Archaeology & Anthropology

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A cross-sectional study of the knowledge and screening practices of diabetes among adults in a south western Nigerian city
(Pacini Editore Srl (Italy), 2021) Osiberu, A. A.; Oluwasanu, M. M.; Omobowale, M. O.; John-Akinola, Y.; Oladepo, O.
Introduction. The control of diabetes depends largely on preventive actions often influenced by knowledge and awareness of the condition, its risk factors, complication, and management. This study assessed the awareness, knowledge, and practices regarding diabetes among adults in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among five hundred randomly selected non-diabetic respondents, aged 18 to 65 years. Data was collected using the pretested, modified version of the WHO STEPS instrument translated into Yoruba language. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. Majority of the respondents (89.6%) had previously heard about diabetes. Of these (n = 448), 31.8% were knowledgeable about diabetes and only 28% have ever had their blood glucose level measured by a doctor or other health professionals. Sex and monthly income were statistically associated with respondents’ diabetes knowledge while age, religion, monthly income, employment status, marital status, ethnicity and level of education were statistically associated with screening practices (p < 0.05). Monthly income was found to be a significant predictor of the level of knowledge adjusted by sex. Earning N20,000 ($ 52.60) or less had higher odds of being knowledgeable compared to earning no income (OR 0.54, CI 0.35, 0.83). Conclusion. Though Diabetes awareness is high, knowledge gaps and poor screening practices is of concern. This calls for tailored multi-component, community-based, health education interventions.
Academic freedom and dual career academic couples: the complexities of being a woman academic in the university space
(2010) Ukpokolo, C.
This study focuses on dual career women academics in a higher education (HE) institution in Nigeria. It explores the experiences of some of these women academics and exposes the internal dynamics that characterize intra-group interactions in the academe. It subsequently raises the issue of equitable participation of men and women academics in HE institutions in Africa. It attempts to understand how the constructed identities of dual career women academics intersect with their interactions in the university space, and impact on their career experiences. Paying attention to the marital institution also, this study explores how these women’s academic freedom can be undermined by the power play in this arena, bearing in mind their categorization. The study thus identifies the areas in which the autonomy and academic freedom of women academics in dual career marriages are possibly undermined. Ethnographic methods provided data for this study. The article concludes that the challenge of academic freedom demands more inward examination of the ‘micro politics within’ in order to incorporate the interests of all stakeholders within the intellectual community in the struggle for academic freedom and academic democracy in the continent of Africa.
Alcoholic Herbal Products and Health of Peasant Adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2020) Akpabio, O. E.; Omobowale, M. O.
The proliferation of alcoholic herbal products (bitters, branded herbal beers and locally- produced herbal drinks) in the Nigerian public space and a corresponding high consumption rate among peasant1 adolescents has generated public health interest in recent times partly because of its associated increased social and health problems especially among young adults. However, while concerted efforts have been made to reduce alcohol consumption especially among adolescents, herbal alcohol use still remains a major problem in this group. Therefore, this article explores factors that promote utilization of alcoholic herbal drinks, perceived benefits and possible consequences associated with it. Qualitative method of data collection was adopted; In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 users (aged 15-19 years) and 12 vendors (aged 20-35 years) of herbal alcohol in purposively selected sites. Data were analyzed following the principles of theme identification and content analysis. Three themes identified were; drivers, benefits and likely consequences of herbal alcohol consumption and were found to operate through a system of normative behaviour, beliefs and experiences. The drivers of normative behaviour were: (sub) Cultural acceptance, as implied in the local and customized names used in the advert and promotion of herbal alcohol consumption which are blended in indigenous symbolic understandings; the relative availability, consumer purchasing power as well as functionality. The perceived benefits identified by users included sexual enhancement, treatments/cure for myriad of diseases and also recreation/sociation. The health and social consequences associated with misuse of alcoholic herbal products were largely neglected by both users and vendors. These have public health implications on the peasant adolescents, thus of significant interest to public health practitioners and policy-makers.
Anthropology in the discourse of culture and health
(VDM Verlag, 2009) Ajala, A.S.; Ojoawo, T.
