FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Antibiotic Use and Resistance Development: Exploring Livestock Owners' Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in south-western Nigeria.(0020) ADESOKAN, H.K; ADETUNJI, V.O; AGADA, C.A; ISOLA, T.O.Antibiotic injudicious use and resistance development remains a growing public health concern globally putting the livestock industry and human health at stake, given the resulting increasing emergence of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. Despite this, the role of livestock owners who manage the majority of the national herds in most developing countries especially Nigeria remains largely un-investigated. We conducted a qualitative study among 216 randomly selected livestock owners in south-western Nigeria to explore their knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and resistance development using semistructured questionnaires. Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0. The results revealed indiscriminate use of antibiotics by the livestock owners on ready-for-sale cattle. Only 49.54% had good knowledge which was significantly associated with tertiary education (p = 0.01) and 81.02% were unaware of antibiotic withdrawal period. Also, approximately two-thirds (63.89%) had poor attitudes with only 11.11% concerned with the need to observe withdrawal periods. In addition, 91.67% claimed that their veterinarians had never advised them to observe withdrawal period and 95.37% had never observed it. Poor professional attitudes of the so-called veterinarians as well as lack o f law enforcement against uncontrolled sales of veterinary drugs were attributed to the livestock owners' poor knowledge, attitudes and practices. The role of livestock owners should be considered when designing programmes towards preventing antibiotic injudicious use and resistance development. Furthermore, efforts geared towards regulating sales of veterinary drugs as well as enforcement of veterinary professional ethics are needed to safeguard antibiotic effectiveness in both animals and humans, now and in the near future.Item Grazing reserves and development of traditional pastoralism in Nigeria: progress and prospects(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 1999) Babalobi, O. O.; Esuruoso, O. O.The Nigerian beef industry is controlled by pastoralists for whom production strategies are primarily for stock survival rather than increased off-take. Their production system is in the traditional (extensive migratory) phase of development, which needs to be modernized (intensified) to bridge the increasing gap between supply and demand for beef in Nigeria while sustaining the pastoral lifestyle of the producers. In this paper, the most sustained effort at development of pastoralism - the grazing reserve scheme - is examined for its effectiveness Using the Dobi Grazing Reserve in Niger State. Nigeria as study area, its progress towards the settlement and economic development of pastoralism is evaluated. From the result, an unprecedented voluntary settlement of pastoralist and marginally improved production parameters are recorded. Possession of land rights, grazing security, presence of water and grazing resources, and the deliberate policy of encouraging transhumance activity out of the reserve during the dry season, were factors responsible for the voluntary settlement. The need for stricter stock control measures, provision of extension/veterinary services and socio-economic infrastructure and a greater involvement of settlers in the funding and administration of the reserve are highlighted as conditions for sustaining the programme.Item Actualization of strategies for privatized preventive veternary services to nomadic herdsmen in southern Nigeria.(1997) Esuruoso, G. O.; Olugasa, B. O.Item Effects of trypanosomosis on some blood biochemical parameters in rabbits(1999-10) Ola-Davies, O.; Saba, A. B.; Ariyibi, A.; Akinboade, O. A.The effect of trypanosomosis on blood biochemical Parameters were studied in 20 New Zealand white rabbits of 6 to 7 months of age. Mean total protein and globulin levels in the infected rose significantly (P<0.05) while the mean albumin level decline in the same group simultaneously. Mean total plasma Cholesterol, trlglyceride concentration mean glutamate oxaloacelate transaminase (GOT) and the glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the infection group. The implications of these results are briefly discussedItem Studies on the serun electrolyte changes in trypanosome, congolense infected New Zealand white rabbits(1998-09) Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.Item Chorioptes bovis (Mite) isolation from chicken(Tropical Veterinarian, 1999) Adedokun, A.O.; Owoade, A.A.During routine visits to two poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria, heavy infestations of the birds with minute barely visible ectoparasites were encountered. These' parasites caused itching and depressed egg production in affeted flocks. Samples of the ectoparasites were collected from the two farms and idetified as Chorioptes bovisItem Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and EDS ’76 antibodies in indigenous Nigerian Local Chickens(Tropical Veterinarian, 1999) Adedokun, O.A.; Durojaiye, O.AA serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and egg drop syndrome ’76 (EDS ’76) antibodies in indigenous Nigerian local chickens. The survey was carried out in Ekiti, Osun, Oyo, Ogun and Lagos States in southwestern Nigeria. Out of 2010 serum samples assayed for ND, 1890 (94%) were positive. 