Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Sustainable crop nutrition for ameliorating biotic stress in grain legumes and ensuring food security(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Adejumo, S. A.Environmental stress generally causes considerable yield loss in leguminous crop production. This stress could be biotic (Insect pests, disease pathogens, weeds, vertebrate pests, etc.) or abiotic (Drought, heat, cold, salinity, flooding, heavy metal contamination, etc.). Either biotic or abiotic stress, both are capable of causing total yield loss. Unfortunately, crops are simultaneously exposed to these stress factors on the field. The response and level of tolerance to both stress factors, however, depend on the crop's genetic and nutritional status. The level of infection or infestation is determined by the cropping system and soil nutrient status. The induction of defense mechanisms by plants in response to pathogenic attack is dependent on environmental conditions like plant nutrient status. It means that there is a complex signaling network with crop nutrition that enables the plants to recognize and protect themselves against pathogens and other environmental stresses. The disease severity could be reduced by adequate crop nutrition due to host nutrient availability, plant composition of secondary metabolites, and the effect on the plant defense mechanisms. Shortages in essential nutrients on their own can predispose plants to attack by pests and pathogens. Therefore, the only sustainable method for growing crops in the face of different environmental stresses is good crop nutrition. A well-fed crop is more resistant to environmental hazards than poorly-fed crop. Though leguminous crops can fix atmospheric nitrogen themselves, the nutritional requirements for healthy crop production are more than just one element. The ability to fix nitrogen, if combined with appropriate crop nutrition will place the plant in a better position to withstand environmental stresses. This chapter discusses some of the different nutrient elements required by leguminous crops and their functions, crop nutrition abiotic stress tolerance, and mechanisms of nutrient-induced resistance in leguminous crops.Item Growth, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents of tea (Camellia Sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) under varied light intensity in Southwest Nigeria(Elixir International Journal, 2023) Adeosun, A.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.The nutritive and anti-oxidative properties of tea have made it the most widely consumed beverage in many parts of the world. Warm climatic conditions arising from high light intensity however, constitutes a major constraint to tea cultivation in South-Western Nigeria. Reduction in the Light Intensity (LI) is therefore, fundamental to the possible expansion of tea production in this zone. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different light intensities on growth, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids contents of two tea cultivars at two locations (Ibadan and Owena). The experiment was a factorial of eight treatments; Two tea cultivars (143 and 318), Four levels of light intensity-(25%=2.40x104lux, 45%=4.57x104lux, 65%=6.75x104lux and 100%=1.04x105lux: control). These were achieved by using sheds of 4, 2, 1 and 0 palm fronds layers, respectively. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. Data were collected on Number of Leaves (NL), Leaf Area (LA, cm2), Plant Height (PH, cm), leaf abscission as well as chlorophyll and carotenoids contents (mg/g). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The result revealed that Cultivar 143 performed significantly better than 318 with 25.23±9.74NL, 665.93±297.54LA in Ibadan and 25.38±9.82NL, 898.23±670.34LA in Owena. Tea plants under 45 and 65% LI had higher NL, LA and PH compared to those grown under 25 and 100% LI in Ibadan and Owena. Highest leaf abscission (15.44±3.89 and 23.13±7.22 dropped leaves in Ibadan and Owena, respectively) was obtained in C143 under 100% LI; while the least (6.84±3.89 and 4.78±7.22 dropped leaves in Ibadan and Owena, respectively) was obtained in C318 under 45% LI. In Ibadan, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased from 1.11±0.83 and 0.30±0.15, respectively in C318 under 100% LI to 3.15±0.83 in C143 under 25% LI and 0.6±0.15 in C318 under 45% LI; while in Owena, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased from 1.05±0.87 and 0.29±0.30, respectively in C143 under 100% LI to 2.97±0.87 and 0.83±0.30 in C318 under 25% LI. Conclusively, light intensities of 45% (4.57x104lux ) - 65% (6.75x104lux) enhanced optimal vegetative growth, reduced leaf abscission, increased chlorophyll and carotenoids accumulation of tea cultivar 143 which was more adaptable to Ibadan and Owena, Southwest Nigeria.Item Physiological responses of cowpea simultaneously exposed to water deficit stress and varying light intensities at vegetative and reproductive growth stages(Update Publishing House, 2022) Adeniyi, O. I.; Adejumo, S. A.; Fofana, M.; Adegbehingbe, F. T.A combination of stresses as it occurs on the field poses more challenges to crop production than individual stress. Crops’ response to single stress also differs from that of combined stresses. The morpho-physiological