Bridging gaps, creating spaces: university of Ibadan female undergraduate students in inter-cultural encounter
(Goldline and Jacobs Publishers, New Jersey, 2012) Ukpokolo, C.
Career paths of women academics in a Nigeria university
(CODESRIA, Dakar, 2016) Ukpokolo, C.
Central fatness among secondary school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria.
(The Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Association (NASA), 2016) Oyom, C. R.; Omobowale, M. O.; Orimadegun, A. E.; Olumide, A. O.; Amodu O.K.
One of the most pressing health problems facing public health in the world today is the astronomically increasing over weight and obesity cases among children and adolescents and Nigeria is not an exception to this problem. The increase in weight and obesity in reality cannot be separated from socio-cultural issues, simply because it cuts across all gender and classes. This study therefore, examined the context (reality in line with existing medical, social and cultural values) of central fatness among secondary school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. The data for the study was collected through structured questionnaires and an assessment of anthropometric measurement. The study reveal increasing over weight and obesity cases among secondary students in, Ibadan, and social construction acceptance of obesity as a symbol of good living plays a major role in the prevalence. Hence, it is as a matter of urgency that there should be a strong awareness on the dangers associated with increasing accumulation of excess fat among secondary adolescents in Ibadan.
Class, gender, sexuality and leadership in Bodija Market, Ibadan, Nigeria.
(University of New Mexico, 2019) Omobowale, M. O.
Bodija market is the largest informal foodstuff market in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. At its inception in the 1980s, leadership of the market space followed long-standing Yoruba tradition, prioritizing the role of older women. This pattern of leadership continued until the mid-1990s, when former government workers, laid off upon implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), moved into the market as traders and eventually as the leaders and market “technocrats.” As a consequence of this, the market women who had held informally recognized leadership positions were sidelined. This development also redefined class within the market structure. The new leaders have impacted the market administration by incorporating symbols of elitism in their leadership style.
Collective memory and oriki in the context of owu origin, Southwest Nigeria
(2014-12) Ukpokolo, C.
CONFLICT, WAR, DISPLACEMENT AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN PARTS OF OSUN STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
(2013-03) OGUNFOLAKAN, BENJAMIN ADISA
NAME: Benjamin Adisa OGUNFOLAKAN MATRIC. No.: 68943 TITLE: CONFLICT, WAR, DISPLACEMENT AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN PARTS OF OSUN STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA ABSTRACT Most archaeological works in southwestern Nigeria are concentrated in Ile-Ife, Esie, Old Oyo and Owo. In these areas, the focus of archaeological studies had been on different works of art in bronze, terracotta, wood and stone. Studies on cultural themes related to the issues of conflict, war and displacement which have implications for landscape archaeology of the area are often relegated to the background. The main goal of this research was to highlight how conflict, war and displacement impacted on the settlement history of parts of Osun State, southwestern Nigeria. The study also appraised human interactions with the environment and the concomitant effects on emergent settlement configurations. Oral and written data were collected from Ile-Ife, Ikire, Ipetumodu, Ila-Orangun, and Ajaba to generate anthropological data. Investigations aimed at identifying and collecting surface artifacts involved reconnaissance and detailed surveys of the studied sites. Excavations were carried out on potsherd pavements at Ajaba and Asi and on a refuse mound at Ajaba. Artifacts from surface collections and excavations were classified according to types, decoration and functional attributes. Analysis of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni of sherd samples was done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ten thin sections were made from selected sherd samples for determination of pottery fabric and inclusions. Palynological analysis of soil samples collected from different depths of the excavated mound was carried out using a microscope with an attached camera. Decorative motifs such as single twisted cord impression were common to all sites. With exception of sherds from Ila-Orangun, those from other areas were related in terms of types, fabric and functional attributes. Some of the sherds bore striking resemblance to those documented for Old Oyo and Ile-Ife with regard to type, decoration and function. Stylistically, the potsherd pavements at Asi and Ajaba were similar to those documented for Ile-Ife. A C-14 date of AD 1263 was obtained from charcoal at a depth of 80cm from the Ajaba mound excavation. Maize cob decoration was absent which indicated that Ajaba site was occupied prior to 16th century when maize was introduced into West Africa. Pollen of forest species and ornamental plants of Asian