Crop Protection & Environmental Biology

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Agro-physiologic effects of compost and biochar produced at different temperatures on growth, photosynthetic pigment and micronutrients uptake of maize crop
(Academic Journals., 2016) Adejumo, S. A.; Owolabi, M. O.; Odesola, I. F.
The production and use of biochart and compost present many opportunities for soil improvement and agricultural productivity. However, the yield and performance of biochar depend on the feedstocks, pyrolysing temperatures and rate of application. Experiments were conducted to find out the effect of compost and biochar produced from two different feed stocks (Rice husk and Mexican sunflower) and pyrolysed at different temperatures (300, 350 and 400°C) on the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and chlorophyll contents of maize (Zea mays L.,). These were applied at three levels (5, 10 and 15 ton/ha) and the pots were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates. Data were collected on growth and yield attributes of maize, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient uptake by maize crop.The results showed that the feedstock pyrolyzed at temperature between 300 to 350°C and compost applied at higher rate between 10 to 15 ton/ha performed better. On the growth and yield parameters, compost and biochar at relatively low temperature and applied at 15 t/ha performed better than other treatments including control both at the main and residual experiments On the residual effect, the two types of biochar performed better than compost most especially sunflower biochar pyrolysed at 300 and 350°C and applied at 15 t/ha. The chlorophyll formation was enhanced more in maize treated with higher rates of biochar than lower rates. The result indicates that depending on feedstock, biochar and compost have potentials to serve as nutrient sources.
Allelopathic effect of pentaclethra macrophylla benth. leaf extracts on germination and seedling growth of maize and okra
(2020) Ogbu, J.U.; Awodoyin, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. is an indigenous leguminous tree of southern Nigeria's agroecosystems, whose seeds are used as spices; however, its allelopathy potential is not understood. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating P. macrophylla allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of maize and okra. Materials and Methods: Allelopathic effects of Aqueous Leaf Extracts (ALE) of P. macrophylla at 0 (control), 10, 20, 40 and 80% concentrations on maize (n = 200) and okra (n = 200) seed germination and seedling growth were assessed in laboratory and screen house nursery. Total germination (%) for both crops was determined at one Week After Sowing (WAS); while Number of Leaves (NL), Plant Height(PH) (cm), Root Length (RL) (cm) and Dry Weight (DW) (g) were evaluated at 8 WAS. Experimental design used in the study was completely randomized design. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at a0.05. Results: Above 90.0% germination was recorded for maize in all the ALE concentrations, while for okra ALE-10 gave significantly highest germination (90.0±8.7%) and ALE-80 gave least (42.5±26.3%). Maize and okra seedlings given ALE-40 had highest NL, PH and DW;* while ALE-0 (control) had least values in PH and DW, respectively. Control had highest RL in both crops. The ALE-10 gave least RL in maize and ALE-20 gave least RL in okra. Conclusion: Pentaclethra macrophylla aqueous leaf extract at 10% enhanced germination, while 40% concentration encouraged dry matter accumulation and height in maize and okra seedlings.
Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of olax subscorpioidea oliv. on seed germination and growth of okra (abelmoschus esculentus (l.) moench) in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2022) Ayoola, D.O.; Olubode, O.S.
Allelochemicals are being explored as environmentally friendly options in weed management and crop yield improvement as opposed to use of synthetic pesticides which have serious environmental damages. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of different parts of Olax subscorpioidea on Okra seed germination in Petri-dish bioassays and okra performance in pot experiment were conducted in the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan using a complete randomized design (CRD) and with treatments replicated five times. Ten okra seeds in three replicates were treated in separate petri-dishes with 2 ml water extracts of stem, leaf, fruit, bark and root of Olax subscorpioidea, and 2 ml distilled water (control) in two trials. Pot trials was carried out using okra seedlings with treated with 100 ml extracts at seven days intervals. Data were collected on number of germinated seeds daily and lengths of five randomly selected plumules and radicles at 7 days after sowing (DAS). Number of leaves, plant height, root and shoot dry weight of seedlings were also measured using standard methods. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Statistically significant (P<0.05) means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Leaf extract had the highest concentrations of phenolic, flavonoid and saponin compounds compared, while the stem extract had the least metabolite concentrations. Leaf extracts exerted highest inhibition on okra germination at 2 and 7 DAS in the first trial and at 7 DAS in the second trial compared to the bark, stem, root and fruit extracts of Olax subscorpioidea. The seedling growth and yield parameters in treatment extracts were better than control. In conclusion, Olax subscorpioidea has allelopathic potential with effects on germination and seedling growth of okra. It can be used as an alternative bioherbicide. Its production and agricultural potentials should be promoted.
