Crop Protection & Environmental Biology

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Chlorophyll and protein contents of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) planted on heavy metal contaminated soil in response to different organic amendments.
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the African Union Commission (AUC, 2015) Adejumo, S. A.
Comparative study of different rates of composts made from mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and cassava peels on maize growth on lead contaminated soil.
(David Publishing Company, 2013) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun A. O.; Adediran, J. A
Attempts made by several researchers to reduce the effects of soil contamination and enhance crop growth are either expensive or ecologically-unacceptable. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to test for the effects of different rates of Mexican Sunflower and Cassava peels composts on remediation of lead contaminated soil and growth of maize planted on it. Application rates of 0 t ha-1 (R1), 10 t ha-1 (R2), 20 t ha-1 (R3), 30 t ha-1 (R4) and 40 t ha-1 (R5) were used and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. It was observed that compost application enhanced the growth and yield of maize on this soil compared to control. Higher application rates (30 t/ha and 40 t/ha) of both composts significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter yield of maize planted on the contaminated soils. An increase of up to 95% in maize biomass was achieved with higher rate of compost application. In terms of heavy metal concentration in the maize tissue, application of compost reduced the Pb concentration in the plant tissue compared to control. Maize growth can be improved on contaminated site using compost prepared from Mexican Sunflower and applied at the rate of 30 and 40 t ha-1.
Influence of different types of organic amendments on soil remediation and performance of maize grown on a lead contaminated soil.
(Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, 2012) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun A. O.; Adediran J. A.
Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils rcsults in long term environmental problem, elevateci heavy metal uptake by crops and food poisoning. Remediation of sites contaminateci by heavy metals is therefore pertinent. Incubation and greenhouse studies were conducted to test for thè effects of different types of compost on soil remediation and thè growth of maizc planted on rcmediated battery wastes contaminated soil. Composts made from five different plani materials (Soyabean stover (SS), Maize Stover (MS), Mexican Sunflower (SW), Cassava Wastes (CW) and Neem Seeds (MS) as well as Poultry Manure (PM) alone and Organo-mineral fertilizer (OM) were used. Each was applied at thè rate of 20 t/ha. Pre-cropping soil Chemical compositions showed that lead concentration (148000 mg/kg) was significantly higher than thè permissible level (300 mgkg1) at thè study site. Results of incubation studies revealed a progressive reduction in heavy metal concentrations for thè sampling periods. MSW and CW composts significantly reduced soil lead by 39% and 38% respectively followed by SS (33%), MS (28%), PM (26%), NS (25%) and OM (23%). Application of compost to thè contaminated soil also enhanced vegetative growth of maize when compared with control. SS, CW, NS, MS, MSW, OM, and PM increased thè dry matter yield by 49%, 60%, 56%, 24%, 68% , 55% and 27% respectively over control. Unlike thè maize plants grown on organic amendcd contaminated soil, control Dlants started showing toxicity symptoms such as necrotic lesions, chlorosis, wilting and eventual death. Organic imendment also increased nutrients uptake by maize crop compared to control plants. Generally organic amendments proved effective in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and had ameliorative effects on crop growing on contaminated soil. Among thè organic amendments, MSW and CW performed better.
Poultry litter management in Lagos and effects of its soil application on the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus
(Academic Journals., 2015) Ogundiran, M. B.; Ademola, E. F.; Adejumo, S. A.
Poultry litter constitutes one of the animal wastes that are produced in large quantity. Information on the quantity generated may enhance planning for its utilisation. Quantification of poultry litter (PL) generated and its utilisation is rare in Nigeria. This study was designed to investigate PL management in Lagos, Nigeria and possible utilisation potential. Questionnaires were distributed to poultry farmers in Lagos to evaluate poultry waste generation and management practices. Additionally, PL was also quantified from selected farms. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the agronomic effects of raw and composted PL (each applied at 0, 5, 10 t/ha and replicated four times) on the growth and heavy metals uptake of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra). Poultry farms were situated in the residential, non-residential and industrial areas with non-residential areas housing a larger percentage. About 53% of the farms were located near rivers or streams. A few of the poultry farmers treated and utilised PL using chemical and physical methods before disposal. Also, no record of waste utilization was found in 72.3% of the farms. About 87.4% of the farmers quantified the PL generated. About 89.3% of the farmers disposed PL in open dumpsites. Mean poultry litter generated from four farms per bird/day was 0.11 ± 0.001 kg. The HMs contents in plants grown on the poultry treated soils were below the permissible levels in soil. The heavy metals concentrations in the leaves and fruits (which are usually the edible parts of okra plants) for all the treatments fall within WHO/FAO permissible levels. Overall, soil amended with 5 t/ha composted poultry litter performed best in terms of fruit production and reduction in HMs uptake. The use of composted poultry litter as fertiliser at calculated quantity will increase PL management.
