Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Floristic response of herbaceous flora to Intensive cropping systems: A case of Ajibode-sasa arable agroecosystem, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria(2020) Olayanju, F.M.; Olubode, O.S.Agriculture a most significant land use types which alter natural ecosystem dynamics. Arable farming exerts much pressure on plant biodiversity, especially when practiced intensively in urban centers. There is dearth of information on floristic changes due to intensive arable farming in urban agroecosystems in developing countries. The study therefore assessed floristic changes resulting from and intensive farming practices at Ajibode-Sasa agricultural landscape. Ajibode-Sasa agroecosystem is a complex mix of arable cropping system between latitude N07°28′, E003°53′ and longitude N07°28′, E003°54. Comparative floristic surveys were conducted in 2016 and 2020 using quadrats (1 m2) systematically laid on 18 Transects ranging from 50 – 250 m long. A total of 224 and 184 quadrats were laid in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Reduction in numbers of quadrats laid resulted from physical anthropogenic development after the 2016 survey. Species identification followed standard procedures, and quantitative occurrence data were collected for determination of species composition and computation of relative importance values (RIV) and diversity indices. Land-use changes over four years period was determined using Google earth and QGIS. Herbacous plant composition with 123 cumulative number of species in both years reduced from 98 species in 2016 to 85 species in 2020 species RIV of species ranged from 0.038 – 14.803. Tridax procumbens had the highest RIV (14.803) in 2016, while it was Acmella brachyglossa (13.248) 2020. Species richness and floral diversity was high with Shannon-Weiner Index (3.081 and 3.088) and Dominance (0.09388 and 0.08746) in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Intensive cultivation favoured introduction and spread of invasive species like Tridax procumbens and Tithonia diversifolia. Eight introduced and invasive species were newly enumerated in 2020, with a total of 38 herbaceous species no longer encountered in 2020. Concerted efforts should be made to conserve native flora on the agroecosystem through sustainable practices like crop rotation and short fallow.Item Assessment of soil seed banks in relation to aboveground vegetation in three ecosystems within university of ibadan, Ibadan, South Western Nigeria(2020) Afolabi, A.S.; Egberongbe, R.K.; Awodoyin, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.Succession after disturbance. In the assessment of natural re-vegetation capacity of some ecosystems within the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, SSB contents were assessed and compared with the above-ground vegetation (AGV). Three ecosystems (Arable, Fallow and Plantation) were selected, with 25 x 25 m area marked out in each for random sampling, using XY-ordinate technique. Ten points were located for placement of wooden quadrat (50 x 50 cm). All plant species that rooted within each quadrat were enumerated. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth at the centre of each quadrat and bulked by site. One kilogram soil, replicated 12 times in each site, was monitored for seedling emergence for five months. Species richness (R), Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Jaccard Similarity Index (J) were determined for AGV and SSB. Plant family Poaceae dominated AGV while Amaranthaceae dominated SSB in all ecosystems. The R in AGV and SSB ranged from 14-24 and 6-15 respectively. The H' in AGV were close (2.27-2.69) but ranged from 0.84 (plantation) to 2.27 (arable) in SSB. The J for SSB/AGV were 33.3%, 14.3% and 5.9% in arable, fallow and plantation ecosystem respectively, indicating the highest species resemblance in the most disturbed arable ecosystem.Item Phytotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of olax subscorpioidea oliv. on seed germination and growth parameters of maize (zea mays l.)(2020) Olubode, O.S.; Ayoola, D.O.Phytotoxicity of wild plants is sometimes utilized in the control of weeds. Their effects on crops are however not extensively documented. Effects of aqueous extracts of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. were thus examined on seeds and seedlings of maize. Two experiments were laid out in complete randomized designs (CRD) and replicated five times. Ten seeds of maize were initially placed in separate petri-dishes and moistened daily with two (2) ml water extracts of different parts of Olax sp. while 2 ml of distilled water served as control. Secondly, maize seedlings growing on top soil in experimental pots were treated with 100 ml of extracts at seven days intervals for eight weeks. Data were collected on number of germinated seeds daily, and lengths of five randomly