Allelopathic potential of some biocontrol agents for the control of fungal rot of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam)
(2015) Dania, V. O; Fadina, O.O; Ayodele, M..; Kumar, P. L.
The adverse effects of synthetic pesticides on human health and natural ecosystem necessitate the need to explore natural mechanisms of disease control in plants. This study evaluated the allelopathic potential of five biocontrol agents: Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens in the control of six fungal pathogens associated with tuber rot of Dioscorea cayenensis. Rotten tuber samples were randomly collected across three agro-ecological zones (AEZs): humid rainforest (HF), derived savanna (DS), and southern Guinea savanna (SGS) in Nigeria. Biocontrol agents were isolated from the yam rhizosphere using the serial dilution method; the agar paring method was used for the in vivo trials. The destruction sampling method was used to evaluate rot control by the antagonists in vivo. Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 64.71% across the HF, 52.08% across the DS, and 41.98% across the SGS. B. subtilis had the highest inhibitory zone of 16.7+0.05% when paired with A. niger, 15.4+ 0.01% with Lasiodiplodia theobromate, 14.0 + 0.33% with Penicillium oxalicum, 7.1 + 0.14% when paired with Rhizoctonia solani: 17.1 + 0.11% with Sclerotium rolfisii, and 10.3 + 0.94% with Fusarium oxysporum. All biocontrol agents significantly (P=0.05) reduced rot development of the test pathogens relative to the control in the in vivo experiment. The establishment of a distant zone of inhibition, especially by the bacterial antagonist attests to the fact that they produced allelochemical substances. Therefore, further research is recommended to evaluate the biochemical composition of these microbial metabolites, their level of toxicity, and fate in the environment
Ameliorative roles of compost on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to drought stress at vegetative and reproductive growth stages
(Society of Land Measurements and Cadastre from Transylvania - SMTCT, 2020) Ezeh, O. S.; Adejumo, S. A.
Okra growth and yield are adversely affected by drought at different growth stages. This is aggravated by poor soil fertility. In this study, the roles of compost applied at 0, 5 and 10 t/ha on the tolerance and morphophysiological response of okra (NHAe 47-4) exposed to varying levels of water stress (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% field capacity, FC), at different growth stages (vegetative, reproductive and vegetative-reproductive stages) for ten days duration were assessed. Data were collected on okra growth and yield, leaf relative water content (LRWC), leaf photosynthetic pigments (LPG) and proline accumulation. Results showed that drought stress reduced LRWC, LPG, growth and yield of Okra. This reduction was more evident in okra plants exposed to severe stress for 10 days and at the reproductive stage. Soil amendment with compost however, had cushioning effect on drought stressed okra. Compared to control, it increased the LRWC, LPG, growth and yield of okra. The ameliorative roles of compost were however, dependent on stress intensity, compost dosage, okra growth stage and stress duration. Though, okra plants stressed at 25% FC were more affected by drought stress, but compared to the un-amended soil, those grown on amended soil were more tolerant. Higher compost rate was superior to lower rates. Whereas, higher proline accumulation was recorded in plant exposed to 25% field capacity without amendment, proline accumulation was reduced in the plants grown on compost amended soil and exposed to drought which was an indication of stress reduction. Generally, okra stressed at vegetative growth stage only was able to recover rapidly and had better yield compared to those stressed at reproductive growth stage. It is concluded that addition of compost to soil could reduce the drought stress effect on okra.
Anatomical changes, osmolytes accumulation and distribution in the native plants growing on Pb-contaminated sites
(Springer, 2020) Adejumo, S. A.; |Oniosun, B.; Akpoilih, O. A.; Adeseko, A.; Arowo, D. O.
