Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Kenaf utilization: Sustainable strategy for community integration in oil spill clean-ups in Nigeria's Delta(Social Responsibility and Sustainability, 2014) Balogun, M. O.; Musa, I. O.Item Genetic variation in nutritional properties of African yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa hochst ex. A. rich. harms) accessions(2017) Ojuederie, O. B.; Balogun, M. O.The genetic variability in the mineral and proximate compositions of the seeds of 40 accessions and tubers of four accessions of African yam bean (AYB), an underutilized tuberous legume in sub-Saharan Africa, was investigated. Proximate parameters; moisture content, total ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, carbohydrate and mineral elements; calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and iron of the flours were determined according to standard methods. Highly significant differences (p< 0.001) were observed in proximate compositions of the seeds. Crude protein in the seeds ranged from 19.3% (TSs153) to 25.6% (TSs51) and 15.1% (AYB 57) to 15.9% (TSs107) in tuberous accessions. Crude protein, total ash and crude fat were the major contributors (80.2%) to variation in the proximate components of the seeds. Accessions TSs140 and TSs107 were high in crude fibre contents. Magnesium and potassium were prominent in seeds (454.2 mg, 100g-1 and 398.3 mg 100g-1) and tubers (166.7mg, 100g-1 and 1010.1 mg 100g-1) respectively. This study revealed the nutritional benefits of AYB seeds and tubers which could be used as an alternative source of protein, energy requirement and food supplement for human and livestock nutrition.Item A somatic embryogenesis-based system for the production of fluted pumpkin (telfairia occidentalis hook F.) planting materials(The Society for In Vitro Biology, 2015) Awosika, D. O.; Uchendu, E.; Balogun, M. O.; Adetimirin, V. O.Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.) is traditionally propagated by seeds, which have low viability after pod harvest, low percentage germination, and poor root development and often germinate during storage. The competition between use of seeds for consumption and propagation causes scarcity of propagules, necessitating development of more efficient propagation systems. Efficient protocols were developed for the induction of somatic embryos (SEs) and conversion into plantlets using cotyledons from mature zygotic embryos. This study evaluated the effects of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (25 combinations) on the induction of SEs, and of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2,4-D, and kinetin (7 combinations) on conversion of SEs into plantlets. Significantly more SEs (381.7; p<0.01) were obtained on medium with 0.5 mg l−1 2,4-D and 0.1 mg l−1 kinetin than from the other 24 treatments after 4 wk of cotyledon culture. All SEs were obtained through an intermediary callus. For the production of SE-derived plantlets, treatments with 0.01 mg l−1 IAA and 0.02 mg l−1 kinetin resulted in significantly more shoots and roots than other treatments (p<0.001 for each) and gave 100% conversion of SEs to plantlets. The mean numbers of roots and shoots on this treatment were 3.7 and 1.3, respectively, and the mean shoot length was 2.2 cm. The plantlets had broad leaves and good vigor, similar to the parent cultivar. Nearly all plantlets (98–100%) survived acclimatization. The production of SEs from cotyledons and the high rate of conversion into quality plants will allow development of a mass production system for Telfairia planting material to meet the increasing demand for this crop.Item Mechanism for pollination in African yam bean(African Crop Science Society, 2016) Ojuederie, O. B.; Balogun, M. O.; Abberton, M. T.African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst Ex. A. Rich) Harms is a neglected and underutilised legume in tropical Africa. Its utilisation has been hampered by the presence of anti-nutritional factors and lack of improved varieties. The objective of this study was to investigate pollination and determine the rates of selfing and outcrossing in the species. Accession TSs5 had the highest fruit set (63.16%) in the open-pollinated breeding method; while AYB50 had the lowest value (46.61%). Seed set in the selfed accessions ranged from 91.45% (AYB50) to 94.97% (TSs66). Fruit set was highest in the open-pollinated breeding method, with a mean average fruit set of 51.32%. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were obtained in fruit set from accessions isolated with net bags which had the lowest seed set (88.91%) Seed set was highest (92.92%) in the selfed accessions. The self incompatibility index ranged from 1.33 to 2.26 and the rate of fruit set from artificial self-pollination was greater than 30% in the field, and the screen house showing that the species is highly self compatible. Selfing and outcrossing rates of 91.38 and 8.62% showed that S. stenocarpa is not an obligate selfer. AYB sets fruits and seeds when open pollinated, isolated, selfed or crossed with other accessions.Item Effects of particle size, stem component and genotype on absorbency of kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus L.) grown in Nigeria for oil spill clean-up(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2016) Balogun, M. O.; Raji, A. O.The efficacies of different products made from different parts of the stem of different varieties of kenaf grown in Nigeria as oil absorbents were tested. Particle sizes, genotypes and whether mixed or sole stem core or bast differed among the treatments. The fibre component sank in water, and so was not buoyant; the core was partially buoyant while the mixed fibre and core was completely buoyant. Sorption capacity was the highest in the ground whole stem (8.16 g oil/g sorbent), which also retained (6.31 g oil/g sorbent) the highest quantity of oil. Sorption and retention of oil were the lowest in the fibre (1.66 and 0.69 g oil/g sorbent, respectively). After the first use, only the ground stem can be used to re-absorb up to 1.97 g oil/g sorbent of used sorbent. A mixture of genotypes was more absorbent than a single genotype. The implications of these findings in absorbency research are discussed.Item A somatic embryogenesis-based system for the production of fluted pumpkin (telfairia occidentalis hook F.) planting materials(The Society for In Vitro Biology, 2015) Awosika, D. O.; Uchendu, E.; Balogun, M. O.; Adetimirin, V. O.Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.) is traditionally propagated by seeds, which have low viability after pod harvest, low percentage germination, and poor root development and often germinate during storage. The competition between use of seeds for consumption and propagation causes scarcity of propagules, necessitating development of more efficient propagation systems. Efficient protocols were developed for the induction of somatic embryos (SEs) and conversion into plantlets using cotyledons from mature zygotic embryos. This study evaluated the effects of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (25 combinations) on the induction of SEs, and of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2,4-D, and kinetin (7 combinations) on conversion of SEs into plantlets. Significantly more SEs (381.7; p<0.01) were obtained on medium with 0.5 mg l−1 2,4-D and 0.1 mg l−1 kinetin than from the other 24 treatments after 4 wk of cotyledon culture. All SEs were obtained through an intermediary callus. For the production of SE-derived plantlets, treatments with 0.01 mg l−1 IAA and 0.02 mg l−1 kinetin resulted in significantly more shoots and roots than other treatments (p<0.001 for each) and gave 100% conversion of SEs to plantlets. The mean numbers of roots and shoots on this treatment were 3.7 and 1.3, respectively, and the mean shoot length was 2.2 cm. The plantlets had broad leaves and good vigor, similar to the parent cultivar. Nearly all plantlets (98–100%) survived acclimatization. The production of SEs from cotyledons and the high rate of conversion into quality plants will allow development of a mass production system for Telfairia planting material to meet the increasing demand for this crop.Item Intraspecific variability in agro-morphological traits of African yam bean sphenostylis stenocarpa (hochst ex. A. rich) harms(Korean Society of Crop Science and Springer, 2015) Ojuederie, O. B.; Balogun, M. O.; Akande, S. R.; Korie, S.; Omodele, T.Intraspecific variabilities in 40 accessions of African yam bean (AYB) were assessed through characterization of 48 agromorphological traits for two cropping seasons between June and December 2011 and 2012. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis (Semi - partial R squared method). The accessions showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.0001) in 16 reproductive traits. Accessions TSs 66 (144.50 days), TSs 51 (144.67 days) and TSs 154 (144.67 days) were identified as early maturing accessions. The first five principal component axes explained 69.7% of the total variation with PC1 and PC2 contributing 38.9% to the total variation. Correlation coefficients were high and significant for yield traits. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.99***) was observed between seed yield (kg ha-1) and weight of total pods per plant. Tubers were produced from 42.5% of the accessions. The accessions of AYB were meaningfully grouped into five clusters at the R-squared distance of 0.04 similarity index. Phenotypically, AYB 57 and TSs 123 were the most similar accessions with the closest distance of 0.0071. Four seed shapes were identified; oval (82.5%), globular/round (5%), oblong (10%), and rhomboid (2.5%). In order to improve the yield of AYB, the number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of total seeds per pod, and weight of total seed per plant are important determinant factors. The genetic variabilities observed in the traits studied could be utilised