origin, such as Lagerstroemia indica, Casuarina equisetifolia and Delonix regia was identified from the excavated mound. These were abundant at the lower levels of the excavated mound. However, pollen of ornamental plants disappeared completely at the upper levels while secondary forest species and artifacts increased in abundance which was indicative of increase in human population and subsequent impact on vegetation. There was evidence of increased peopling of the area from around AD 1263. Oral and written records suggested that conflicts and war caused displacement and re-occupation of most of the settlements. Conflict and war resulted in the abandonment and reoccupation of all the sites, resulting in the delineation of several historical phases of occupation. Human impact on the environment was noted from the 13th century. Keywords: Conflict, War, Displacement, Archaeological data Word Count: 500
Contextual interpretation of COVID-19 pandemic among public space users in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria: An ethnographic review
(Public Library of Science (PLOS), 2021) Omobowale, M. O.; Bamgboye, E. A.; Akinyode, A.; Falase, O. S.; Ladipo, T.O.; Salami, O.; Adebiyi, A.O.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all dimensions of lives and has become a social problem as it continues to spread widely through the continuous interactions of people in public spaces where they earn a living. Curbing the spread of COVID-19 requires restrictions in these public spaces, however, the compliance to these measures depends largely on the understanding and interpretations of COVID 19 by users of these public spaces. This study examined the contextual interpretations of public space users about COVID-19 prevention in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State. The study was a rapid ethnographic survey in selected public spaces (markets and commercial motor parks) in Ibadan metropolis. Data were collected through participant observation, key informant interviews (3 females; 3 males) and indepth interviews (30) with, traders, head porters, clients/buyers and commercial vehicle drivers in these public spaces. Interviews conducted were transcribed, sorted into themes using Atlas-ti 7.5.7 and subjected to interpretive-content analysis. Findings revealed that some respondents felt COVID-19 was brought into Nigeria by rich frequent global voyagers, others felt it was through “uncultured” sexual life or wrath of God. Some also doubted the existence of the disease and many of the respondents perceived COVID-19 as a disease reported by the government or a political propaganda to siphon funds. The users of the public spaces in Ibadan Metropolis have variegated perception about the existence and severity of this rapidly spreading virus and this has grave implications for COVID-19 control in the State. Thus, regular interaction with public space users are essential for control efforts
Contextual reflections on COVID-19 and informal workers in Nigeria
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020) Omobowale, A. O.; Oyelade, O. K.; Omobowale, M. O.; Falase, O. S.
Purpose – The index case of COVID-19 in Nigeria was reported on 27 February 2020. Subsequently, the exponential increase in cases has brought about the partial and total lockdown of cities, the closure of all schools and the shutdown of government offices in order to curtail the spread of COVID-19. COVID-19 and its subsequent drastic curtailment policies have implications on vulnerable groups, especially, informal workers who constitute about 70% of the active working population in Nigeria. This reflective discourse critically engages the plight of informal workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – The research was guided by the epistemology of pandemic interpretationism. It engages contextual reflections of the plight of economically vulnerable informal workers in Nigeria. Data were collected from secondary sources while rapid case studies were conducted with ten informal workers in Lagos and Ibadan. Afterwards, data were contextually analysed. Findings – Economically vulnerable informal workers in Nigeria have contextually interpreted COVID-19 as an elite disease, imported into Nigeria by the wealthy. In addition, the mass population views COVID-19 containment measures such as lockdowns, movement restrictions and stay-at-home orders as elitist policies, which are aimed at protecting the wealthy and frustrating the poor and economically vulnerable who live on the fringes of poverty. Many informal workers have slipped below the poverty line while struggling to supply livelihood needs, as they were unable to earn daily income and cannot access palliatives. Consequently, they are of the opinion that “Hunger Virus is deadlier than Corona Virus”. Originality/value – This paper is a contextual reflection on the plight of economically vulnerable informal workers during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and movement restrictions in Nigeria. It presents pandemic interpretationism as an epistemological guide and reflectively examines the poverty impact of COVID-19 on the Nigerian informal sector via contextual analyses of secondary data and rapid case studies. The paper uncovers various COVID-19 livelihood experiences and the responses of the informal workers; furthermore, it provides policy recommendations.
