Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Floristic importance of phyllanthus amarus schumach & thonn in selected farming communities and its domestication in Oyo state, Nigeria(2019) Awodoyin, R.O.; Omage, F.I.; Egberongbe, R.K.; Olubode, O.S.Phyllanthus amarus is a pantropic weed with numerous medicinal uses. It is collected in the wild, often in unwholesome environment and is hardly available all year round, which calls for its domestication for eventual cultivation. The distribution and seedling growth of P. amarus were studied in two seasons at two farming communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. A 25 x 25 m plot was marked out in Akufo and Fiditi. Fifteen quadrats (50 x 50 cm) were randomly placed using x-y ordinate system to enumerate and determine Relative Importance Value (RIV) for all low growing plants. Growth and dry matter accumulation of seedlings were monitored in a pot trial in clay and sandy-loam soils, combined with four watering intervals (1, 2, 3 and 7 days). Data were analysed using ANOVA and means separated by Least Significant Difference at 5% level of probability. Results showed that Phyllanthus amarus is more abundant at Fiditi (RIV=47.16%) than Akufo (RIV=9.15%) at the onset of wet season but reduced at the mid wet season. It performed best (P ≤ 0.05) on sandy-loam soil and daily watering significantly effected its best growth and dry matter yield. Phyllanthus amarus responded positively to daily watering, but its importance value reduced with recruitment of other species as the wet season advanced, which presented it as an inferior competitor and explains its reduced availability in the wild at the peak of wet season and in the dry season. For cultivation purposes therefore, Phyllanthus amarus should be grown in well-drained soils with regular weeding carried out and with adequate moisture provided.Item Performance of senecio biafrae (oliv. & hiern) j. moore under varying light intensities and compost rates in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria(2019) Olubode, O.S.; Johnson, A.S.Solanecio biafrae is an underutilized indigenous vegetable in southwest Nigeria. It is usually found in shades of other tree crops. This study investigated growth of S. biafrae as influenced by compost application under different light intensities in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The pot study was conducted twice at the Crop Garden of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan. Four levels of light intensities were examined under multiple layers of nets: Growth under four test light intensities of unshaded natural light (0 net), and three levels of shades (1 net, 2 nets and 3 nets) assessed under four levels (0, 10, 15 and 20 g/pot) of compost (ratio 3:1 Tithonia-Poultry waste) in a randomized complete block design with light intensity as Blocks. Growth and yield data were analysed using analysis of variance and post-hoc tests conducted with Fisher's LSD at 5% probability. Lowest light intensity resulted in increased number of leaves, from 7.75 to 15.50 at 4 WAT and 7.78 to 18.50 at 6 WAT. Application of 20 g/pot compost resulted in higher number of leaves, number of nodes, vine height, vine diameter, root and shoot dry matter of S. biafrae under reduced light intensities. Low light intensity in combination with increased compost rates enhanced growth performance of S. biafrae. Cultivation of S. biafrae is recommended using of Tithonia diversifolia compost at the rate of 20g/5kg soil under low light intensity for optimum yield.Item Diversity and floral composition changes in intensively cultivated practical year training program farm of the university of Ibadan, Nigeria(2018) Jude, G.E.; Olubode, O.S.Higher Institutions where agriculture is taught are required by National University Commission to have large areas of land for practical and demonstration activities. The lands are often cultivated intensively for decades under the same soil management practices, thus making them to become invaded with weeds which overtime become adapted to the ecosystem at the expense of soil productivity. The study was conducted to determine the species composition, invasiveness, spatial distribution of weed species and diversity of weeds on the site for Practical Year Training Programme (PYTP) of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan in two consecutive years. The PYTP farm was floristically surveyed by using 21 plots of 150 m2 each and a strip of 5 m round was maintained for edge effects. Six (1 m2) square quadrats (126 in all) were randomly laid on each plot to enumerate the herbaceous flora of the farm. Flora composition, frequency and density values were evaluated for Relative Importance Values (RIV, %) following standard procedures. Soil of the farm was routinely analysed for its adequacy for agricultural purposes. A total of fifty two (52) plant species