Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Ameliorative roles of compost on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to drought stress at vegetative and reproductive growth stages(Society of Land Measurements and Cadastre from Transylvania - SMTCT, 2020) Ezeh, O. S.; Adejumo, S. A.Okra growth and yield are adversely affected by drought at different growth stages. This is aggravated by poor soil fertility. In this study, the roles of compost applied at 0, 5 and 10 t/ha on the tolerance and morphophysiological response of okra (NHAe 47-4) exposed to varying levels of water stress (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% field capacity, FC), at different growth stages (vegetative, reproductive and vegetative-reproductive stages) for ten days duration were assessed. Data were collected on okra growth and yield, leaf relative water content (LRWC), leaf photosynthetic pigments (LPG) and proline accumulation. Results showed that drought stress reduced LRWC, LPG, growth and yield of Okra. This reduction was more evident in okra plants exposed to severe stress for 10 days and at the reproductive stage. Soil amendment with compost however, had cushioning effect on drought stressed okra. Compared to control, it increased the LRWC, LPG, growth and yield of okra. The ameliorative roles of compost were however, dependent on stress intensity, compost dosage, okra growth stage and stress duration. Though, okra plants stressed at 25% FC were more affected by drought stress, but compared to the un-amended soil, those grown on amended soil were more tolerant. Higher compost rate was superior to lower rates. Whereas, higher proline accumulation was recorded in plant exposed to 25% field capacity without amendment, proline accumulation was reduced in the plants grown on compost amended soil and exposed to drought which was an indication of stress reduction. Generally, okra stressed at vegetative growth stage only was able to recover rapidly and had better yield compared to those stressed at reproductive growth stage. It is concluded that addition of compost to soil could reduce the drought stress effect on okra.Item Exogenous proline and hormone in combination with compost improves growth and tolerance of maize under heavy metal stress(Plants and Environmental Research Institute (PERI), Kanpur, India, 2020) Adejumo, S. A.; Awoyemi, V.; Togun, A. O.Abiotic stress such as heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil limits crop production by disrupting plant’s physiological activities and seed germination. Exogenous proline, hormone and compost have been used to induce growth and stress tolerance in crop but little is known about their interactive and anti-oxidative roles in crop exposed to heavy metal stress. This study assessed the effects of pre-sowing seed soaking with exogenous proline (P) and hormones (Gibberellic acid; GA and Indole-acetic acid; IAA) on the Pb accumulation, osmolytes (P, phenolics; PH and Glycine betaine; GB), Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and stress indexes (H2O2 and malonialdehyde; MDA) of maize grown on compost amended Pb (23,959 mg kg-1 Pb) contaminated soil. Compost was applied at 20 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1, P, GA and IAA were applied at 10 mM and 5 mM solely and in combinations to give a total of 34 treatments including control (Distilled water only) and replicated 3 times. Except in IAA treatment, seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H2O2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control. With regards to stress indexes G2+C1 gave the lowest values. Sole application of P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2 enhanced the production of proline in treated plants compared to combined application. Combination with compost was better than hormonal combination. A combination of P2 with C (40 t ha-1) (P2C2) gave the maximum chlorophyll content and reduced the endogenous GB and P. Treatment with P2C2 also reduced Pb accumulation in plant. In conclusion, exogenous application of hormones and proline in combination with organic amendment induces heavy metal tolerance in maize and increased protection against oxidative stress compared to contaminated control. The technique that can enhance crop growth on contaminated soil, reduce metal uptake and provide osmo-protection could be a promising approach.Item "Biochar in combination with compost reduced Pb uptake and enhanced the growth of maize in lead (Pb)‑contaminated soil exposed to drought stress "(Springer, 2010) Adejumo, S. A.; Arowo, D. O.; Ogundiran, M. B.; Srivastava, P.Crops are constantly faced with the challenges of different abiotic stresses on the field. Development of sustainable approach for stress amelioration on crop is pertinent. This study investigated the ameliorative roles of biochar and compost on maize crop simultaneously subjected to drought and heavy metal (Pb) stresses. Metal stress was imposed by growing maize on Pb-contaminated soil while drought stress was imposed by reducing the soil field capacity to 25 and 50%. Four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) of biochar and compost replicated three times as well as