CULTURAL PERCEPTION OF MALARIA AND CHOICE OF THERAPY AMONG THE IBIBIO OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
(2014-09) NSIKANABASI, UDOFIA WILSON
Interpretation and management of malaria in contemporary African societies are influenced by both western and indigenous perceptions of the disease. However, existing studies have focused on causes, prevalence and socio-environmental factors of malaria, using mainly Western paradigm, resulting in lack of conceptual balance in the literature. This study, therefore, examined etymology of the local terms for malaria and how they influence aetiology of malaria in Ibibioland, southern Nigeria. The thesis examined the cultural perception of malaria in comparison with bio-medical perception. This was done by determining how cultural interpretations of malaria and beliefs surrounding the disease influence management and therapeutic choices. The aim was to foster an integration of theory and practice in the management of malaria. The study adopted Clifford Geertz’s ethno-hermeneutics which theorizes interaction between local knowledge and construction of everyday realities. Data were obtained from four purposely selected local government areas (LGAs) out of 14 mainly occupied by the Ibibio, based on their strict Ibibio identity. Forty-three malaria cases; 10 orthodox, 15 traditional and 18 self-medication practices were observed. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted on purposively sampled 11 orthodox and 10 traditional healthcare providers. Sixteen focus group discussion (FGD) sessions each for men and women knowledgeable in local interpretations of malaria were held. Data were analysed descriptively. Etymologically, the Ibibio describe malaria based on symbolic and symptomatic presentations, while bio-medical science describes malaria as a vector-borne infectious disease. Four manifestations were identified among the Ibibio: colour, related to uto-enyin, nutrition, related to adan/akom, bio-physical actions and spiritually-induced body temperature, related to atuatuak/nkpo ntokeyen and spiritually-induced anaemia, related to uto-enyin ekpo. While KII, showed that the belief in multiple cau ces of malaria fever was widespread in both rural and urban centres, FGDs revealed that more than one of these manifestations could be presented in one malaria episode. Aetiologically, uto-enyin was believed to be caused by exposure to sunlight; adan/akom by excessive consumption of oil; atuatuak /nkpo ntokeyen by preter-natural forces such as eka abasi (unidentified forces), and essien emana (spiritual age grade/ reincarnated births), and uto-enyin ekpo by witchcraft forces. Against the bio-medical position which stresses clinical diagnosis and care, KIIs revealed that there were many local remedies for malaria, and therapeutic choice depended on perception of each malaria episode. Thus, when malaria was perceived as uto-enyin, remedies were focused on removing the yellow matter. If it was perceived as adan/akom, oily deposits had to be washed from the body through herbal baths, purging and enema, while as atuatuak, nkpo ntokeyen and uto-enyin ekpo, remedies involved spiritual cleansing and rituals to appease supernatural forces. The use of herbal extracts for treatment cut across the four LGAs but their herbal contents differed from context to context. Cultural practices against malaria were widespread across the rural-urban divide. The cultural perception of malaria with regard to etymology and aetiology, contrasts completely with Western perception of the disease. The Ibibio relate malaria aetiology to colour, nutrition, and preter-natural forces. These symbolic representations determine therapeutic choices in Ibibioland. It is recommended that, useful aspects of the cultural care system should be integrated into the implementation of the healthcare plan for effective malaria control.
Cultural reconstruction of iwa ji festival in Igbo-ukwu and fractured Igbo identity
(2018) Ukpokolo, C.; Okoye, O.; Lawuyi, T.