for improvement of AYB.Item Relative effects of uniconazole-p and other growth regulators on micropropagation ratio of yam (dioscorea spp.) plantlets at different growth phases(Indian Society for Root Crops, 2014) Balogun, M. O.; Ng, S. Y.; Fawole, I.; Shiwachi, H.; Kikuno, H.Scarcity of planting materials, pest and diseases are major constraints to yam production. The tissue culture techniques, meristem culture combined with heat therapy has been used to produce high-yielding virus-tested plantlets of root crops, which are later multiplied through micropropagation. This procedure, however has low regedaration and multiplication rates in yam. We investigated effects of different plant growth regulators on rate of growth of yam plantlets when applied at different growth phases. Three concentrations each of uniconazole-p (UP), gibberellic acid (GA3), jasmonic acid(JA) and naphthalene acetic (NAA) acids were applied at single node and primary nodal complex (PNC) formation phases in a split-plot design using two genotypes each of white and water yam. Number of nodes per plantlet was recorded after 16 weeks. Results showed that number of new nodes varied significantly with genotype by growth phase interaction and the main effect of PGRs. After 16 weeks, the control, 1.7 μM UP and 0.03 μM JA showed highest means of 7, 9 and 8 nodes per plantlet respectively compared to 2-3 nodes in the GA treatments. We demonstrated that 4900, 8100 and 6400 plantlets could be obtained in one year using 100 nodes by sub-culturing them four times. Addition of PGRs at PNC doubled the number of nodes per plantlet. However the effect of stage of treatment varied with genotypes. The GA and its inhibitor, UP influenced the multiplication rate of yam.Item Combining ability and heterosis for fibre yield traits in Nigeria kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Collections(The Genetics Society of Nigeria, 2014) Akisanya, A. O.; Balogun, M. O.Kenafas a renewable fibre crop is known to yield lower in Nigeria than in other countries of the world. An experiment was conducted at the University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, where sixteen (16) crosses were made among four (4) Nigeria kenaf (Hibicuscannabinus) accessions to investigate the combining ability and heterosis for fibre yield traits in the hybrids. The parents and progenies were planted in three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Data were collected on plant height, stem diameter and girth at flowering and at harvest, as well as stalk weight at harvest and means separated at P=0.05. Results showed no significant differences among genotypes at flowering and for stalk weight at harvest. Higher general combining ability (GCA) over specific combining ability (SCA) was recorded for all characters at harvest. Only accession NHC 10(1) had a positive GCA for height at harvest (21.84) and girth at harvest (1.09). The highest SCA effects were recorded in cross NHC 10(1) X NHC 2(2) for all measured traits. In contrast, the highest positive mid-parentheterosis (28.02%) was obtained in the reciprocal cross NHC 15 X NHC 10(1)followed by NHC 2(2) X NHC 10(1) (25.76%) for HAH. Both crosses had parent NHC 10(1) to be one of their respective parents. Thus, this study identified hybrids NHC 15 X NHC 10(1) and NHC 2(2) XNHC 10(1) as promising for improvement of fibre yield traits. However, performances of these hybrids need to be evaluated in multi-locational and on-farm trials prior to commercial use.Item Status and prospects for improving yam seed systems using temporary immersion bioreactors(Academic Journals, 2014-04) Balogun, M. O.; Maroya, N.; Asiedu, R.Yam production is constrained by scarcity of clean seed, pests, diseases and low soil fertility in the informal seed system, which is still operational, causing up to 90% yield losses. Although meristem culture can be effective for producing healthy seed yam, its use is limited by slow rate of regeneration and propagation in conventional tissue cultures. In most crops tested, temporary immersion bioreactor systems (TIBs) increased propagation rates. To determine the potential of TIBs in improving the yam seed system, 23 databases were consulted and three returned a total of eight publications with only 2 for Dioscorea rotundata-cayenensis. Both plantlets and microtubers can be produced in TIBs, which will facilitate production of quality breeder, foundation and certified seeds and fast-track genetic improvement and the evolution of a formal from informal seed production system. Control of contamination, direct use of field explants, culture of micro-explants like immature embryos and anthers, increasing the size of microtubers produced and standardization for various economically important yam genotypes are knowledge gaps that require immediate research attention. No report has put a cost on yam TIBs, but it will be necessary to use cost-effective TIBs to encourage integration public-private partnerships into emerging formal seed system.