Native plants growing on heavy-metalcontaminated sites are the potential candidates for phytoremediation of contaminated sites due to their tolerance and adaptation to toxic environment. For better application of the technology, in-depth knowledge and understanding of the anatomy and physiology of these plant species are essential. In this study, anatomical changes in roots and leaves of various plant species growing on Pb-contaminated sites as well as osmolytes (proline, PR; glycine betaine, GB; and phenolics, PH) production and distribution in different plant parts were investigated. The soil and plant samples were collected in triplicates from two different Pb-contaminated sites, while control plants were collected from the University of Ibadan. The plants were washed and partitioned into different parts for anatomical and biochemical studies, and soil adhering to the roots of different plant species was collected for the determination of Pb contents. Sporobolus pyramidalis, Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica, Eleusine indica, Gomphrena celosioides, Rhinconspora corymbosa and Echinochloa colona are the plant species common to these contaminated sites. Though with variations based on the site, thick epidermis and sclerenchyma, pronounced and numerous vascular bundles as well as trichomes were some of the anatomical characteristics of these metallophytes from contaminated sites compared to their counterparts from uncontaminated site. These plants also produced PR, GB and PH, with PH being the highest followed by PR and GB. Accumulation in different parts of the plants also varied depending on the plant species and the osmolyte. They were more in the leaf than other plant parts. Among the plant species, Sporobolus pyramidalis had the highest value of proline (3.26 and 2.63 lg/g FW) and glycine betaine (3.44 and 2.23 lg/FW) in the leaf and stem, respectively, followed by Cynodon dactylon having 2.20 and 0.89 lg/g FW proline and 2.02 and 0.94 lg/g FW glycine betaine. On the Pb accumulation in plant, more lead (Pb) was found in the roots than other plant parts. Gomphrena celosioides accumulated the highest Pb (4537.50 and 1081.50 mg/kg) in the root and shoot, respectively, followed by Eleusine indica (3988 and 699.00 mg/kg), while the lowest values were recorded for Echinochloa colona (36.87 and 5.97 mg/kg). In rhizospheric soils, G. celosioides had the highest Pb content (34,405.00 mg/kg) which was higher than other rhizospheric soils. In conclusion, phenolics were produced more in these metallophytes and all the osmolytes were more in leaf than root. Anatomical modifications in response to heavy metal exposure differed between plant species and level of contamination. Lead accumulation in plant also varied depending on plant species.
The Antifungal and nematicidal potentials of vernonia amygdalina on cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp)
(2013) Onoja, C.U; Fadina, O.O
Vernonia amygdalina is a herbaceous plant that grows in the wild and is widely cultivated as food crop in sub-Saharan Africa. The study evaluated its fungicidal and nematicidal Potentials. Isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina were obtained from germinating cowpea variety IT845-2246-4 growing on natural infested soil at screen house in International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria (70 261 N, 50 541 E) and then subcultured to achieve pure culture, while inculum of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp. was obtained from infested Celosia sp. plants through Standard pathological and hematological procedures. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of V. amygdalina at various concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% were prepared and tested in-vitro against Macrophomina phaseolina and the root knot nematode Meloidogyne sp. At incubation of 27.50C-30C for 7-days, radial growth of the plated M. phaseolina was measured at 24-hour intervals and percentage fungitoxicity calculated, while Meloidogyne sp. egg hatch and Td juvenile stage mortality were observed at 24-hour intervals for a 10- day period. Fungitoxicity tests showed aqueous extracts of 5% and 10% concentration significant/y inhibited mycelia growth (32.08% and 34.77%, respectively) when compared with the control Ethanol extracts exhibited 100% fungicidal activity. Furthermore, egg hatch by Meloidogyne sp. was completely inhibited by both extracts preparation at 2.5% and 5% concentrations while 100% mortality of Meloidogyne sp. juveniles was observed on the fifth day post-treatment. Vernonia amygdalina was identified as a natural, readily available and cheap source of fungicide and nematicide. It is recommended for control of charcoal rot infection and Meloidogyne sp. infestation of cowpea.
Assessment of bitter yam (dioscorea dumentorum [kunth] pax) production in Oyo state, Nigeria
(2023) Olubode, O.S.; Fasola, I.A.; Gbadamosi, I.T.