Indigenous festivals in many African societies are under the threats of extinction as a result of modernisation and the impact of the Christian religion on the life of the people. In southeast Nigeria, Iwa Ji Festival, which is an annual yam festival celebrated to thank the Supreme Being and the gods for the provision of subsistence, has faced with the challenge of abandonment in recent decades. Scholars have noted the cultural meanings associated with the festival and its potentials in the sustenance of the people’s cultural identity, as well as the promotion of tourism, and have consequently suggested the need for its reconstruction for general acceptability. This reconstruction has been carried out. This paper examined constructed Iwa Ji Festival as a fusion of the indigenous Iwa Ji Festival and modern practices and argued that the reconstructed festival is a reflection of Igbo fractured identity. Using Turner-Schechner Model of performance as social dramas for an explanatory model for this study, the authors argued that the advent of modernity and Christian religion created a breach in the people’s cultural experience. The redressed stage is represented in the reconstruction and repackaging of the festival for more acceptability. Re-integration stage set in as the festival gained more acceptability following its reconstruction, and subsequently, participants experience transformation. An ethnographic approach was employed for data generation. Data were analysed descriptively.
Culture
(Ibadan University Press, 2013) Omobowale, M.O.; Ogunsanya, A.O.
Dynamism and changes in the Abia family structure and conjugal relationship: The Influence of the Nigerian Civil War
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023) Ogubuike, C.; Omobowale, M. O.; Amodu, O. K.
The family, as the most basic social institution, serves as the bedrock of any society. Family structures worldwide have undergone various changes in their forms, nature, and functioning, including Abia state, Nigeria. The Nigeria Civil war is one of the symbolic events attributable to changes in the Abia family structure. Changes in the family structure could influence conjugal relation¬ships. The study explored the dynamism and changes in the family structure and conjugal relationships at different eras of the family life cycle in Abia soci¬ety. A qualitative research method was used in this study. Twenty-two partici¬pants (4 life history and 18 in-depth interview participants) were recruited in this study with purposive sampling techniques. Using an archival checklist, life histories, and an in-depth guide, information was elicited on family structure and conjugal relationships. The study was subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed dynamism and changes in family structure, with polygyny being most prevalent prior to the civil war, the emergence of step-parent and single-parent families during the civil war, and monogamy being most prevalent, with increasing single-parent and step-parent families contemporaneously. The conjugal relationship shifted from having concubines (acceptable and practised covertly) to having side chicks (been practised covertly). The Nigerian civil war had an impact on the observed dynamics in family structure during the civil war and immediate post-civil war. Other factors such as religion, education, civilization, and migration, among others, influenced the contemporary Abia family structure. Understanding family structure dynamics could be useful in solving issues regarding family and conjugal trajectories.
Eat or you are eaten': prostitution as a metaphor in selected Ngugi's literary works
(Department of General Studies, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, 2010) Ukpokolo, C.
This paper examines the phenomenon of prostitution as treated in selected literary works of a renowned East African literary scholar, Ngugi wa Thiong’O. The paper identifies two perspectives from which Ngugi presents the phenomenon of prostitution: first as a product of exploitative socio-political and economic realities of post-colonial Kenyan society, and second, as a metaphoric representation of the nature of the relationship existing between African leaders (neocolonialists) and the people they lead on one hand, and on the other, the relationship between the African elite and the Western world. Ngugi then criticizes the development processes adopted by African leaders, which continue to tie them to the dictates of the West for solution to the continent’s development challenges. Ngugi merges art and ideology and advocates alternative political and economic ideology that promotes sustainable socio-cultural and economic wellbeing of the generality of the African people. The paper therefore concludes that African literary scholars have continued to raise issues that are of anthropological concern. The phenomenon of prostitution is a social problem that bothers on human behavior as it relates to human survival. But Ngugi goes beyond this level of discourse to provide alternative way of viewing prostitution with its underpinning on the meanings behind reflected human conduct.
Ekpo, Margaret
(2020) Ukpokolo, C.