selected plumules and radicles at 7 days after sowing (DAS). Number of leaves, plant height, root dry weight and shoot dry weight of seedling were measured using standard methods. Analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were conducted to statistically determine significant means at P=0.05. Mean germination of (0.71±0.00) was observed at 2 DAS and 2.81±0.10 at 7 DAS. Leaf extracts significantly reduced germinability, but significantly increased number of leaves, plant height (26±1.28), root dry weight (10.30±3.24) and shoot dry weight (14.99±2.13). The results showed that Olax subscorpioidea has alloallelopathic (phytotoxic) effects on maize seeds, but stimulated growth of maize seedlings. Its use as a bio-herbicide or growth stimulant in should be well-timed.Item Efficacy of three botanicals in cowpea field, Oyo state, Nigeria(2020) Isienyi N.C.; Fadina O.O.; Fayinminnu O.O.; Olubode O.S.Aims: To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the plant extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EU), Eucalyptus torreliana (ET) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) on seedgermination, seedling-growth, weed flora and yield performance of cowpea. Study Design: The study was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with eighteen ttreatments replicated three (3) times, totaling fifty-four (54) experimental samples. The whole experiments were repeated in two trials. Place and Duration of the Study: This study was carried out on the roof top garden of department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from 2015 to 2017. Methodology: Leaves of EU, ET and LL were harvested, air-dried, milled and assayed for phytochemicals (mg/g) following standard-procedures. Milled samples (144, 108, 72, 36 and 0 g) of each botanical were dissolved in 1 L distilled-water to obtain Aqueous-Leaf-Extracts (ALE) of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% (control) concentrations. Ten seeds of cowpea-Ife brown in petri dishes were treated with the different concentrations. Data were collected on Seed Germination-SG (%). In pots containing 10 kg soil, cowpea-seeds (2 plants/pot) were sown. Each botanical-extract at different concentrations and paraquat (5 mL/L/ha) were applied, before and five Weeks-After-Sowing (WAS). Data were collected on Plant height-PH (cm) at 3,5,7,9 and 11 WAS, while Grain Yield-GY (g/pot) was determined at maturity. Relative Importance Values (RIVs) were determined following standardprocedures. Data were analysed with descriptive-statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Results: Total phenols (32.04±0.10), tannins (27.40±0.04) and saponins (20.15±0.03) were significantly higher in EU than in ET and LL. Cowpea SG ranged from 80.0±0.5 (50% LL) to 100.0±1.2 (100% LL). Cowpea PH ranged from 18.2±2.0 (100% ET) to 48.5±3.2 (100% EU) both at 9-WAS. Cowpea GY ranged from 0.1±0.1 (25% LL) to 4.2±0.5 (50% LL). Mitracarpus villosus had highest RIV of 52.3 (100% EU at 3-WAS) but reduced to 28.5 (100% EU at 9-WAS). Aqueous-leafextract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at 100% reduced Mitracarpus villosus populations, while Leucaena leucocephala at 50% improved grain yields.Item Allelopathic effect of pentaclethra macrophylla benth. leaf extracts on germination and seedling growth of maize and okra(2020) Ogbu, J.U.; Awodoyin, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. is an indigenous leguminous tree of southern Nigeria's agroecosystems, whose seeds are used as spices; however, its allelopathy potential is not understood. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating P. macrophylla allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of maize and okra. Materials and Methods: Allelopathic effects of Aqueous Leaf Extracts (ALE) of P. macrophylla at 0 (control), 10, 20, 40 and 80% concentrations on maize (n = 200) and okra (n = 200) seed germination and seedling growth were assessed in laboratory and screen house nursery. Total germination (%) for both crops was determined at one Week After Sowing (WAS); while Number of Leaves (NL), Plant Height(PH) (cm), Root Length (RL) (cm) and Dry Weight (DW) (g) were evaluated at 8 WAS. Experimental design used in the study was completely randomized design. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at a0.05. Results: Above 90.0% germination was recorded for maize in all the ALE concentrations, while for okra ALE-10 gave significantly highest germination (90.0±8.7%) and ALE-80 gave least (42.5±26.3%). Maize and okra seedlings given ALE-40 had highest NL, PH and DW;* while ALE-0 (control) had least values in PH and DW, respectively. Control had highest RL in both crops. The ALE-10 gave least RL in maize and ALE-20 gave least RL in okra. Conclusion: Pentaclethra macrophylla aqueous leaf extract at 10% enhanced germination, while 40% concentration encouraged dry matter accumulation and height in maize and okra seedlings.Item Floristic importance of phyllanthus amarus schumach & thonn in selected farming communities and its domestication in Oyo state, Nigeria(2019) Awodoyin, R.O.; Omage, F.I.; Egberongbe, R.K.; Olubode, O.S.Phyllanthus amarus is a pantropic weed with numerous medicinal uses. It is collected in the wild, often in unwholesome environment and is hardly available all year round, which calls for its domestication for eventual cultivation. The distribution and seedling growth of P. amarus were studied in two seasons at two farming communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. A 25 x 25 m plot was marked out in Akufo and Fiditi. Fifteen quadrats (50 x 50 cm) were randomly placed using x-y ordinate system to enumerate and determine Relative Importance Value (RIV) for all low growing plants. Growth and dry matter accumulation of seedlings were monitored in a pot trial in clay and sandy-loam soils, combined with four watering intervals (1, 2, 3 and 7 days). Data were analysed using ANOVA and means separated by Least Significant Difference at 5% level of probability. Results showed that Phyllanthus amarus is more abundant at Fiditi (RIV=47.16%) than Akufo (RIV=9.15%) at the onset of wet season but reduced at the mid wet season. It performed best (P ≤ 0.05) on sandy-loam soil and daily watering significantly effected its best growth and dry matter yield. Phyllanthus amarus responded positively to daily watering, but its importance value reduced with recruitment of other species as the wet season advanced, which presented it as an inferior competitor and explains its reduced availability in the wild at the peak of wet season and in the dry season. For cultivation purposes therefore, Phyllanthus amarus should be grown in well-drained soils with regular weeding carried out and with adequate moisture provided.Item Performance of senecio biafrae (oliv. & hiern) j. moore under varying light intensities and compost rates in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria(2019) Olubode, O.S.; Johnson, A.S.Solanecio biafrae is an underutilized indigenous vegetable in southwest Nigeria. It is usually found in shades of other tree crops. This study investigated growth of S. biafrae as influenced by compost application under different light intensities in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The pot study was conducted twice at the Crop Garden of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan. Four levels of light intensities were examined under multiple layers of nets: Growth under four test light intensities of unshaded natural light (0 net), and three levels of shades (1 net, 2 nets and 3 nets) assessed under four levels (0, 10, 15 and 20 g/pot) of compost (ratio 3:1 Tithonia-Poultry waste) in a randomized complete block design with light intensity as Blocks. Growth and yield data were analysed using analysis of variance and post-hoc tests conducted with Fisher's LSD at 5% probability. Lowest light intensity resulted in increased number of leaves, from 7.75 to 15.50 at 4 WAT and 7.78 to 18.50 at 6 WAT. Application of 20 g/pot compost resulted in higher number of leaves, number of nodes, vine height, vine diameter, root and shoot dry matter of S. biafrae under reduced light intensities. Low light intensity in combination with increased compost rates enhanced growth performance of S. biafrae. Cultivation of S. biafrae is recommended using of Tithonia diversifolia compost at the rate of 20g/5kg soil under low light intensity for optimum yield.Item Diversity and floral composition changes in intensively cultivated practical year training program farm of the university of Ibadan, Nigeria(2018) Jude, G.E.; Olubode, O.S.Higher Institutions where agriculture is taught are required by National University Commission to have large areas of land for practical and demonstration activities. The lands are often cultivated intensively for decades under the same soil management practices, thus making them to become invaded with weeds which overtime become adapted to the ecosystem at the expense of soil productivity. The study was conducted to determine the species composition, invasiveness, spatial distribution of weed species and diversity of weeds on the site for Practical Year Training Programme (PYTP) of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan in two consecutive years. The PYTP farm was floristically surveyed by using 21 plots of 150 m2 each and a strip of 5 m round was maintained for edge effects. Six (1 m2) square quadrats (126 in all) were randomly laid on each plot to enumerate the herbaceous flora of the farm. Flora composition, frequency and density values were evaluated for Relative Importance Values (RIV, %) following standard procedures. Soil of the farm was routinely analysed for its adequacy for agricultural purposes. A total of fifty two (52) plant species in seventeen (17) families were enumerated in the