Production of bitter yam (Discoreae dumentorum [Kunth.] Pax) is low in Oyo State, Nigeria. Two varieties are mainly cultivated, but there is limited information on factors responsible for low production and varietal preferences among farmers. This study investigated the demography, farming practices and differential proximate compositions as probable causes of low production of bitter yam in Oyo State. One hundred and twenty (120) copies of structured questionnaire were administered to selected respondents. Multistage sampling was used in selecting respondents in Oyo state from local government areas constituting four agricultural zones and 12 villages to collect demographic, production-related information, and constraints to production. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result revealed that although bitter yam cultivation in Oyo state was male dominated (70%), majority of the farmers were old (57%), married (72%) and poorly educated (55%). Its production was for subsistence, and it was mainly grown in intercrop with other yam species. Ranked production constraints indicated poor marketability as the most extremely severe constraint, followed by labour unavailability and storage inadequacies. White bitter yam variety with superior basic proximate composition than Yellow Yam was preferred for cultivation. Subsistence production of bitter yam in Oyo state could be up-scaled through government intervention via farmer-centered education and public awareness and provision of infrastructure to facilitate cultivation, transportation, and storage.
Assessment of plant population on growth, fibre and seed yield of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) in Ibadan Western
(The Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria., 2019) Olanipekun, S.O.; Togun, A.O.; Adejumo, S.A.; Adeniyan, O.N.; Adebayo, A.K
Kenaf is a multi-purpose crop with numerous industrial uses. Its production is constrained by poor cultural and agronomic practices which reduce yield. Inappropriate spacing among others could result in low yield. Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of kenaf was investigated in Ibadan, Nigeria. Kenaf seed was sown (2 plants/stand) at three plant spacing: 50×15, 50×20, 50×25 cm was assessed for seed and bast fibre yields using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The analysis was done using statistical analysis system (SAS). Plant spacing differed significantly for bast fibre and seed yields. Highest bast fibre yield (0.9±0.03) and seed yield (0.5±0.01) were obtained at 50×20 cm and 50×25 cm spacing, respectively, while the lowest bast fibre yield (0.7±0.01) and seed yield (0.3±0.01) were obtained at 50×15 cm spacing. Spacing of 50 × 15 cm and 50 × 20 cm are appropriate when planting for fibre while 50 × 25cm is appropriate for seed production.
Assessment of soil seed banks in relation to aboveground vegetation in three ecosystems within university of ibadan, Ibadan, South Western Nigeria
(2020) Afolabi, A.S.; Egberongbe, R.K.; Awodoyin, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.
Succession after disturbance. In the assessment of natural re-vegetation capacity of some ecosystems within the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, SSB contents were assessed and compared with the above-ground vegetation (AGV). Three ecosystems (Arable, Fallow and Plantation) were selected, with 25 x 25 m area marked out in each for random sampling, using XY-ordinate technique. Ten points were located for placement of wooden quadrat (50 x 50 cm). All plant species that rooted within each quadrat were enumerated. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth at the centre of each quadrat and bulked by site. One kilogram soil, replicated 12 times in each site, was monitored for seedling emergence for five months. Species richness (R), Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Jaccard Similarity Index (J) were determined for AGV and SSB. Plant family Poaceae dominated AGV while Amaranthaceae dominated SSB in all ecosystems. The R in AGV and SSB ranged from 14-24 and 6-15 respectively. The H' in AGV were close (2.27-2.69) but ranged from 0.84 (plantation) to 2.27 (arable) in SSB. The J for SSB/AGV were 33.3%, 14.3% and 5.9% in arable, fallow and plantation ecosystem respectively, indicating the highest species resemblance in the most disturbed arable ecosystem.
Assessment of soil seedbank composition, woody species composition and structure in olokemeji forest reserve, ogun state, nigeria.
(2017) Taiwo, D.M.; Olubode, O.S.; Oyelowo, O. J.