720 (34%) out of 2090 samples were positive for IBD, while 500 (29%) out of 1740 samples were positive for EDS ’76. The prevalent rates are high enough to suggest that ND, IBD and EDS ’76 are still very active in these indigenous chickens. The implications of these findings in the control of ND, IBD and EDS ’76 in the commercial exotic poultry flocks are discussed.Item The use of monoclonal antibody for the immunodiagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle(Elsevier Science, 1997) Fagbemi, B.O.; Aderibigbe, O.A.; Guobadia, E.EAntigens that were specific to Fasciola gigantica were obtained from the whole worm homogenate of the parasite by immunoaffmity chromatography in cyanogen bromide-activated sepharose 4B columns and used for the production of monoclonal antibodies. The F. gigantica- specific monoclonal antibody was labelled with horseradish peroxidase and used for the detection of circulating antigen by the direct ELISA method in the sera of cattle experimentally infected with the parasite. Circulating antigens were detectable in the sera of the animals as from the third week after infection while negative absorbance values were obtained 2 weeks after the termination of the infection by chemotherapy with oxyclozanide. This immunodiagnostic method offers an attractive alternative as a supplement to the conventional. coprological diagnosis of fasciolosisItem Parasite snail-host relationship of fasciola gigantica and lymnaea natalensis(The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 1996) Guobadia, E. E.; Adedokun, A. O.; Fagbemi, B. O.The snail-host parasite interaction between L natalensis and F. gigantica was studied with particular emphasis on the effect of the relationship on the reproduction of the snail-host. Snails were exposed to 4 F. giganticamiracidium each and maintained on blanched and dried lettuce in aquaria at a temperature of 28-30°C. Growth, production of egg and shedding of metacercariae were monitored. Growth rate was reduced by about 19% in the infected snails relative to the uninfected control. Eggs were produced by the infected and uninfected control snails. However, it was observed that some of the masses produced by the infected snails did not contain eggs. Metacercariae production was found to suppress egg production. A negative linear relationship was discovered to exist between growth rate and metacercariae production with the latter being responsible for a 7% reduction in the growth of snails. These findings confirmed the fact that the parasite has a negative effect on the snail-host. However contrary to earlier observations, infected snails produced eggs although at a reduced rate. The present findings have provideda new insight into the dynamics of F. gigantic snail-host interactionsItem TRANSMISSIBLE DRUG RESISTANCE, PLASMID CHARACTERIZATION IN SHIGELLA AND SALMONELLA, AND VIRULENCE OF SHIGELLA ISOLATED FROM DIARRHOEIC HUMANS AND PIGLETS(1990-03) ADELEYE, I. A.A total of 10,200 faecal samples including 10,000 from diarrhoeic human beings and 200 from diarrhoeic piglets were collected. The human faecal samples were collected from the three government hospitals in Ibadan, namely: The University College Hospital, State Hospitals at Adeoyo and Ring Road, while the piglets were on the Teaching and Research Farm, of the University of lbadan. Thirty Shigella and twenty-two Salmonella spp. were isolated from the human faecal samples while one Shigella isolate was obtained from the faecal samples of piglets. The Shigellae were sero1ogically identified as S. E1exneri (23 from humans and 1 from a piglet), s. dysenteriac (4 isolates from human) and S. boydii (3, all were isolated from human). Of the Salmonella isolates, 9 were identified as S.typhi while the remaining 13 were classified as Salmonella species. One microgram per ml potassium tellurite in MacConkey agar was used to enhance the isolation of Shigellae. Antimicrobial susceptibi1ity testing to eight antibiotics were performed on the fifty-three bacterial isolates. Twenty-one antibiotic resistance patterns were identified. The highest pattern T-CT-F-A-S-C-Te (Septemdrip1e) was found in eleven isolates, sextiple resistant pattern in thirteen; quintiple pattern in eight isolates; quadriple in four isolates; triple in eight isolates; double in four isolates while resistance to single antibiotic (Te and CT) was found in five bacterial isolates. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of 4 antibiotics (ampicillin, ch1oramphenico1, Streptomycin and tetracyc1ine) were determined for the bacterial isolates. Two of the Shigella isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, the MIC of ampicillin was 8 ug per ml for them, 1 to chloramphenicol; 4 to streptomycin while all isolates were resistant to tetracyc1ine. The MIC of ampicillin for 14 of the Salmonel1a isolates was 8 ug per ml while 11 and 9 isolates of the same organism: were resistant to chloramphenicol and Streptomycin respective1y. The following resistance patterns were observed: A-C-S-T, C-S-T, A-C-T and A-S-T. All the forty-two isolates screened transferred ampicillin resistance (100 percent). Twenty-one isolates (50.0 percent) transferred two determinants, either A-T or A-S or A-C. Seven (16.6 percent) transferred three determinants either A-T-S or A-S-C. None of the isolates transferred four determinants (A-T-S-C). Among the Shigela isolates the chloramphenicol determinant was transferred at a low frequency (only 3 of the 28 screened) whereas the Salmonella isolates transferred at a higher frequency (6 of the 14 screened). The R plasmids range in size between 2.2 to 38.0 Mdal. The chloramphenicol R plasmid has a molecular weight of 4.00 Mdal., streptomycine 38.0 Mdal. The plasmid profile of the isolates was also investigated using agarose gel lectophoresis method. The Shigella isolates exhibited a large number of small cryptic plasmids. In contrast, the Salmonella isolates exhibited fewer number of plasmids. All the plasmids range between 0.8 and 55.5 Mdal in size. The virulence of the Shigella isolates was investigated using Sereny Test and Rabbit ligated ileal loop test. Four of the fourteen Shigelle isolates including S. Flexneri (2), S. boydii (1), S. dysenteriae (1) produced Keraconjuctivities in guinea pigs. Six of the Shigella isolates including four S. flexneri, one S. dysenteriae and one S.boydii dilated ligated ligate rabbit ilea loop with accumulation of fluid. Histological ulterations foun in the ilea loops exposed to these enterotoxins included inflammation, general degeneration, submucosal oedema and neutrophilic infiltrations. Four of the Shigella isolates comprising of two S.flexneri, one S. dysenteriae and one S. boydii dilated the ligated intestinal loop of rabbit with accumulation of fluid when enterotoxin heated at 65 C for 30 min. were used. It was observed for the first time that the S. boydii produced heat labile and heat stable enterotoxin in ligated rabbit illeal loop. Oral inoculation of the invasive Shigella isolates into pretreated (starved and calcium carbonate treated) mice and guinea pigs failed to produce clinical manifestation of dysentery-like diarrhoea and febrile condition.