FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Small bowel wall response to enterotomy closure with polypropylene and polyglactin 910 using simple interrupted suture pattern in rats(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010-07) Eyarefe, O.D.; Amid, S.A.Effects of polypropylene and polyglactin 910 on enterotomy wound healing were investigated. Sixteen adult W istar albino rats (155.44±30.4 g) w ere randomized into two study groups, A with polypropylene (n = 8) and B with polyglactin 910 (n = 8) following 1 cm mid-jejunal enterotomy incisions performed under ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia. Body weights changes were evaluated daily for eleven days and two rats from each group were euthanized at postoperative days 3, 5, 7 and 11. Following euthanasia, the enterotomy sites were examined for dehiscence and adhesion. Evidence of inflammatory reactions and fibroblast proliferation were also evaluated and scored. Leaks from enterotomy site were not observed. Adhesion scores in-group A(3.5) was statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared with group B (1.875). A non-statistically significant (p>0.05) but higher fibroblasts count was recorded in Group A (2.625) compared with group B (1.375). Inflammatory responses in both groups were not statistically significant, although that of Group B was higher in response than group A. Enterotomy closure with polypropylene produced significant adhesion that may be linked with the texture of the suture, and the several knots characteristic of the simple interrupted suture patternItem Effects of tahitian noni juice on ketamine anaesthesia in some local rabbits(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010) Bayo, N.O.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Arowolo, R.O.A.Tahitian Noni Juices (TNJ) from Morinda citrifolia is known with some therapeutic properties that include; anxiety and stress relief, production of calm and relax state, improvement of mood and sense of well being, and sleep restoration. This study attempt to evaluate TNJ effects in some ketamine sedated local rabbits. Six adult rabbits (1.5-1.7 kg) were given intramuscular injection of 5% ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), following which the quality of sedation w as evaluated using: muscle relaxation/rigidity, presence or loss of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature as control values. TNJ was administered orally at 2 mL/kg twice daily for 28 days during which period ketamine injection was repeated at 7 days interval. Presence of muscle relaxation or rigidity, presence or absence of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature were evaluated. Duration of sleep before and after noni administration was 40.7±9.6 and 46.8±13.7 min, respectively. There was improved quality of amnesia and behavioral responses. Rough induction and recovery gave way to smooth induction and recovery, and spontaneous movement during anesthesia was minimized. Salivation w as abolished in all except one rabbit. Mean basal heart rate before and after administration of noni were 204.8±48.4 and 264.4±35.6 beats per min, respectively. Basal respiratory rate also increased from 192±46.3 to 317.6±66.4 breaths per min. TNJ produced appreciable level of calmness, muscle relaxation, and loss of anxiety, and could be useful for premedication prior to aneasthesiaItem The incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in selected veterinary clinics and hospitals in South Western Nigeria(2011) Eyarefe, O.D.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, E.O.Intestinal obstructive diseases are medical and surgical emergencies which require precise diagnosis and rapid surgical intervention. They are characterized by severe hypovolemia and septic shock secondary to devitalization of the intestinal wall. The consequent surgical complications such as ileus, adhesions and short bowel syndrome with resultant death of the patients also pose management challenges to the clinician. This study investigated the incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in some animals presented at selected Veterinary Hospitals and Clinics in southwestern Nigeria between 1998 and 2008. Records of surgical cases were grouped into 11 categories and further grouping of intestinal obstructive conditions in small and large animals were presented using descriptive statistics. Intestinal obstructive conditions ranked 8th among the 11 categorized surgical conditions, and 7.0 % of the surgical cases which were presented between 1998 and 2008. Most of the intestinal conditions such as intussusception, volvulus and torsion were strangulating obstructive conditions and occurred more in small than large animals. Hernia ranked highest among the surgical conditions, followed by intussusception, volvulus and rectal prolapse in that order. The intestinal conditions were more prevalent in post mortem records and in small animals than in large animals. The findings in this study showed that intestinal surgical conditions are not uncommon in Veterinary hospital and clinics in the study area. It further showed that the management of intestinal surgical conditions is still a major challenge in some Veterinary hospital and clinics in NigeriaItem Rectal prolapse in an emu (dromaius