Olokemeji forest reserve has undergone tremendous changes through anthropogenic impact on the forest ecosystem, such human impacts include farming activities, logging of wood and burning. The soil seed bank composition, woody species composition and structure were studied with a view to determine the restoration potential of the forest reserve. Six sample plots (Frequently burnt plot 1, Frequently burnt plot 2, Harvested plot, Unharvested Unburnt plot, Arable plot 1 and Arable plot 2) designated as FT1, FT2, HP, UP, AP1 and AP2 were randomly selected. Floral species identification, relative importance value (RIV), species diversity and multivariate analysis all followed standard procedures. Three replicate soil samples were collected at two different depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) from each plot and they were subjected to seedling emergence for five months to determine the species composition, density and diversity of the seed banks of the six study plots. The results of seedling emergence showed that soil collected at 0-15 cm depth had a higher RIV, species diversity, individual, abundance and dominance index than soil collected at 15-30 cm depth. However, the evenness index for seedlings in the soil seed bank was considerably high across the two soil depths which depicted equal measure of spread within each study plots at both soil depths. Tectona grandis was highest in RIV. The dominance index for the woody flora was 1 in frequently burnt Plot 1 and 2 as well as Arable Plot 1 and 2 except for the Harvested Plot that had the lowest (0.29) while the . Unharvested unburnt Plot had 0.75. The diversity in Harvested Plot was low (1.54), while it was extremely low in Unharvested unburnt Plot (0.43). Trees in Unharvested unburnt Plot had the highest mean diameters at breast height, basal areas and mean heights, while the Arable Plots had lowest mean diameters at breast height, mean basal areas and mean heights.
Attributes and ecological potentials of dumpsite flora in the peri-urban area of Ibadan, Nigeria
(2023) Olubode, O.S.; Ibrahim, B.A.
Dumpsites are spaces used disposal of urban and peri-urban wastes. Their public health concern has not made them to be adequately explored for positive potentials in Nigeria. This study investigated the the floristic structure and comparative potential of a dumpsite with arable farms for conservation and phytoremediation. The study was conducted at a 10-hectare peri-urban Lapite dumpsite (N 07o34.121ʹ, E 003o54.857ʹ) in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; and three arable farmlands (Control) located 200 m-300 m away from Dumpsite. Stratified sampling was conducted using 414 quadrats (each 1m2) in five strata of dumpsite, and a systematic sampling of flora of farms with 263 quaddrats in 21 transects laid 5 m apart. Data were collected on species composition, abundance,density and frequency of occurence. They were subjected to analysis of Relative importance value (RIV), density, and multivariate analysis. Species with phytoremediation potentials were identified. Ninety one species of herbaceous flora in 33 families and 99 species in 38 families were enumerated on the dumpsite and farmlands respectively. Solanum nigrum L., Tridax procumbens Linn., Amaranthus spinosus Linn., Laportea aestuans (Linn.) chew., Acalypha fimbriata Schum. & Thonn., and Lufa cylindrica Mill were the most dominant species on the dumpsite with RIVs of 8.40, 8.17, 7.54, 7.21, 6.38 and 5.79 respectively. Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss., Tridax procumbens L., Euphorbia heterophylla Linn., Spermacoce ocymoides Burm f., and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray were most dominant on farmlands with RIVs of 13.74, 7.05, 6.60, 6.07, and 5.57 respectively. Dumpsite flora had higher diversity (H`=3.501) than control plots (H`=3.294). The dominance value (0.0486) was low compared to the control farms (0.07131). The lora of the two sites were grouped by habitatt preference.Higher species diversity and pervasive presence of invasive Tridax procumbens linn., Laportea aestuans (Linn.) chew., and Lufa cylindrica Mill. On dumpsite indicated potentials for phytoremediation, and candidacy as functional groups and bio-indicators of ecosystem health.
Bacterial Degradation of Contaminated Soil using Organic Manure
(2018) Fadina, O. O.; Solaja, O; Abiodun, A; Adetoyi, H.
