Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Intraspecific variability in agro-morphological traits of African yam bean sphenostylis stenocarpa (hochst ex. A. rich) harms(Korean Society of Crop Science and Springer, 2015) Ojuederie, O. B.; Balogun, M. O.; Akande, S. R.; Korie, S.; Omodele, T.Intraspecific variabilities in 40 accessions of African yam bean (AYB) were assessed through characterization of 48 agromorphological traits for two cropping seasons between June and December 2011 and 2012. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis (Semi - partial R squared method). The accessions showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.0001) in 16 reproductive traits. Accessions TSs 66 (144.50 days), TSs 51 (144.67 days) and TSs 154 (144.67 days) were identified as early maturing accessions. The first five principal component axes explained 69.7% of the total variation with PC1 and PC2 contributing 38.9% to the total variation. Correlation coefficients were high and significant for yield traits. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.99***) was observed between seed yield (kg ha-1) and weight of total pods per plant. Tubers were produced from 42.5% of the accessions. The accessions of AYB were meaningfully grouped into five clusters at the R-squared distance of 0.04 similarity index. Phenotypically, AYB 57 and TSs 123 were the most similar accessions with the closest distance of 0.0071. Four seed shapes were identified; oval (82.5%), globular/round (5%), oblong (10%), and rhomboid (2.5%). In order to improve the yield of AYB, the number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of total seeds per pod, and weight of total seed per plant are important determinant factors. The genetic variabilities observed in the traits studied could be utilised for improvement of AYB.Item Variations in in vitro and in vivo indices of photoperiod sensitivity among kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) accessions in Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2013-05) Balogun, M. O.; Olabisi, A. O.; Akande, S. R.In equatorial climates, fibre yield is higher in photo-insensitive kenaf cultivars. To develop a rapid screening method, in vivo and in vitro indices were evaluated. Seven genotypes were grown at natural photoperiod and growth rates before and after flowering, days to flowering and fibre yield were recorded. In vitro, stem and leaf explants of genotypes Tainung and V400 which showed contrasting photoperiodic responses in vivo, were tested for callus induction at 0 and 12 h photoperiod. Calli were transferred to differentiation medium at 12 and 9 h photoperiod and numbers of green spots and embryogenic callus clusters were recorded. Flowering was delayed by at least 27 days in V400 relative to other genotypes. Growth rate reduced by 30% after flowering in all genotypes except V400 where it increased by 60%. Highest yield of 76 g / plant was recorded in V400. Eighty-four percent degree of callus formation by stem was higher than 51% by leaf explants of V400 irrespective of light regime. In Tainung, callus formation varied with explants and photoperiod. Green spots and embryogenic clusters were three times more in Tainung than V400. Both in vivo and in vitro results showed Tainung as photosensitive and V400 as photoinsenstive. Incubating kenaf callus in differentiation medium in 12 h light and evaluating for greenness was useful in screening for photoperiod sensitivity.Item Evaluation of photoperiod sensitivity and adaptation in Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in some Nigerian agro-ecologies(Elsevier, 2012) Balogun, M. O.; Akande, S. R.; Raji, J. A.; Ogunbodede, B. A.Seven genotypes of Kenaf were grown in pots at controlled and natural photoperiod (PP) regimes in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria, to determine their PP sensitivities. Numbers of days to flowering and fibre yield were recorded. The same genotypes were grown on the field at Jos, Ibadan and Badeggi of high altitude, southern guinea savannah and forest agro-ecologies of Nigeria, respectively. Days to flowering, fibre and seed yields were recorded. Potted plants grown at natural PP flowered earliest, 54 days after planting (DAP) while they flowered at 118 DAP at 12 hours PP. IFEKEN DI400flowered 20 days later than other genotypes at both PP regimes, and was grouped as being relatively photo- insensitive. Fibre yield was significantly higher at natural than at 12 hours PP only in IFEKEN DI400, with highest mean yield of24.08g / plant. In the genotype x environment studies, IFEKEN DI400 was consistently latest to flower across locations with an average of 107 days. Mean fibre yield of 11,314.5kg/ha in Ibadan tripled that obtained in Badeggi and Jos. Genotype Tainung had the highest seed yield of 473.75g and 179.35g at Badeggi and Ibadan, respectively while the lowest seed yield 201.08g for Jos was recorded in genotype 8B. Badeggi is recommended for seed production while Ibadan is recommended for fibre production pending the availability of specifically adapted