures for their citizens bearing in mind that with the lockdown, individual’ would not have adequate income. The Social Workers should also organize virtual meetings and trainings to educate these adults on coping mechanisms during this lockdown period.
Mental health implications of lockdown during coronavirus pandemic among adults resident in Ibadan, Nigeria
(National Association of Social Workers, 2020) Afolabi, A.
The study examined the mental health implications of lockdown during coronavirus pandemic among adult residents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research method was adopted for the study. The study made use of questionnaire adapted from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and GHQ-28. One hundred and thirty-two respondents filled the validated questionnaire with a reliability co-efficient of 82 at 0.05 level of significance. Three research questions and one hypothesis were formulated for the study. Findings revealed that there is a high level of effect of lockdown during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the anxiety level among adults resident in Ibadan. On the whole, sleeplessness is perceived as the dominant of two variables and is significantly positively correlated with depression and anxiety with the least coefficient (r= 0.434**) is also significant and positively correlated with depression among adult residents in Ibadan. Based on these findings, the government at all levels (Local, State and Federal) should provide adequate palliative measures for their citizens bearing in mind that with the lockdown, individuals would not have adequate income. The Social Workers should also organize virtual meetings and trainings to educate these adults on coping mechanisms during this lockdown period
Physical health in retirement: a comparative study between civil servant and non-civil servant retirees in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria
(Department of Psychology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria, 2020) Adewole, A. A.; Afolabi, A.
The study is a comparative study that examines physicai health in retirement between civil servant and non-civil servant retirees in Ibadan, Oyo state Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Three hundred and eighty-four 384) retirees were selected through a simple random sampling technique. A self- structured and validated questionnaire with a reliability co-efficient value of 0.89 was used for data collection. Three research hypotheses were fonnulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance using Chi-square and independent t-test. Findings from the study revealed that there was a significant influence of retirees' status on their physicai health (P<0.05), there was a significant difference in care dependency of civil servant and non-civil servant retirees (t-cal 4.381; P<0.05). However, the status that there was no significant difference in impainvent of civil servant retirees and non-civil servant retirees (t-cal .009; P>0.05). Based on these findings, it was recommended that govemment should provide free healthcare services to people aged 65 years and above. Social workers should educate the public and create awareness about pension reforms particutarty the micro pension plan for those working in the informal sector such as self-employed and private employers on the inherent benefits of the new Contributory Pension Scheme.
Reducing stigmatization among persons with mental illness: challenges for the psychiatric social workers
(2015-06) Afolabi, A.
The stigmatization of persons with mental illness has been found to have a negative impact on people with serious psychological problems. The literature reviewed suggested that the way in which the general public perceives people with mental health problems depends on their diagnosis. Those with schizophrenia are seen as dangerous and unpredictable. The negative consequences of this stigmatization require psychiatric social workers to embark on strategies towards reducing the stigma associated with persons having mental illness. A review of some relevant literature also revealed that mental health stigma has been found to have negative impact on an individual’s opportunities for jobs and lodging, self esteem, environmental mastery, autonomy, self-growth, unwillingness to seek professional and psychological help. Therefore, the paper examined the nature, types and treatment of mental illness. It also discussed the effects of stigma on persons having mental illness and the various ways by which it can be reduced. Such ways include: protestation, contact and education. The paper recommends that Government at all levels should plan and execute health education programmes. It is also recommended that community mental homes should be sited in all communities with a view to saving anybody with symptoms of mental illness prompt and adequate medical treatment
Rehabilitation and re-integration of women with post obstetric fistula repairs in Nigeria
(Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, 2022) Afolabi, A.
Global concern exits far a holistic attention on women with Vesico-Vaginal Fistula (VVF) in lite area of rehabilitation and re-integration. This paper focused on the rehabilitation and re-integration of women with post-obstetric fistula in Nigeria. The economic and psychosocial effects of this medical condition cannot be over-emphasized. Amongst the factors accountable for its high incidence in Nigeria is traditional/cultural practices of early marriage/childbearing while the consequences include divorce, social isolation, worsening poverty, malnutrition, sexual dysfunction, mental illness (including anxiety/depression), insomnia, general ill health, and thoughts of worthlessness and suicide. To put an end to this avoidable public health pandemic; there is need for holistic consolidation of structures and safety nets for post-obstetric patients. Government should intensify policies enacted to safe-guard the girl child and woman from traditionally harmful activities. There should be engagement of social worker in the rehabilitation and re-integration of women with post-obstetric fistula
Relationship between education and utilization of maternal health care services by pregnant women in Ibadan north local government, Oyo state
(Department of Social Work, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2019-06) Afolabi, A.
This study examined the relationship between education and maternal Health care utilization among pregnant women attending maternity centres in Ibadan. Descriptive survey research design was adopted far the study. The sample study was selected from pregnant women attending maternity centres in the ten wards of Ibadan North Local Government. A sample of 120 pregnant women was randomly selected far the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study revealed that there was significant relationship between basic education and utilization of maternal health Services (r = .821, n= 120, P < .05).). It also showed that there was significant relationship between higher education and utilization of maternal health care Services (r- .856, N= 120, P<.05). Based on these findings, it was recommended that interventions to improve the utilization of maternal health care Services by women should include targeting women far medical outreach and health education. Uneducated women should be enlightened on basic and higher education