FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
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Item Ethno-veterinary medicine perspectives of common diseases and health problems of livestock kept by rural women in South-West Nigeria: a case study(2010) Ogunwale, I.; Babalobi, O. O.Ethnoveterinary medicine is the scientific term for traditional animal health care and provides low cost alternatives to use of modem veterinary services and drugs. Research into ethnoveterinary medicine is often undertaken as part of a community-based approach that serves to improve animal health and provide basic veterinary services in rural areas. The study applied some participatory, rural appraisal tools to identify common diseases and health problems among livestock kept by women formers in a case study rural setting in Southwest Nigeria as well as their ethnoveterinary practises and perception. Common livestock, diseases end health problems were ranked by respondents as Diarrhoea (26%), Newcastle Disease (22.7%), Mange (18%) fowl pox (8.4%) Pestes des petite ruminants (7.8%), Lice infestation (5.8%) foot and nose bots (5.2%), lick infestation (3.9%) and Contagious Caprine Plcuro pneumonic (1.95%). The farmers regard traditional intervention on the diseases of their animals as very effective as palliative treatment, and modern veterinary - services as curative but less accessible and very expensive. Veterinary staff associated with the community complained about non conducive working environment and lack of mobility/ambulatory vehicle, problems of quacks that have motorcycles and go around disguising as Veterinary doctors. Recommendations are-made for the training of some educated community members of community animal health workers, the control of quackery in rural areas, the provision of adequate mobility and conducive working environment for Veterinary staff as well as provision of veterinary services to farmers at affordable prices.Item Livestock productivity indices of transhumant agropastoralists in a grazing reserve in Northern Nigeria(2001) Babalobi, O. O.The offtake and some other production parameters of transhumant agropastoralist settlers in the Bobi Grazing Reserve, Niger State, Nigeria was determined from a stratified sample of twenty percent (20%) of settlers in each of the five (5) settlement blocks in the reserve. Sample size was forty settler households who had a total of 1659 cattle, 301 sheep and 559 goats. Data collected were subjected to simple statistical analysis (Percentage, Standard Deviation, Mean). Age at first calving was between 43 and 48 months, calving interval was 16-20 months, calving percentage was 56.6% and calf mortality was 18.89% Settled pastoralists in the reserve had productivity indices that were better than national average indices, despite inadequate extension promotion and delivery facilities in the reserve.Item Community based participatory epizootiology of livestock kept by Awotan Women, Ido LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria(2007) Ogunwale, I.; Babalobi, O. O.Participatory Epizootiology (PE) is the use of participatory approaches and methods, involving the community based livestock keepers, to improve the understanding of their animal diseases and production problems, and to design appropriate veterinary intervention and other action plans for these problems Women are generally responsible for small stocks of livestock species kept in local communities This study was to investigate by the use of semi structured interviews, livestock diseases and health problems of traditional animal health projects in the study area, Awotan in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State; with livestock keeping women as the primary respondents. The major species of animal kept were sheep and goats (51%), domestic fowl (27%), and dog (4%). They were kept under a semi intensive system of management in which the farmer have no adequate control over the animals. Common livestock diseases and health problems is encountered by female livestocks at Awotan were ranked by respondents as follows, Diarrhea (26%), Newcastle disease (22.7%), Mange (18%), Fowl pox 8.4%) petos des petite ruminants PPR (7.8%), Lice infestation 5.8%, Foot and nose bots 5.2%, Tick infestation 3.0%and Contagious Caprine Pleuro-pneumonia CCPP (1.95%). The farmers regard traditional intervention on the disease of their animals as very effective as a palliative treatment and modern veterinarian services as curative but less accessible and very expensive. Veterinary staff associated with the community complained about non conducive working environment and lack of mobility ambulatory vehicle, problems of ‘quacks’ that have motor cycles and go around disguising as veterinary doctors. Recommendations are made for the training of some educated community members as community animal health workers, the control of quackery in the Awoton, the provision of adequate mobility and conducive working environment for Veterinary staff, as well as provision of veterinary services to farmers at affordable prices.Item QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE AND TETRACYCLINE RESIDUES IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE FROM THREE ABATTOIRS IN NIGERIA(2011-08) ADEGBOYE, A.O.Tetracylines are among the most commonly available range of broad spectrum antibiotics that are abused and misused in livestock production. Although there are available records on veterinary drug residues; however because of the accessibility of oxytetracycline and tetracycline antibiotics and consequent abuses, there is need for further information on dietary exposure and assessment of risk inherent in ingestion of their residues in treated cattle. Therefore, the concentrations and probability of occurrence of tetracyclines residues in slaughtered cattle meat were assessed. Four hundred and fifty (450) cattle tissues samples comprising of muscle (50), liver (50) and kidney (50) were randomly collected from three selected major abattoirs (>200 cattle slaughtered/day): Government Abattoir, Agege, Lagos (GAAL), Government Motor-Park Abattoir, Enugu (GMAE) and Tudun-Wada Abattoir (TWAK), Kaduna. Concentrations of oxytetracycline and tetracycline (μg/kg) in the tissues were determined using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry. Dietary exposures (μg/kg-bw) to residues of oxytetracycline and tetracycline were assessed using standard deterministic method. The likelihood of exposure to oxytetracycline and tetracycline residues was simulated using Monte Carlo technique to quantitatively assess risk levels. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance using JMP (2010) software (p=0.05) and thereafter compared with Codex Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Tetracyclines residues were detected in 63.22% of tested samples. There was no significant difference in total residue concentration (μg/kg) of oxytetracycline between kidney (79.202) and liver (64.897) but there is a difference, when both are compared with muscle (30.033). Considering tetracycline there were no significant differences in all the three tissues: kidney (39.517), liver (17.024) and muscle (6.872). The oxytetracycline (μg/kg) concentration was significantly higher in GAAL (80.217) than TWAK (56.688) and GMAE (37.228). While contrary was the case in tetracycline concentration, where no significant differences were observed in GAAL (40.718) > TWAK (13.069) and GMAE (9.626). This indicates that both in tissues and from locations, residues of oxytetracyline are consistently higher than residues of tetracycline. Also, the oxytetracycline concentration (μg/kg) in cattle tissues was highest in liver (109.094) than in both kidney (91.594) and muscle (39.963) in GAAL. However, in TWAK and GMAE it was in the order of kidney (96.901) > liver (39.389) > muscle (33.774) and kidney (91.594) > liver (46.209) > muscle (16.364), respectively. While there were no significant differences between all locations’ kidney samples and muscle samples for oxytetracycline residues except for liver samples; it was converse for tetracycline concentrations (μg/kg) in cattle tissues from all the locations because there were no significant differences in the residues concentration for all the tissues. The observed residues for both oxytetracycline (59.72ug/kg) and tetracycline (28.23ug/kg) were below the Codex MRLs. Dietary exposures (μg/kg-bw) to oxytetracycline and tetracycline in slaughtered cattle were 0.0284ug/kg bw and 0.0134ug/kg bw respectively. The probability of 1 undetected tetracycline residue-containing beef is 0.0232 Residue concentrations of oxytetracycline and tetracycline in slaughtered cattle from abattoirs in Nigeria were within acceptable safe limits and portend low exposure risk to public health