FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Coccidiosis

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    Prevalence of Eimeria oocysts in West African dwarf goat at the University of Ibadan farm
    (Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2002) Ola-Davies, O. E.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Saba, A. B.; Ajala, O. O.
    An outbreak of acute coccidiosis is reported in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats kept under semi- intensive management system at the University of Ibadan farm. During the period of the outbreak, clinical signs observed among the animal included anorexia, fever, coughing, ocular and nasal discharges and diarrhoea. Sixty nine out of eighty-five (85%) animals were scouring, 6 out of 20 (30%) pregnant does aborted, 8 out of 80 (10%) died through severe infection. Average oocyst counts was 2.73 x 10(5)/gram faeces in kids and 0.9 x 10(3)/gram faeces in adult goats. Eimeria species predominant in goats and percentage occurrence were E. arloingi (77.5%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (62.89%), E. hirci (58.6%). E. alijevi (39.5%). Areas of glandular degeneration and necrosis of epithelium of the small intenstine were seen. Also coccidia schizonts, immature oocysts, and neutrophilic infiltrations can be seen in the intestinal mucosa. The presence of pathogenic species of the Eimeria in WAD goats suggest that coccidiosis may be contributing to the enteric syndromes, poor feed conversion and low productivity.
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    Antihelminthic and anticoccidial effects of vernonia amygdalina in goats
    (Global Researchers Journal, 2014) Adediran, O. A.; Uwalaka, E. C.; Kolapo, T. U.
    The deteriorating and adverse effect of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in livestock production has been well documented, however, not many alternatives with minimal or no side effects are available for treatment and control of parasite infections. Vernonia amygdalina, also known as bitter leaf, has been reported to have various medicinal properties, however, its antihelminthic and anticoccidial properties in goats has not been investigated despite anecdotal reports of its antidiarrhoiec effects in the specie. 20 goats were bought from various households, stabilized, divided into treatment group of fifteen and control group of five. They were fed on pasture and allowed to acquire natural parasite infection that was confirmed by feacal count and culture. The treatment groups were fed with V amygdalina leaves and young stalk ad libitum for two days while the control group was denied access to the plant. Feacal samples were collected on days 1, 2, 4 and 7, post treatment and sent to laboratory for analysis. The ingestion of Vernonia amygdalina was effective in the clearance of helminth eggs and coccidian cysts with an efficacy of 100% for helminths and 99.4% for coccidia. Five goat owners with herds ranging between five to twelve in number diagnosed with helminth infecton were asked to feed V amygdalina leaves to the goats once a week. All the goats were free of helminth infection within the period of four weeks that they were monitored. The effect of Vernonia amygdalina on helminth and coccidian parasites in goats has corroborated findings by other authors in other animal species and man. The plant provides an alternative and natural antiparasitic agent for goat heminth and coccidian that is environment friendly and without the effect of chemical residues. Further, studies on the dose may have to be carried out
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    PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF EIMERIA SPECIES IN COMMERCIAL CHICKENS IN OYO AND OGUN STATES, NIGERIA
    (2014-02) ADEYEMI, S.A.
    Eimeria species are important coccidian parasites worldwide causing significant economic losses from clinical and subclinical coccidiosis in poultry. Vaccines for its control in Nigeria are imported without consideration of the local species often resulting in vaccine failure. This study determined the prevalence of and characterised the Eimeria species present in Oyo and Ogun States towards an effective control and prevention of coccidiosis. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered randomly to 166 poultry farmers (82, Oyo; 84, Ogun) based on the registered members of the Poultry Association of Nigeria, to obtain data on experience of coccidiosis and the prophylactic measures adopted. Poultry flocks were grouped into six epizootiological categories comprising: vaccinated and medicated 1-8 week-old (1, 2), vaccinated and medicated 9-18 week-old (3, 4) and above 19 week-old caged and deep-litter (5, 6). Pooled faecal samples were collected from 9, 9, 9, 20, 54, and 19 chicken flocks in Oyo and 9, 16, 18, 27, 39, and 12 in Ogun belonging to categories 1 to 6 respectively. Oocysts were isolated by modified flotation method, sporulated in 2.5% potassium dichromate and quantified by the McMaster method. Eimeria species were identified by morphometry, infection prevalence and relative abundance was determined. Eimeria DNA was extracted, amplified and quantified using Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTQPCR). Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Student’s t and Kappa tests. Significance was set at p<0.05. Most of the respondents, 77 in Oyo; 69 in Ogun had experienced coccidiosis outbreaks, of which 74.2% and 71.6% were in below-8-week chicks. In Oyo and Ogun, 67.7% and 73.3% adopted vaccination; 32.3% and 26.7% adopted chemoprophylaxis while 37.1% and 21.9% reported outbreaks despite preventive measures. Oocyst burden was 49,494 and 2,830 oocysts-per-gram of faeces for cages and 71,585 and 8,255 for deep-litter in Oyo and Ogun respectively. Overall prevalence in Oyo was 65.0% (100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 75.0%, 40.7% and 73.7%) and in Ogun, 61.2% (100.0%, 75.0%, 83.3%, 33.3%, 51.3% and 75.0%) in categories 1-6 respectively. Prevalence of 93.7% in chicks (100.0% in Oyo; 85.7% in Ogun) was significantly higher than the 55.7% (54.3% in Oyo; 56.9% in Ogun) for above 18 week-old. It was also significantly higher on deep-litter (73.7%, Oyo; 75.0%, Ogun) than in cages (40.7%, Oyo; 51.3%, Ogun). Species prevalences were; E. acervulina (100.0%, 83.3%), E. maxima (16.7%, 16.7%), E. necatrix (50.0%, 50%), E. tenella (66.7%, 66.7%) and E. mitis (50.0%, 66.7%) in Oyo and Ogun respectively. Relative abundance from morphometry were; Brunetti-Maxima (3.0%, 4.3%), Necatrix-Tenella-Praecox (45.0%, 23.6%) and Acervulina-Mitis (52.0%, 72.1%); from molecular characterization were; E. acervulina (48.0%, 20.0%), E. maxima (0.2%, 0.3%), E. necatrix (5.4%, 22.7%), E. tenella (20.2%, 13.5%) and E. mitis (25.5%, 43.5%) in Oyo and Ogun respectively. Comparison of RTQPCR results with tentative morphometric identification showed complete agreement in 77.8% (28 of 36) samples. Morphometry remains acceptable for routine tentative diagnosis; however, molecular characterisation is more precise for Eimeria species identification. The most prevalent species: E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E.tenella and E. mitis are therefore recommended for inclusion in coccidiosis vaccines.