Margaret Ekpo was a woman leader, a pioneer parliamentarian and a human rights activist who contributed immensely to the political development of Nigeria during the colonial and pre-Civil War eras. She was actively involved in the struggle for Nigerian independence, and agitations for women’s inclusion in policies and programs of government. A leading member of National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons (NCNC), which became the National Council for Nigerian Citizens in 1960, Margaret rose to become a member of National Executive Council (NEC) of the party as well as the Vice President of the NCNC Women Association. In 1954, she was appointed a Chief with a seat in the Eastern House of Chiefs, breaking gender barrier that had hitherto made the space a male preserve. Margaret was a patriotic Nigerian. As part of her contributions to the constitutional development of Nigeria, Ekpo attended many constitutional conferences in Lagos and London as an adviser to the NCNC. She deployed different strategies to build political consciousness among women in Eastern Region of Nigeria. Her concern on universal suffrage led her to speak unequivocally against women exclusion in political process in the Northern Region of Nigeria. Margaret was an industrialist. She founded a sewing institute named “Windsor Domestic Science Institute” where she trained women in bookkeeping, dressmaking, and home economics among other activities. She believed that women must not be idle but work to earn income to assist their husbands. Margaret founded Aba Market Women Association, which she also used as a platform to educate women on their rights. She was rights activist who utilized her position as a parliamentarian to agitate for the political, economic, educational, and cultural emancipation of her people. For instance, she fought for the welfare of workers and their fundamental human rights. She demanded gender equity in the appointment of people to the Census Board, employment in the police force, and called for more girls to be offered scholarships. Margaret mobilized women against the British colonial administrators following the killing of coal miners at Iva Valley, Enugu, known as “Enugu Colliery Massacre” in 1949, and the murder of Onyia, a wardress in Enugu prison killed in 1954 for her refusal of sexual advances of a warder. She wanted government to coordinate the processes through which Nigerian students abroad access scholarships. Margaret believed in the indivisibility of Nigeria and suffered for her conviction during the Nigeria–Biafra Civil War (1966–1970). For her services to humanity, Ekpo received several awards and honors. An airport, Margaret Ekpo Airport Calabar, was named after her in her life time. She was awarded National Officer of the Order of Niger (NOON) and Commander of the Order of Federal Republic (OFR). Ekpo was a member of the Board of Trustees of Women’s Research and Documentation Centre (WORDOC), Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Chief Margaret Ekpo died on September, 21, 2006 at the age of ninety-two.
Embedding cultural studies in public health higher education: the role of medical anthropologists.
(African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), 2022) Omobowale, M.O.
Medical Anthropology is a body of knowledge with universal application. It bridges the gap between socio-cultural elements and public-health challenges; as a result, many medical anthropologists have raised the importance of culture in health matters. While public health pedagogy revolves around the ‘Germ Theory’ and the biomedical explanations of disease and illnesses; it is also very important to put the bio-sociocultural phenomena of health into consideration through an in-depth understanding of the social-cultural dimensions of health, healthcare and health-management. This is because ethnographic conceptions and the understanding of diseases, illnesses and wellbeing are germane to the success of public health. Embedding medical anthropological epistemology and research methods in public health higher education in Nigeria will contribute to the advancement of medical training through the use of ethnographic epistemology and methods, whereby vivid case studies of the social-cultural dimensions of public health issues would be subjected to critical discourse in the classroom. Utilizing ethnographic epistemological and methodological research cum pedagogical approaches in public health higher education will yield considerable success
Ember-months and disaster beliefs in Nigeria
(Ebonyi University Press Abakaliki, 2011) Omobowale, A. O.; Akinade, H. O. J.; Omobowale, M. O.
Local government administration is widely regarded as government closest to the people of the grassroot. It performs vital functions such as: political education, mobilization of the people for popular participation in governance, vehicle for political accountability, among others. The struggle to bring about a local government system in Nigeria has been a long drawn one. Efforts have geared towards moving the system from local administration to local government with functional political and economic autonomy. Yet, local government administration is confronted with issues and challenges such as: federal and state government’s interventions in the constitutional apportioned responsibilities of local government. The paper argues that for local government administration to realize its lofty goals, the country should return to true federalism, enthrone positive leadership, pursuit of economic self-reliance through internally generated revenue, and embrace attitudinal and behavioural changes to achieve good governance.