first year while a total of thirty (30) plant species belonging to fourteen (14) families were enumerated in the second year. In the first year, Tridax procumbens had the highest Relative Importance Value (11.73), distantly followed by Cynodon dactylon (6.44). Tridax procumbens was prevalent in plots not subjected to crop rotation. The abundance of plants was low on clay soils. Margalef index (12.81), Mehinick index (6.959), and Dominance (0.05262) indicated high overall species diversity, high species diversity in each plot, and low overall dominance respectively. In the second year, Gomphrena celosioides had the highest RIV (18.66) followed by Panicum maximum (12.43). Three soil types (sandy loam, loamy sand and clay) were identified. The soils were acidic (pH 4.7 – 4.8). Sandy loam and loamy sand soils had comparatively higher organic matter content than clay soil. The nitrogen concentration of the soils was generally low (0.6-1.33 g/kg). The Practical Year Training Programme land of the University of Ibadan is not productive and therefore should be allowed to rest for a long period of time. Conservation agricultural practices are recommended for the land anytime it is to be cultivated to deter further degradation.Item Complexities of local cultural protection in conservation: the case of an endangered African primate and forest groves protected by social taboos(2017) Baker, L.R.; Tanimola, A.A.; Olubode, O.S.Globally, some species and habitats receive protection through local belief systems (e.g. indigenous religions) and informal institutions (e.g. social norms and taboos). Where such systems represent the only form of protection for threatened species or environments, they may be critical to the survival of those taxa and sites. We evaluated the effectiveness of long-standing social taboos protecting the Endangered Sclater’s monkey Cercopithecus sclateri and forest groves in a community complex in Nigeria. Across its range (southern Nigeria), Sclater’s monkey is effectively protected only through informal institutions. At our study site, we conducted a census of the monkey population; measured the area of sacred groves; and compared our findings with estimates from and , respectively. We observed a % increase in the monkey population (from to individuals) in a core survey area. No groves that we assessed in had been fully cleared. Although we observed a decline in tree cover for several sacred forests, most groves used regularly by monkeys had changed little. The social taboos related to monkeys and sacred groves remain largely intact; however, other factors threaten the monkey population and remaining forests in this community complex, including the removal of tree patches to accommodate the construction of large residential buildings and the demand for cropland, as well as increased dumping of waste in forested sites. This study highlights the conservation importance and limitations of local cultural protection, as well as the challenges presented when such protection conflicts with community-perceivedItem Distribution of Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright nil invasive weed in relation to other herbaceous weeds in Agrarian ecosystems of Ibadan, Nigeria(2017) Tanimola, O.O.; Awodoyen, R.O.; Olubode, O.S.Mimosa diplotricha is an invasive weed whose spread can have negative impacts on plant biodiversity and agriculture.''In this study, a floristic survey was used to assess the distribution of Mimosa diplotricha in relation to other weed species in Ibadan, Nigeria. Florisiic survey was conducted using Jm x lin quadrat at 0.5 km intervals on transects along major roads of six purposively selected agrarian ureas based on prevalence oj Mimosa diplotricha, frdm Ibadan metropolis to: Alai jo, Akanran, lyana-Offa, Idi-Ayunre, hldo and Susa. The entire arpas are within 7° 14-7°30'N; 3°48'-4°04 E and altitude 127-261 in asl). The Relative Importance Values (RIV, %), relative density and relative, frequency, diversity indices {Species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener (11) and Evenness (J)} were determined. Eighty-six pHint species from twenty-eight families were enumerated. The RIV of Mimosa diplotricha was highest in all areas: 17.1 (Susa), 22.5 (Alcufo), 3L5 (Idi-Ayunre), 23.3 (lyana -Ojfa), 21.4 (Iddo), 36.0 (Akanran). While, the least RIV ranged from 0.31 (Luffa cylindrica; Sasa) to 0.97fCommelina erecta; Iddo). The Species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener (H) and Evenness (J) indices, in the areas were: 56.0, 3.1, 0.4 (Sasa); 31.0, 2.6, 0.4 (Alcufo); 44.0, 2.5, 0.3 (TdiAyunre); 40.0, 2.7, 0.4 (lyana Ojfa); 29.0, 2.6, 0.5 (Iddo) and 35.0, 2.0 and 0.2 (Akanran), respectively. The'high diversity indices revealed random distribution of species. However, high RIV values of Mimosa diplotricha in all surveyed axes showed that it is fast becoming the dominant weed species in Ibadan and may be a threat to