Soil contamination is the presence in soil of unwanted impure materials from human activities. Many techniques of remediation of contaminated soils have been developed such as physical, chemical, photo degradation etc. Biological treatments offer the best environmental friendly method for remediating hydrocarbons and other contaminated soils because it utilized the capability of the indigenious micro-organisms in the environment to break down the hydrocarbons and heavy metals into innocuous substances. This study investigated the abilities of bacterial isolated, identified from organic manure and determine the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradative potentials. 2kg of soil was thoroughly mixed with 200ml and 400ml of spent oil to give 5% and 10% (w/w) each of organic manure ,poultry litter(PL),cow dung(CD) and mixed poultry litter and cow dung(MPLCD) was individually introduced into each spent oil contaminated soil and the rate of biodegradation was observed for a period of 12weeks.The percentage of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) loss was significantly higher in the soil contaminated with 5% spent oil amended with MPLCD(40.46%) followed by PL (35.53%) and CD(27.70%) while 32.42% loss only was recorded in the soil contaminated with 10% spent oil and amended with MPLCD while PL was 30.04% and 25.60% for CD. The hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria isolated band identified includes Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Microccus and Staphyloccus. The amendment spent oil contaminated soil with organic manure enhances the rate of degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. These additives can best be suited to remove or neutralize the contaminants in the soil
Biochar in combination with compost enhanced maize growth on contaminated soil and transformed Pb to non-toxic form at the cellular level.
(INIS-IAEA (International Nuclear Information System - International Atomic Energy Agency, 2017) Adejumo, S. A.; Dada K. O.
"Biochar in combination with compost reduced Pb uptake and enhanced the growth of maize in lead (Pb)‑contaminated soil exposed to drought stress "
(Springer, 2010) Adejumo, S. A.; Arowo, D. O.; Ogundiran, M. B.; Srivastava, P.
Crops are constantly faced with the challenges of different abiotic stresses on the field. Development of sustainable approach for stress amelioration on crop is pertinent. This study investigated the ameliorative roles of biochar and compost on maize crop simultaneously subjected to drought and heavy metal (Pb) stresses. Metal stress was imposed by growing maize on Pb-contaminated soil while drought stress was imposed by reducing the soil field capacity to 25 and 50%. Four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) of biochar and compost replicated three times as well as their combinations were used. Pb uptake, translocation factors, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes (proline and cysteine), biomass accumulation in stressed maize crop, and post-cropping soil Pb concentration were determined. Combination of stresses reduced biomass accumulation in maize. Biochar in combination with compost, however, enhanced biomass production in stressed maize crop by 50–75% compared to unamended soil (control). Proline accumulation was more under the single stress of heavy metal (100% FC) compared to combined stresses. Unlike proline, combined stresses of Pb and 50% FC enhanced chlorophyll and cysteine accumulation more than single stress. Their concentrations were further increased with amendments compared to control. Pb accumulation in maize crop was more under combined stresses than single stress (100% FC). Compared to other soil amendments, application of biochar alone at 10 t/ha, generally reduced Pb uptake by maize and post-cropping soil Pb concentration. Biochar and compost reduced Pb uptake, and enhanced biomass and osmolyte production in stressed maize crop.
Biological Control of Root Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) On Tissue Cultural Banana (Dwarf Carvendish Var. Basarai)
(2004) Fadina, O. O; Nadgauda, S. R
Biocontrol powder Phule Trichoderma has been successfully used on a number of horticultural crops. The present investigation was carried out to explore the nematicidal properties of Phule Trichoderma against the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infesting the tissue culture banana (Dwarf Cavendish - var. Basarai). In vitro tests slowed that the various concentrations of Phule Trichoderma prevented nematode egg hatching and also resulted in 100% mortality of nematode juveniles. Tissue culture banana plants were also dipped into various concentrations of Phule Trichoderma before planting out into plastic bags. Plant were inoculated with 250 nematode juveniles and alter ten days, the roots were stained with cotton blue lactophenol and nematodes were counted under a dissecting microscope. The results indicated that the higher the concentration of Phule Trichoderma in banana plants, the lower the ability of the nematode to penetrate the roots. Furthermore, the nematode juveniles that penetrated the treated roots were found dead. This could have resulted from the toxic metabolites produced front Phule Trichoderma. Also, root zone treatment of plants treated with Phule Trichoderma prevented the development of giant cells and roots knots in treated plants while the development of giant cells and root knots were observed in untreated plants exposed to nematode infestation.
Biology and Ecology of the Leafroller (Sylepta derogata Fabricius) on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)
(2012-07) IYAMU, J. I.