in seventeen (17) families were enumerated in the first year while a total of thirty (30) plant species belonging to fourteen (14) families were enumerated in the second year. In the first year, Tridax procumbens had the highest Relative Importance Value (11.73), distantly followed by Cynodon dactylon (6.44). Tridax procumbens was prevalent in plots not subjected to crop rotation. The abundance of plants was low on clay soils. Margalef index (12.81), Mehinick index (6.959), and Dominance (0.05262) indicated high overall species diversity, high species diversity in each plot, and low overall dominance respectively. In the second year, Gomphrena celosioides had the highest RIV (18.66) followed by Panicum maximum (12.43). Three soil types (sandy loam, loamy sand and clay) were identified. The soils were acidic (pH 4.7 – 4.8). Sandy loam and loamy sand soils had comparatively higher organic matter content than clay soil. The nitrogen concentration of the soils was generally low (0.6-1.33 g/kg). The Practical Year Training Programme land of the University of Ibadan is not productive and therefore should be allowed to rest for a long period of time. Conservation agricultural practices are recommended for the land anytime it is to be cultivated to deter further degradation.Item Complexities of local cultural protection in conservation: the case of an endangered African primate and forest groves protected by social taboos(2017) Baker, L.R.; Tanimola, A.A.; Olubode, O.S.Globally, some species and habitats receive protection through local belief systems (e.g. indigenous religions) and informal institutions (e.g. social norms and taboos). Where such systems represent the only form of protection for threatened species or environments, they may be critical to the survival of those taxa and sites. We evaluated the effectiveness of long-standing social taboos protecting the Endangered Sclater’s monkey Cercopithecus sclateri and forest groves in a community complex in Nigeria. Across its range (southern Nigeria), Sclater’s monkey is effectively protected only through informal institutions. At our study site, we conducted a census of the monkey population; measured the area of sacred groves; and compared our findings with estimates from and , respectively. We observed a % increase in the monkey population (from to individuals) in a core survey area. No groves that we assessed in had been fully cleared. Although we observed a decline in tree cover for several sacred forests, most groves used regularly by monkeys had changed little. The social taboos related to monkeys and sacred groves remain largely intact; however, other factors threaten the monkey population and remaining forests in this community complex, including the removal of tree patches to accommodate the construction of large residential buildings and the demand for cropland, as well as increased dumping of waste in forested sites. This study highlights the conservation importance and limitations of local cultural protection, as well as the challenges presented when such protection conflicts with community-perceivedItem Distribution of Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright nil invasive weed in relation to other herbaceous weeds in Agrarian ecosystems of Ibadan, Nigeria(2017) Tanimola, O.O.; Awodoyen, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.Mimosa diplotricha is an invasive weed whose spread can have negative impacts on plant biodiversity and agriculture.''In this study, a floristic survey was used to assess the distribution of Mimosa diplotricha in relation to other weed species in Ibadan, Nigeria. Florisiic survey was conducted using Jm x lin quadrat at 0.5 km intervals on transects along major roads of six purposively selected agrarian ureas based on prevalence oj Mimosa diplotricha, frdm Ibadan metropolis to: Alai jo, Akanran, lyana-Offa, Idi-Ayunre, hldo and Susa. The entire arpas are within 7° 14-7°30'N; 3°48'-4°04 E and altitude 127-261 in asl). The Relative Importance Values (RIV, %), relative density and relative, frequency, diversity indices {Species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener (11) and Evenness (J)} were determined. Eighty-six pHint species from twenty-eight families were enumerated. The RIV of Mimosa diplotricha was highest in all areas: 17.1 (Susa), 22.5 (Alcufo), 3L5 (Idi-Ayunre), 23.3 (lyana -Ojfa), 21.4 (Iddo), 36.0 (Akanran). While, the least RIV ranged from 0.31 (Luffa cylindrica; Sasa) to 0.97fCommelina erecta; Iddo). The Species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener (H) and Evenness (J) indices, in the areas were: 56.0, 3.1, 0.4 (Sasa); 31.0, 2.6, 0.4 (Alcufo); 44.0, 2.5, 0.3 (TdiAyunre); 40.0, 2.7, 0.4 (lyana Ojfa); 29.0, 2.6, 0.5 (Iddo) and 35.0, 2.0 and 0.2 (Akanran), respectively. The'high diversity indices revealed random distribution of species. However, high RIV values of Mimosa diplotricha in all surveyed axes showed that it is fast becoming the dominant weed species in Ibadan and may be a threat toItem Assessment of soil seedbank composition, woody species composition and structure in olokemeji forest reserve, ogun state, nigeria.