genotypes. The genotypes IFEKEN DI400, Tainung and 8B are candidate genotypes in breeding for high yield and adaptation to Nigerian agro-ecologies.Item Performance of open-pollinated maize varieties in the drier areas of South-western Nigeria(The Genetics Society of Nigeria, 2011) Akande, S. R.; Balogun, M. O.; Idowu, B.; Olowoyo, R. B.The effects of genotype x environment interactions on grain yield of six open-pollinated (OP) maize varieties in two locations within the derived and southern Guinea savanna agroenvironments of southwest Nigeria were investigated using genotype plus genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. Significantly higher grain yields and taller plants were observed at llora (derived savanna) than Ballah (southern Guinea savanna). Grain yields ranged from 1.36 to 3.17 t/ha at Ballah and from 1.59 to 3.27 t/ha at llora. Results of GGE analysis showed that genotype, location and genotype x location interactions accounted for 46.11%, 13.80% and 40.07% of the total variation, respectively. Two of the best yielding varieties, DTSR-Y and ACR 91 Swan 1-SR, were well-adapted to llora environment, while TZB- SR SGY was more suitable for cultivation at Ballah.Item Effect of phytohormones and genotype on meristem and shoot tip culture of teifaira occidentalis hook F(Elewa Biosciences Journals, 2012) Adesoye, A. I.; Okooboh, G. O.; Akande, S. R.; Balogun, M. O.; Odu, B. O.Objectives: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators (PGR), genotype and explant type on in vitro shoot induction, elongation, and multiplication in Telfairia occidentalis. Methodology and Results: In this study attempts were made to induce shoots from meristem and shoot tip culture of Telfairia occidentalis Hook F. Shoot apical meristems with 1-2 leaf primordia and shoot tip explants were aseptically isolated and cultured on ½ N6 medium supplemented with different combinations of 2mg/l BAP, IAA and kinetin. Explants were derived from seedlings of two T. occidentalis genotypes grown in sterilized soils inside vials in the laboratory. Regeneration response were examined based on five parameters – callus formation, shoot length, number of shoots per explant, number of leaves per explant and number of nodes. Shoot induction, elongation and multiplication were most effectively promoted by the medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/lBAP + 2.0 mg/l IAA for shoot tip culture, while 2.0 mg/l BAP was most effective for shoot regeneration from meristem culture. Genotype I was significantly higher than Genotype II in shoot bud regeneration response (p<0.05). Culture of explants from shoot tip led to better shoot egeneration in comparison to explants from meristem. Callus formation/induction was also influenced by explants and media interaction. Conclusion and Application of Findings: In vitro shoot induction from meristem and shoot tip culture of T. occidentalis has been demonstrated. These in vitro culture procedures would be useful for developing uniform clones or micropropagation and could also form the basis for in vitro storage of explants and subsequent regeneration of plantlets after long term conservation in this species. The recalcitrant nature its seeds makes alternative means of genetic resources conservation very necessary. More importantly, meristem culture technique is useful for developing virus-free clones and avoids the limitations imposed by conventional mode of planting. Calli produced could also be excellent targets for genetic transformation and improvement of this species.Item Effects of plant growth regulators and explant types on callus formation in African yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa (hochst. Ex A. rich) harms)(0075-5192, 2009) Akande, S. R.; Balogun, M. O.; Ogunbodede, B. A.This study was conducted to investigate the effect of explant types and plant growth regulator regimes on callus induction in African yam bean, with a view to developing protocols for regeneration Leaf, stem and root explants of African yam bean were cultured in media containing different types and concentrations of plant grow& regulators (PGR). The explants were observed for callus formation after three months. The main effects of variety, explant and plant growth regulator regimes and their interactions were highly significant Highest callus formation was recorded in stem explant while the root explant had the lowest. The accession, SSSWN56 brown seed) had higher percentage callus formation than ssswN7s (grey seed). No callus was formed in hormone-free medium and the media containing indole acetic acid (IAA). One- hundred-percent callus formation was recorded for both accessions in the medium containing 1.5 mg/l each of kinetin and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). This medium is recommended for callus induction using stem explant and it will be useful in perfecting regeneration protocols for African yarn bean.Item Genetic characterization of Biochemical contents of pigeon pea (cajanus cajan millsp)(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2009) Akande, S. R.; Balogun, M. O.Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to characterize 25 collections of pigeon pea from south-west Nigeria using nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of the seeds. Design/methodology/approach – The nutritional and anti-nutritional constituents of 25 collections of pigeon pea were determined. Data collected were subjected to correlation, principal components and fastclus analyses. Findings – Ariation among the collections for the nutrient contents was low. Trypsin inhibitor content had the highest variability ranging between 21.74 and 35.43 Tiu/mg. Protein and trypsin inhibitor contents were significant and negatively correlated. The first three principal components explained 74.0 per cent of the total variation. Fastclus procedures grouped the collections into three. Members of cluster 1 had the highest value for protein and the lowest concentrations of the antinutritional factors (ANFs). Cluster 2 possessed relatively low protein with high level of ANFs while cluster 3 was intermediate between clusters 1 and 2 for most characters. Originality/value – The results indicate that members of cluster 1 with high protein and low levels of ANFs are good candidates in breeding/selecting pigeon pea cultivars with enhanced nutritional valuesItem Morphological diversity of 51 kenaf accessions in Nigeria(Universidad de Oriente Press, 2008) Balogun, M. O.; Raji, J. A.; Akande, S. R.Fifty-one accessions of Hibiscus cannabinus L. were evaluated for 14 morphological parameters in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The correlation matrix of the quantitative parameters was used to perform principal components (PC) analysis to understand the relative contributions of each trait to the variation observed, while Fastclus procedure was used to cluster the accession into five groups. The most widely varied traits were earliness, number of apical branches and leaf lobes per plant with 483.3, 97.9 and 60.6% coefficients of variation respectively. Correlation between fibre yield parameters and earliness was negative and significant. The first three PCs explained 66.23% of the variation, with only number of apical branches not highly weighted by any of the PC. The five clusters were distinguished by earliness, plant height, fibre yield, stem spine density, stem girth and apical branching. The variation was seen as a manifestation of environmental response in addition to the genotypic constitution. These results will aid in parent selection during breeding programmes.Item Evaluation and heritability studies of local lima bean (phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivars from South-west Nigeria(Universidad de Oriente Press, 2007) Akande, S. R.; Balogun, M. O.Seven local Lima bean cultivars were evaluated at Ile-Ife in the humid rainforest environment of south western Nigeria for two years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used each year. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Heritability estimates of 10 agronomic characters evaluated were also determined. Significant year and cultivar effects were observed for most of the characters. Seed yield ha-1 varied from 289.14 to 1358.74 kg. Only two cultivars had seed yield above 1000 kg ha-1, others yielded poorly. Seed yield had positive and significant correlation with branching height, number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight and inter-nodal length. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that pod weight per plant, 100-seed weight and pod length were the main seed yield components in Lima bean and together they accounted for 98% of the variability. One hundred seed weight also had the highest broad sense heritability estimate of 98%. Characters such as pod length, mid leaflet surface area, pod weight per plant and inter-nodal length were moderately heritable. The implications of these findings in lima bean improvement were discussed.Item Effects of plant growth regulators on callus, shoot and root formation in fluted pumpkin (telfaira occidentalis)(Academic Journals, 2007-02) Balogun, M. O.; Akande, S. R.; Ogunbodede, B. A.Root and stem explants of fluted pumpkin were cultured in medium containing different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The explants were observed for callus, root and shoot formation parameters after four months. Differences among explants, plant growth regulators and their interaction were not significant for number of roots per plantlet. Callus formation was higher in stem than root explants. Stem explants formed more callus in medium containing naphthalene acetic acid than that containing indole acetic acid while the trend was opposite with root explants. Root explants did not form shoots, leaves or nodes in any of the PGR regimes, while a concentration of 1.5 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) induced the highest numbers of shoots, nodes and leaves per stem explant. There was no callus, shoot, node and leaf formation by both explants when cultured in medium without PGRs while root formation was minimal.