novaehollandiae): a case report(2011) Akinrinmade, J.F; Eyarefe, O.D.Rectal prolapsed is the protrusion of all layers of the rectum through the anal orifice as an elongated cylindrical mass (Aronson 2003). It usually occurs in patients secondary to tenesmus from urogenital or anorectal disease. It has been reported in small animals with no record of breed or sex predisposition, although an observation of a higher incidence in younger animals has been made (Burrows and Ellison, 1991). In small animals the condition is associated with gastrointestinal parasitism, typhlitis, colitis, proctitis, tumors, rectal foreign bodies, and urolithiasis (Burrows and Ellison, 1990; Aronson 2003). In birds, especially emus and ostriches, the condition has been associated with cryptosporidiosis (Bezuidenhout et al., 1993; Penrith and Burger, 1993; Penrith et al., 1994; Behzadi et al., 2009), Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans induced enteritis (Saez et al., 1979, Huchzermeyer, 1999) and immunosuppression due to the quality of feed, water and hygiene (Behzadi et al., 2009). Cloacal prolapse has also been linked with impaction due to poor nutrition or eating habits of the ratites (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Impaction is one of the most common problems seen in ratites, especially in farmed ostrich (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Impactions may occur at any age, but are most common in 3 to 6 months juveniles (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Birds with partial impaction may present with a chronic history of lethargy, anorexia with evidence of weight loss, with pelletized feces, and at presentation are weak with persistent tenesmus leading to cloacal prolapse (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Ostrich and emu farming are still relatively new in Nigeria. Farmers keep ratio of two to twelve young or adult ostriches and emus in farms. This paper reports a case of rectal prolapse in a young emu which to the authors' knowledge is the first in this environmentItem A randomized trial of low-dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration for laparo-caecectomy in layer chickens(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.This study compared the anaesthetic effects of intramuscular injection of Ketamine (K) (15 mg/kg) with intramuscular injection of Ketamine (K) (15 mg/kg) and Lignocaine (L) (4 mg/kg) infiltration for laparocaecectomy in 12 layer chickens (1.1±0.06 Kg) randomized into two groups (K, 5 chickens and K- L, 7 chickens). The duration of recumbency of the K-L group (100.3±16.4 min) was significantly longer (p<0.05) than that of K group (33.8±6.0 min). Time to stand for the K-L group (20.8±4.0 min) was also significantly longer (p<0.05) than those of K group (10±1.4 min). The mean heart rates, respiratory rates and cloacal temperatures were lower in the K-L group than the K group. All the birds recovered smoothly and no mortality was recorded following the procedure. In the absence of inhalatory anaesthesia, low dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration may be a preferred anaesthetic protocol for non-protracted abdominal procedures such as laparo-caecectomy in birdsItem Rhabdomyosarcoma in a terrestrial tortoise (Geochelone nigra) in Nigeria: a case report(AOSIS OpenJournals, 2012-11-30) Eyarefe, O.D.; Antia, R.E.; Oguntoye, C.O.; Abiola, O.O.; Alaka, O.O.; Ogunsola, J.O.A skeletal muscle tumour (rhabdomysarcoma) was diagnosed in a 4-year-old captive female terrestrial tortoise (Geochelone nigra) weighing 7kg presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The tumour was located at the anterior right portion of the body and ventral to the carapace. The location of the tumour prevented the tortoise from extending its head from the body. The tumour was a sessile, smooth white mass, with a soft myxomatous consistency. The histological features that were diagnostic of rhabdomyosarcoma included a sparse population of haphazardly arranged spindle-shaped cells within a homogenous matrix (anisocytosis), occasional tumour giant and binucleate cells, and some well differentiated myofibrils with cross striations within the cytoplasm. The paucity of information on tumours in the land tortoise was the reason for this report, which appears to be the first report of rhabdomyosarcoma in the tortoiseItem Enterologic and gynaecologic complications of ovariohysterectomy in the bitch(2012) Akinrinmade, J.F.; Eyarefe, O.D.The enterologic and gynaecologic associated complications post ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in bitches were evaluated. Medical records of 53 bitches with mean body weight of 15.2kg presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Ibadan between 1990-2010 were reviewed. Enterologic complications after OVH were observed in 11 (20.7%) of the cases studied. These include: Chronic vomiting 9 (81.8%), weight loss 9 (81.8%), anorexia, 8 (72.7%), diarrhea, 6 (54.5%) and pyrexia, 5(54.5%). Nine of the 11 dogs (81.8%) had extensive intestinal and uterine stump adhension. Gynaecologic complications 0bserve in 23 (43.3%) of the 53 bitches included vulva discharge 21(91.3%), incomplete extirpation of the ovaries 14(60.8%), recurrent estrus 9(39.1%), pseudopregnacy 8(34.7%), inflammation of the uterine