Proline, soluble sugar, leaf starch and relative water contents of four maize varieties in response to different watering regimes.
(Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Life Sciences in Iaș, 2016) Anjorin, F. B.; Adejumo, S. A.; Agboola, L.; Samuel, Y. D
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of four maize varieties to different simulated watering regimes in term of proline, starch and soluble sugar contents as well as relative water content. Maize seeds were planted in 64 plastic pots of 20 litre capacity, arranged in a factorial fitted in completely randomized design (CRD), with four replications in the screen house of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (I.A.R&T), Moor Plantation Ibadan. The watering was done based on the designated field capacities (FC) of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Fresh leaf samples were collected five weeks after planting and at the end of each stress period. The proline, soluble sugar, leaf starch and the relative water contents in the leaves were estimated. The results obtained showed that watering regime significantly influenced the leaf starch, soluble sugar, proline and relative water contents. The varieties also differ significantly in the proline, soluble sugar content, leaf starch and the relative water contents. Watering regime and variety interaction was significant for soluble sugar, starch, proline and the relative water content. Highest soluble sugar of 1.28 mg/g and proline of 35.70 μmol/g FW were obtained when FC was 25% and lowest when watering level was optimum. The starch and relative water contents were optimum under full watering (100% FC) and lowest when field capacity was 25%. Variations were observed with regards to different maize varieties. ART98SW6-OB accumulated the highest quantity of soluble sugar and proline under 25 and 50% field capacities alongside DTESYN, which is a drought tolerant maize variety. It could be concluded that water stress increased production of soluble sugar and proline, while water availability increases relative water content and favors starch accumulation. The consideration of these metabolites alongside other physiological features is a very fast and reliable method for drought tolerant plant selection even at the plant seedling growth stage.
Re-establishment of vegetation on soil contaminated by heavy metals in response to Mexican sunflower and cassava peels composts.
(Enproct Consultants Ltd, 2012) Adejumo, S. A.; Awodoyin, R. O.; Togun, A. O.
Soil contamìnation by industriai wastes contributes greatly to poor soil fertility, ecological imbalance and phytotoxicity. To restore soil fertility and encourage plant growth, remediation of contaminated land becomes pertinent. The use of organic amendment has been reported to be effective for restoration of heavy metal contamiflàted soil Effects of Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia: MSC) and Cassava peels (Manihot esculentum: CPC) composts, each applied at 20 and 40 t/ha as well as inorganic fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) applied at 100 kgN/ha were investigated for restoration and re-vegetation of a degraded battery wastes contaminated site. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Ordination method was used to measure flora diversity and abundance among treatments. The species ìmportance in thè eco System was determine d using Relative Importance Values (RIV) before application of compost (BAC), at 4 weeks after compost application (4WACA) and at 8 weeks after compost application (8WACA). Also, thè dominance and plant species distribution at thè three periods were determined from thè Dominance, Shannon and Equitabilty indices. Application of composts increased thè number of individuai plants on thè contaminated site from 1177 at BAC to 2276 at 8 WACA. Species richness increased from 7 species at BAC to 15 species at 8 WACA. Gomphrena celosoides L. had thè highest RIV value (72.4%) at BAC, 67.0% and 49.6%> at 4 WACA and 8 WACA respectively. The dominance index (DI) decreased from 0.8557 at BAC to 0.6008 at 8 WACA. At 8 WACA thè Shannon index (0.9976) and Equitability index (0.3684) were highest. Application of MSC at 40t/ha (MSC40) reduced Pb level in thè soil by 71.6% followed by CPC40 (67.3%), MSC20 (66.1%) and least in CPC20 (49.5%). NPK fertilizer application had no effect on soil Pb level compared to control. Addìtion of compost significantly increased thè plant nxutrients including phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium in thè soil compared to inorganic fertilizer. The use of compost reduced Pb contamination, improved soil fertility, enhanced re-vegetation and flora diversity of battery waste contaminated site more than inorganic fertilizer. The prevalence of G. celosioides may suggest that it has potentials for thè phytoremediation oflead-acid battery polluted soil.