FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

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    Informal and formal meat marketing in Ibadan, Nigeria: public health implications from microbial assessment
    (2021) Adesokan,H.K; Obimdike,O.C; Adetunji,V.O
    Introduction: informal food marketing is predominantly practiced in developing countries as it solves major social and economic challenges through the provision of employment and easily accessible food products at relatively inexpensive prices. However, such products often escape effective health and safety regulations which relatively characterize formal marketing, thus posing threats to public health. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional microbial assessment of randomly collected raw meats (n=224) sold at selected informal (n=112) and formal (n=112) meat markets in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria for Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. using standard protocols. Isolates were evaluated for antibiogram patterns by Kirby-Bauer Assay and data analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: overall, 75.5%, 65.2%, 61.6%, and 46.9% of the 224 samples were positive for S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, and E. coli, respectively. Significantly higher prevalences were obtained from the informal markets for S. aureus (OR=9.43; 95%CI: 0.05-0.24), L. monocytogenes (OR=9.35; 95%CI: 0.06-0.21), Salmonella spp (OR=10.00; 95%CI: 0.05-0.19) and E. coli (OR=12.99; 95%CI: 0.04-0.15) than the formal markets. The pathogens exhibited total resistance against half ofthe 14 antibiotics studied, with the least resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusion: the significantly higher microbial contamination in meats from informal markets and associated high antibiotic resistance level portends serious public health implications of informal meat marketing. Since informal food marketing also characterizes other developing sub-Saharan African countries, synergy among local and international stakeholders to step up health and safety policies towards regulating activities at informal food markets is urgently required.
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    PREVALENCE, ANTIBIOGRAM AND BIOFILM PRODUCTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES FROM FAECES AND FOETUSES of slaughtered pregnant cows: environmental AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
    (2021) Adesokan, H. K; Kehinde, E. G.
    The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals which characterizes most developing countries poses increasing environmental and public health risks from Listeria monocytogenes infections which are endemic in such settings. The available reports show increasing trends of Listeria monocytogenes infections in both humans and animals in Nigeria. This study examined the prevalence, antibiogram and biofilm production of L. monocytogenes from faeces and foetuses of slaughtered pregnant cows in Ibadan Central Abattoir, Nigeria. Faecal (n = 118) and foetal (n = 118) swabs were cultured and isolates tested for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer assay, while biofilm production was quantified following the standard procedures. The data were analysed using the Chi Square and Student’s t-test at P < 0.05. Listeria monocytogenes were isolated from five (4.2 %) and three (2.5 %) faeces and foetus swabs, respectively, without significant association with sample type (P = 0.50). The isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics tested except gentamicin; with significantly higher production of biofilm by those from foetal samples (P = 0.012). The detection of widespread antibiotic- resistant L. monocytogenes from faeces and fetuses has important environmental and public health implications, given the risk of contamination through faecal shedding and foetal handling. The biofilm production by the pathogen connotes its ability to persist in the environment, suggestive of the challenging effects to its control. Campaigns against indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals, and proper hygiene are advocated to ultimately safeguard human and animal health.
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    Mycobacterium bovis in a bull on a university farm: public health implications
    (2020) Tijani,M.O; Adesokan,H.K; Kasali,O.B; Cadmus,S.I
    An unsuspected bull in a private herd of forty cattle heads in south-western Nigeria died suddenly following three days´ treatment against tick infestation. Post-mortem findings revealed multifocal widespread nodules in all lobes of the lungs with markedly enlarged lymph nodes. Isolate from cultured sample was subjected to spoligotyping which confirmed the isolate as Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) belonging to the SB1027 clade with octal number 676773776277600 (Figure 1). This finding has implications on the health of the cattle handlers considering aerosol inhalation of disseminated bacilli from the lungs of the infected bull through cough sprays. Routine screening of cattle for tuberculosis is therefore emphasized.
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    Foodborne Pathogens On Meat Stored Central Cold Rooms In Ibadan And Their Susceptibility To Antimicrobial Agents
    (2020) ADESOKAN,H.K; FUNSO-ADU,K; OKUNLADE,O.A
    Foodborne pathogens are the leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and are often associated with poor hygiene and unsafe food storage conditions. Using central cold rooms with alternate power supply in preserving meats due to erratic power supply is common among meat traders in Nigeria. However, the public health safety of the operations of this practice remains un-investigated. We conducted a microbial assessment of aseptically collected meat swabs from three selected major cold rooms in Ibadan for Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using 14 different antibiotics at standard concentrations following Kirby- Bauer Assays. The data were analysed with Stata 12.0 using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Of 180 meat swabs collected, 42.2 % were positive for S. aureus, 22.2 % for L. monocytogenes, 20.0 % for Salmonella spp. and 6.7 % for E. coli. All of the isolates exhibited total resistance to seven of the antibiotics. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance to 12 antibiotics, followed by Salmonella spp. (11 antibiotics), L. monocytogenes (10 antibiotics) and S. aureus (7 antibiotics). Sampling locations were significantly associated with the prevalence of L. monocytogenes (P = 0.008) and S. aureus (P = 0.000), but not with Salmonella spp. (P = 0.435) orE. coli (P = 0.117). The study revealed a heavy microbial contamination with major foodborne pathogens characterized by a high level of antibiotic resistance. These findings portend that the current operations associated with the practice of using central cold rooms in meat preservation in Nigeria undermine public health safety and need to be urgently addressed.