cervical tissue and stump 4(17.4%) and non-resorbable ligature 3(13.0%). The study shows that enterologic and gynaecologic complications occur following OVH in bitches and strongly advice that bitches with gastrointestinal symptoms following OVH should be suspected of intestinal adhesions and incarcerationsItem A preliminary report on aural hematoma management with auricular pillow method(IDOSI Publications, 2013) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.; Emikpe, B.O.Background: Aural hematoma management is associated with auricular cartilage scarification, pinna deformity and recurrence which are unacceptable dogs’ owners. A simple management method with minimal anesthetic requirement and postoperative patient’s stress, coupled with reasonable management cost and acceptable cosmetic outcomes is presented. Method and findings: Dogs presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, with aural hematoma from January 2012-January 2013 were enrolled. Each hematoma was incised, drained and the pinna packed over cotton padded hard core as auricular pillow and supported with a non-adherent compression bandage over the head between 7-12 days. The surgical outcome of this method was compared with conventional methods used previously from 2002-2011 in the same hospital. The pinna healed with least scarification and restored morphology. The method has a comparative anesthetic, patient stress and cost advantages over other conventional methods. Conclusion: The auricular pillow method of aural hematoma management could be a better approach to the management of aural hematoma which is still a challenge in most clinical settingItem Wound healing potential of natural honey in diabetic and non-diabetic wistar rats(2014-01) Eyarefe, O.D.; Ologunagba, F. M.; Emikpe, B.O.The cutaneous wound healing effects of natural honey were compared in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (159g ± 31.5) where randomized into alloxan diabetics (n=15) and non-diabetic (n=15) groups. A 6mm full thickness biopsy punch wound was created on the nape of each rat under 2% xylazine (5mg/kg) and 5% ketamine (35mg/kg) anaesthesia. The wounds were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (108 Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Each group was then randomised into three subgroups: A [control, n=5], B (n=5) amikacin (0.8mg) and C (n=5) natural honey (0.1 ml) topical treatments. Wounds were evaluated at day: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 for wetness, oedema, hyperemia, granulation tissues, and contraction. Wounds of animals in the diabetic group showed significantly less (p>0.05) wetness compared with the non-diabetic group at days 3-5 (p=0.002) and 5-9, p=0.002 while the amikacin subgroup of the non-diabetic group showed non-significant but notable level of wetness at days 5-7. A significantly (p>0.05) more wound edge oedema was shown by the diabetic than the non-diabetic group at days 3-5 (p=0.000) with the trend being; control > amikacin > honey. The percentage of animals with wound edge oedema between days 3-5 in the non-diabetic group was honey (20%), amikacin (20%) and control (60%); and diabetic group was honey (40%), amikacin (100%) and Control (100%). Between days 5-7, 80% of wounds in both groups where without wound edge oedema except the control subgroups. Wounds of rats in the diabetic group were significantly more hyperaemic (p>0.05) at days 5-9 (p=0.001) and days 9-15 (p=0.000), with the trend being control > amikacin = honey. Wounds of rats in the non-diabetic groups healed with significantly more (p < 0.05) granulation tissues at days 5-9 (p=0.001) (honey = amikacin > control). Control group at days: 5-9 (p=0.001), 9-15 (p=0.000); amikacin at days: 5-9 (p=0.002), 9-15 (p=0.005); and honey at days: 5-9 (p=0.005) and 9-15 (p= 0.001). Differences in wound diameter (a reflection of wound contraction) were not significantly notable in both subgroups (p > 0.05) at various days of measurement except at days 3-5(p=0.008). Honey and amikacin were effective in enhancing cutaneous wounds healing in wistar rats studied. In diabetic rats, honey showed a promising result when compared to amikacin hence honey could be recommended for wound management of diabetic patient in human and animal hospitalsItem Life saving tail amputation in an African lioness (Panthera leo L) in captivity(2015) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.; Olusa, T.A.; Morenikeji, O.A.This paper reports surgical management of self- tail mutilation in an African lioness triggered by an irritation of unknown aetiology. The lioness was reported to have eaten up to two-third of its tail. Lack of darting facilities delayed quick intervention until the animal was lured with food bait into a restraint cage that enabled chemical restraint and surgical intervention. Tail amputation was performed as described for domesticated canine species. Healing was uneventful with animal returning to normal activities. Tail amputation is an uncommon procedure in wild species. Its curative indication was warranted in this case. There is need for storage of darting facilities in every zoological garden to aid quick intervention and preservation of animals especially endangered species in captivity
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