(2017) Taiwo, D.M.; Olubode, O.S.; Oyelowo, O. J.Olokemeji forest reserve has undergone tremendous changes through anthropogenic impact on the forest ecosystem, such human impacts include farming activities, logging of wood and burning. The soil seed bank composition, woody species composition and structure were studied with a view to determine the restoration potential of the forest reserve. Six sample plots (Frequently burnt plot 1, Frequently burnt plot 2, Harvested plot, Unharvested Unburnt plot, Arable plot 1 and Arable plot 2) designated as FT1, FT2, HP, UP, AP1 and AP2 were randomly selected. Floral species identification, relative importance value (RIV), species diversity and multivariate analysis all followed standard procedures. Three replicate soil samples were collected at two different depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) from each plot and they were subjected to seedling emergence for five months to determine the species composition, density and diversity of the seed banks of the six study plots. The results of seedling emergence showed that soil collected at 0-15 cm depth had a higher RIV, species diversity, individual, abundance and dominance index than soil collected at 15-30 cm depth. However, the evenness index for seedlings in the soil seed bank was considerably high across the two soil depths which depicted equal measure of spread within each study plots at both soil depths. Tectona grandis was highest in RIV. The dominance index for the woody flora was 1 in frequently burnt Plot 1 and 2 as well as Arable Plot 1 and 2 except for the Harvested Plot that had the lowest (0.29) while the . Unharvested unburnt Plot had 0.75. The diversity in Harvested Plot was low (1.54), while it was extremely low in Unharvested unburnt Plot (0.43). Trees in Unharvested unburnt Plot had the highest mean diameters at breast height, basal areas and mean heights, while the Arable Plots had lowest mean diameters at breast height, mean basal areas and mean heights.Item Influence of weeding regimes on composition and diversity of weed species in upland rice (oryza sativa l.) field(2017) Dada, O.A.; Oladiran, E.M.; Olubode, O.S.; Togun, A.O.Abundance of weed species promotes biodiversity within agroecosystems whereas it constitutes biotic stress in arable farmland. There is insufficient information on effects of weed species composition and diversity’ on performance of upland rice in Nigeria. Therefore, a 2-year field study was conducted to assess the weed species composition, diversity and its effects on growth and yield of upland rice cultivars. A split-plot design was used with two rice cultivars (CGI4 and NERICA2) as the main plot treatment and four weeding regimes as the sub-plot. Weeds were sampled from each plot with a 0.5 m * 0.5 m wooden quadrat. The weed species were identified to species level, counted and recorded. Data collected were used to calculate relative frequency, relative density and relative importance value for each species. Dominance, Simpson, Shannon Wiener and evenness indices were used to describe the community structure. The flora of the study site varied widely in occurrence. Twenty four weed species comprising 16 annual herbs, four sedges, three grasses and one commelinaceae Family were found interfering with upland rice. The field had highly diversed annual, herbacious, dicotyledonous and monoc.tyledonous weed species native to tropical ecosystems. The upland rice field had evenly distributed rich and highly diversed weed community. Cultivar CGI4 performed significantly better than NERICA2 with respect to number of leaves (32.56) formed, tillering (8.67) and panicles (8.25) produced. The CG14 plot left unweeded throughout the study period had significantly highest weed biomass (6.16 t/ha) compared to NERICA2 plots. Absolute weed interefence reduced grain yield in NERICA2 and CGI4 cultivars by 42.7 % and 30.9 %, respectively. The biomass accumulated by weed species were inversely related to grain yield (t/ha) in both seasons.Item Fallow management potentials of sesbania pachycarpa dc.: the green manure effects on amaranthus cruentus l. in ibadan, south western nigeria(2017) Egberongbe, K. R.; Awodoyin, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.Sown fallow with nodulating legume shrubs has been identified as an alternative in improving soil fertility. The green manure potential of Sesbania pachycarpa on the performance of Amaranthus cruentus were studied in pot and field experiments in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sesbania pachycarpa seedlings were grown in pots for 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days, and on field for 0, 30, 45 and 60, before incorporating into the soil to assess the Green Manure (GM). Three weeks after incorporation, Amaranthus cruentus was grown on the soil for six weeks. The performance of A. cruentus was assessed with Plant Height (PH), Stem Diameter (SD) and Number of Leaves (NL). The pot and field experiments were CRD and RCBD, respectively with three replicates. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at a0.05- In the pot trial, the performance of A. cruentus [PH (45.30±0.8 cm), SD (0.6±0.1 cm), NL (18±0.3)] were highest in 45-Day GM. The field results followed the same trend with PH (46.30+1.2 cm), SD (0.8+0.1 cm) and NL (19.3±0.7) of A. cruentus highest in 45-Day GM. Turning in the plant grown for a minimum of 45 days improved performance of Amaranthus cruentus.Item Woody flora diversity and carbon sequestration potential of university of ibadan teak plantation: a consideration for climate change mitigation in southwest nigeria(2016) Adeniji, S.A.; Olubode, O.S.Increase in atmospheric C02 is largely attributable to forest loss and carbon emission activities. Ability of forest plantations to sequester carbon for climate change mitigation is central to climate change mitigation, thus the study investigated carbon sequestration capacity of University of Ibadan Teak Plantation. The plantation (0.305 km2) is situated in a rainforest zone in Ibadan, Nigeria on 7°27'25.18'N; 3°54 14.04' E and a meaneievation of 209 m above sea level. Systematic sampling of 63 plots, each measuring 225 m2 was conducted on trees of >5 m bole height, >10 cm girth at breast height. Plots were distributed at 25 m intervals along seven line transects laid at 85 m apart. Species identification, relative importance value (RIV), diversity, multivariate analyses and carbon sequestration capacity of the forest were determined using standard procedures. Eighteen tree species in 12 families were enumerated. Tectonagrandis had highest RIV (49.347) with high dominance in many plots. Evenness index was generally low (below 0.5). Ordination biplotsindicated a mixed plantation. The carbon stock in the plantation was low (19.768 kg/ha/annum) compared to a typical tropical rainforest (600 kg/ha/annum), indicating 3.295% of carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE). The CSE of the plantation was low. This low CSE could be enhanced with adequate stocking density and removal of anthropogenic disturbances.Item Eutrophication of Dandaru reservoir in Ibadan, Nigeria in relation to land-use and mechanical desilting(2016) Olubode, O.S.; Akpan, P. E.Eutrophication of water bodies is mainly caused by influx of Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from land-use. Understanding relationship water reservoirs and farmlands will foster management of ecological resources. This study examined the link between eutrophication and land-use at Dandaru reservoir at Agodi, Ibadan, Oyo State and effect (s) of mechanical clean up on the reservoir. The Vegetation, soil of Lawn (L), bush fallow (BF), vegetable farm (VF) and Agodi Gardens (AG), and water quality of Dandaru reservoir in Ibadan were systematically assessed pre- and post-desilting following standard procedures. Forty 0.25 m2 quadrats were floristically assessed for Relative importance values (RIV) and Shannon-Weiner index (H`). Three randomly extracted bulked and sub-sampled top soil of each land-use were analysed physiochemically. The reservoir was sampled for phosphate, Organic carbon (TON), nitrate (TN), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in three replicates at entry, mid and exit points of the river. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p=0.05. Means statistical differences followed Fisher’s LSD. Fifty one plant species were enumerated pre-desilting consisting of 15, 22, 29 and 11 species in L, BF, VF and AG respectively; 22 plants were enumerated post-silting consisting 10, 10, 8 and 8 species in L, BF, VF and AG respectively. legumes ranged in RIVs from 4.217-8.397 in BF and VF. Pre-desilting, VF had highest H` (3.334), while AG had lowest (1.988). Post-desilting, Lawn had highest H` (1.956) while VF had lowest (1.679). P, TOC, TN and pH were significantly different in all land-uses with TN (0.81±0.02g/kg) and TOC (7.83±0.05g/kg) in BF. Phosphorus (0.31±0.03g/kg) was high at AG pre-desilting. Post-desilting, TN (32.90±3.37g/kg) and TOC (2.24±0.04g/kg) were significantly high in lawn. Pre-silting, pH and DO were significantly different at all points, lowest at midpoint (6.73±0.04mg/l and 7.89±0.30mg/l respectively); post-silting, pH (7.87±0.00) and DO (9.54±0.0Img/l) increased at midpoint.The legumes in agricultural lands most likely contributed to eutrophication of Dandaru reservoir. However, desilting offered temporary restoration. Cessation of agricultural activities around Dandaru reservoir with its periodic assessment will prevent eutrophication