their combinations were used. Pb uptake, translocation factors, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes (proline and cysteine), biomass accumulation in stressed maize crop, and post-cropping soil Pb concentration were determined. Combination of stresses reduced biomass accumulation in maize. Biochar in combination with compost, however, enhanced biomass production in stressed maize crop by 50–75% compared to unamended soil (control). Proline accumulation was more under the single stress of heavy metal (100% FC) compared to combined stresses. Unlike proline, combined stresses of Pb and 50% FC enhanced chlorophyll and cysteine accumulation more than single stress. Their concentrations were further increased with amendments compared to control. Pb accumulation in maize crop was more under combined stresses than single stress (100% FC). Compared to other soil amendments, application of biochar alone at 10 t/ha, generally reduced Pb uptake by maize and post-cropping soil Pb concentration. Biochar and compost reduced Pb uptake, and enhanced biomass and osmolyte production in stressed maize crop.Item Evaluation of lead and chromium tolerance and accumulation level in Gomphrena Celosoides: a novel metal accumulator from lead acid battery waste contaminated site in Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Adejumo, S. A.; Tiwari, S.; Thul, S.; Sarangi, B. K.Biology, tolerance, and metal (Pb and Cr) accumulating ability of Gomphrena celosoides were studied under hydroponic conditions. The seedlings were raised in Hoagland’s solution containing different concentrations of Pb (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000mg l_1) and Cr (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400mg l_1). Biomass and metal accumulation in different plant parts were determined at seven (7) and fourteen (14) days after stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities, protein, and proline contents were estimated in stressed and unstressed plants. Gomphrena celosoides was able to tolerate Pb and Cr concentrations up to 4000 and 100mg l_1, respectively in hydroponic solution. Metal accumulation was concentration and duration dependent with the highest Pb (21,127.90 and 117,985.29mg kg_1) and Cr (3130.85 and 2428.90mg kg_1) in shoot and root, respectively found in the plants exposed to 5000mg l_1 Pb and 400mg l_1 Cr for 14 days. Proline, antioxidant enzyme activities, and protein contents were the highest in plant exposed to higher Pb and Cr concentrations for 7 and 14 days. Gomphrena celosoides could be considered as Pb and Cr accumulator with proline and increase in antioxidant enzyme activities being the tolerance mechanismsItem Seed germination and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) on lead contaminated soil in response to compost, exogenous proline and plant growth promoters in Ibadan, Nigeria(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2018) Awoyemi, V.; Adejumo, S. A.Soil contamination with heavy metal poses serious threat to agricultural productivity. It induces oxidative stress on crop and causes reduction in crop yield. To enhance crop production and safety, strategies must be developed to increase crop tolerance to heavy metal toxicity and enhance crop productivity on contaminated sites. Study was carried out to determine the ability of exogenous application of proline, hormones and compost in ameliorating the effect of lead (Pb) stress on maize crop grown on lead-acid battery wastes contaminated soil. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times. The treatments were proline (P), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and compost. Proline and hormones were applied at 0, 5 and 10 mM as seed soaking while compost was applied to the soil two weeks before planting using 0, 20 and 40 t/ha application rates. These were applied individually and in combination to give a total of 34 treatments including, control and replicated 3 times. Un-amended contaminated and uncontaminated soil served as checks. The experiment was terminated eight weeks after planting. Data were collected on maize percentage germination, duration of survival of maize seedlings, growth parameters and dry matter yield. Maize seeds pre-treated with P at 10 mM and C (40 t/ha) and those treated with GA (5 mM) + C (20 t/ha) gave 100% germination on contaminated soil. Compared to contaminated control, duration of survival, maize growth and dry matter yield were enhanced when seeds were pre-treated with exogenous proline and hormone and gown on contaminated soil amended with compost. Seed treatment with 10 mM P + 20 t/ha compost generally increased plant height, number of leaves, stem girth and leaf area relative to control and IAA treatments. Pre-sowing seed treatment with 10 mM P and soil amendment with 40 t/ha compost increased the maize dry matter yield better than other treatments, including control. Maize growth and yield on lead-contaminated soil were enhanced with seed pre-treatment with 10 mM proline and 40 t/ha compost. Exogenous application of proline and gibberellic acid in combination with compost enhanced maize germination, growth and yield in Pb contaminated soil and alleviate Pb toxicity.