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    Prevalence of previously undetected tuberculosis and underlying risk factors for transmission in a prison setting in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria
    (2014) Adesokan,H.K; Cadmus,E.O; Adeyemi,W.B; Lawal,O; Ogunlade,C.O; Osman,E; Olaleye,O.D; Cadmus,S.I.B
    People with congregational tendencies such as the prison inmates constitute an important target group in the global efforts towards the control of tuberculosis (TB). The prison setting in most developing countries particularly Nigeria, currently does not have routine diagnostic procedures for TB despite the existing risks that could facilitate disease transmission. We conducted a cross sectional study among the inmates in a major prison in south-western Nigeria for TB by screening their sputum samples using a simple random sampling method coupled with questionnaire interview, on the assumption of sub-clinical pulmonary TB infection. The overall TB prevalence found was 1.2% (2/164). Significant risk factors that could facilitate disease transmission in the prison included lack of BCG immunization (p = 0.017); history of contact with TB patients (p = 0.020); prolonged cough (p = 0.016) and drug abuse (p = 0.019). Our findings of 1.2% undetected pulmonary TB infection among the inmates though low; still reiterate previous observation that the prison setting constitutes a veritable environment for TB transmission and a threat to public health. Efforts are therefore needed to institute routine screening and reduce the risk factors associated with TB transmission among prison inmates in Nigeria.
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    Management and operations of selected slaughterhouses in Oyo and Lagos
    (2012) Adesokan, H.K; Oyedoyun, A.A; Ishola, O.O; Cadmus,S.I.B
    slaughterhouse are critical point in the meat production continuum and key element in disease control chain among animals and humans. Poor mamagement and operations in slaughterhouses could undermine these potential benefits. In this study, we investigated the management and operations of 25 randomly selected urban slaughterhouses in south-western Nigeria through the use of questionnaire method. the results show that 80% of the slaughterhouses were owned by the government while the remaining were privately owned. However, 48% of the government slaughterhouses were managed by the chairmen of butchers associations, majority of whom had only primary (36%) or no formal education (20%). while only 4% each had bleeding area and slaughter hall, 84% lacked facilities for chilling meat. furthermore, 88% of these slaughterhouses indiscriminately slaughtered cattle above two years old, an important factor when considering meat palatability. overall, the low educational status of the personnel managing some of these slaughterhouses coupled with the poor facilities could adversely affect hygeinic processing of caresses thereby undermining the drive for food safety. in conclusion, we advocate the need for government to step up her supervisory activities regarding the operations and hygienic standards of slaughterhouses in Nigeria in order to safe guard public health.
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    importance at Oko-Oba abbatoir,Lagos state
    (2010) Cadmus, S.I.B; Adesokan,H.K; Adejuwon,T.A; Adeyemi, M.O
    Meat inspection in abbatoirs plays a fundamental role in identifying zoonotic diseases in animals slaughtered for human consumption. This study was carried out to review the current status of tuberculosis annd other diseases of public health importance in slaughtered cattle at Oko-Oba abbatoir,Lagos state over a period of four years (2004-2007). A total of 1, 154. 757 cattle were slaughtered from which 22, 073 (1.91%) HAD PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS: with 4, 734 (0.41%) and 17, 339 (1.50%) being due to tuberculosis and other diseases of public health importance respectively. The overall infection rate varied significantly with seasons of the year (p< 0.05, xsquare=25.76). similarly, the 1.50% for the non-tuberculosis diseases comprising fascioliasis (0.67%), myiasis(0.42%), dermatophilosis (0.30%) and cysticercosis (0.11%) differs significantly from the 0.41% recorded for tuberculosis (p<0.05). therefore showing more losses attributed to these other diseases. Our findings show that approximately two out of every 100 cattle slaughtered at this abbatoir pose potential health risks to the consumers in the state. Hence, the government and other stakeholders in the livestock industry need to join efforts at controlling and possibly eradicating these diseases fron the cattle population.