Sylepta derogata, Fabricius a major insect pest, defoliates and causes enormous yield loss in Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench. Control of the pest with chemicals and other methods have not been successful due to scanty information on the biology and ecology of the pest. This study was conducted to assess the biology and ecology of Sylepta derogata on Abelmoschus esculentus. Abelmoschus esculentus was planted in early (March-June, 2009), mid (July-September, 2009) and late (November 2009-January,2010) seasons at the Crop Garden of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design in four replicates. Larval population of S. derogata was estimated on 23 randomly selected plants/replicate. Data were collected on temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and percentage field infestation. Leaves of weeds around the experimental plot were observed for habitation and damage by S. derogata. Observations were made on the presence of natural enemies on S. derogata in the field and identified in the laboratory. The life cycle of S. derogata was investigated in the field under natural weather conditions of 22oC-31oC, 39-90% relative humidity and mean rainfall of 2.8 mm. In the laboratory, assessment was done under room temperature of 24oC-28oC and 79-92% relative humidity, on the reproductive biology, development and morphometrics of immature stages of S. derogata. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and ANOVA at P=0.05. The field population of S. derogata larvae was highest in November and December with 96.2% larval infestation while it was lowest in July and August with 16.1% and 11.3% infestation respectively coinciding with the highest fruit yield. A significant (P=0.05) inverse relationship was observed between S. derogata abundance; and each of rainfall (r = -0.80) and temperature only (r = -0.85) in early season, rainfall (r = -0.28) and temperature (r = -0.17) in mid-season and temperature (r = -0.73) in late season when rainfall receded. However, a significant (P=0.05) direct relationship was observed between S. derogata abundance and relative humidity at the late season planting (r = 0.18). The mean developmental period from egg to adult was 28 days. The life cycle consisted of egg, five larval stages, pre-pupa, pupa and adult stages. The mean oviposition period was 2 days. The head capsule width ranged from 0.2mm in the first instar to 2.1mm in the fifth instar. The growth index of 1.8 recorded did not conform to Dyar’s rule of 1.4. The females were significantly larger in size than the males. The sex ratio was 1.5:1 (male: female). Apanteles sp was the natural enemy identified on S. derogata which could be used as biological control agent of the larval stages of S. derogata, while the alternative host plant was Solanum nigrum. Late season planting of Okra requires control measures. Apanteles sp can be used in the control of S. derogata on okra. The short developmental period of S. derogata indicates the possibility of this pest completing two generations on okra during the growing season thereby increasing the larval population and leaf damage.
Cassava micropropagation in a developing economy: efficacy of the use of alternative sources of water, macro and micro-nutrients
(Science Association of Nigeria, 2003) Balogun, M. O.; Ng, S. Y. C.; Fawole, I.
The effect of water, micro- and macro-nutrient source on growth and development of cassava plantlets was investigated. Two varieties of cassava (TME 2 and TMS 4(2) 1425) were used. The double- distilled water currently being used was substituted with well water, IITA tap water and water from air conditioner (a/c); while the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium popularly adopted as the source of macro-nutrients, micro-nutrients and vitamins was also substituted with fertilizers and multimineral tablet. Percentage root formation, plantlet formation and number of roots per plantlet were considerably reduced when tap water was used in TMS 4(2) 1425 but not in TME 2. Well water and a/c water performed equally well as double-distilled water in supporting plantlet growth and development. Almost all the plantlets grown in medium with fertilizer as macro-nutrient source did not survive while those grown in medium with multimineral tablet as micro-nutrient source appeared stunted. Most of those grown in medium with both fertilizer and multimineral tablet as macro- and micro-nutrient sources also did not survive. MS basal medium still proved to be the best in supporting plantlet growth and development, it was however the most expensive.
Chlorophyll and protein contents of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) planted on heavy metal contaminated soil in response to different organic amendments.
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the African Union Commission (AUC, 2015) Adejumo, S. A.
Clean breeder seed yam tuber production using temporary immersion bioreactors
(International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, 2017) Balogun, M.; Maroya, N.; Taiwo, J.; Ajayi, A.; Ossai, C.; Lava, K.; Pelemo, O.; Aighewi, B.; Asiedu, R.