responses of two cowpea varieties (IT89KD-288 and IT99K573-1-1) to a combination of stresses (water deficit stress and high light intensity) were investigated at different growth stages. Three levels of light intensities (L3: 259 Lux- 36%, L2: 394 Lux-55% and L1: 710.2 Lux-100%) were imposed using one, two and zero layer(s) of the net, respectively, while, water deficit stress at four levels (W1: no water stress; 0-5 bars, W2: moderate water stress; 5-15 bars, W3: moderately-severe; 15-40 bars and W4: severe water stress; 40-70 bars) was imposed differently at vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Data were collected on the cowpea yield, Leaf Temperature (LT), Chlorophyll (C), Photosynthesis (P), Stomatal Conductance (SC) and Canopy Transpiration Rate (CTR). Exposure to W4 under L1 considerably reduced cowpea yield by 80% compared to those grown under L3 and full watering. Reduced light intensity enhanced cowpea grain yield irrespective of water deficit stress and IT89KD-288 was superior to IT99K573-1-1. Reduction in light intensity also increased the SC from 55.18 in L1 to 76.88 in 36 % L3. Full light intensity without water stress (100% light intensity), increased C content, while severe water stress reduced the C content and CTR. Photosynthesis was, however, reduced under low light intensity compared to 100% light intensity. It was also observed that water deficit stress imposed at the reproductive stage did not affect P, CTR and SC unlike that of the vegetative stage. In conclusion, reduced light intensity enhanced cowpea tolerance to water deficit and increased yield. Cowpea response was dependent on growth stage, variety and severity of stress.Item Pre‑sowing seed treatment with proline, glycine betaine, and soil amendment with compost as strategies for improving yield and drought tolerance in cowpea(Springer Nature, 2022) Akinmolayan, T. V.; Adejumo, S. A.Purpose Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop production. Compatible solutes, like proline (P) and glycine betaine (GB) enhance crop tolerance to abiotic stresses. Compost also supplies nutrients to crop and enhances crop tolerance to stress. The effects of pre-sowing seed treatments with P and GB as well as soil amendment with compost on cowpea performance under water deficit stress were investigated in this study. Methodology Cowpea seeds were soaked in P and GB at 0 (distilled water: control), 2.5, 5, and 10 mM for 12 h before sowing. Compost (C) was applied at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 t ha− 1. Water stress was imposed by withdrawing water for 10 (W1) or 20 (W2) days, at vegetative (VS) or reproductive (RS) stages. Data were collected on cowpea growth parameters, yield, nodulation, P, and GB accumulation. Results The W2 at VS reduced cowpea growth and yield by 100% compared to the unstressed plants, while, W1was more tolerable. Proline, GB and C enhanced tolerance, growth, and pod yield, especially with C5 t ha −1, C7.5 t ha −1, GB5mM, and P2.5 mM. Water stress increased P and GB in untreated plants more than the treated plants. Compost at every rate, reduced the accumulation of proline and GB in cowpea under stress (W1), whereas proline was more in plants pre-treated with GB10mM and P2.5 mM under W2 at VS compared to RS. At RS, compost increased P and GB accumulation and these were reduced in P treatments. Conclusion Compost and seed treatment with solutes enhanced cowpea stress tolerance and improved yield.Item Liming and compost amendment of heavy metal contaminated soil reduced pb accumulation in Ocimum Gratissimum L, enhanced secondary metabolism and chlorophyll formation(Longdom Publishing SL, 2022) Adejumo, S.; Rosilu, G.O.Soil contamination by heavy metals limits plant metabolic processes and development. Technique that immobilizes metal in the soil and reduced uptake by crop is preferred. Effects of liming and compost amendment on Pb immobilization and secondary metabolism of Osmium gratissimum L. planted on lead-acid battery wastes contaminated soil were studied. Four levels of lime (0 ton/ha, 2 ton/ha, 4 ton/ha and 8 ton/ha) and compost (0 ton/ha, 10 ton/ha, 20 ton/ha and 30 ton/ha) were used while uncontaminated and contaminated soil without amendments served as checks. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, nutrient uptake, leaf chlorophyll and secondary metabolites (Total phenols, Terpenoids and Flavonoids) contents. Addition of compost (30 t/ha) and in combination with lime (2 t/ha) reduced post-cropping soil Pb concentration and accumulation in plant. Biomass accumulation was reduced in Ocimum gratissimum grown on contaminated soil by 85.23% compared to uncontaminated control. Liming and compost addition however enhanced the growth and yield of Occimum spp on contaminated soil and there was increase in the phenolic and terpenoids production by 78.53% in the plant grown on contaminated soil compared to uncontaminated control. Sole application of lime however inhibited phenolic production except in combination with compost whereas flavonoid production was enhanced by liming. Similarly,there was 56.21% increase in chlorophyll content of Occimum spp grown on contaminated soil amended with 30 t/ha compost in combination with lime at 8 t/ha. Highest rate of compost (30 t/ha) in combination with 2 t/ha lime was more effective in improving the chlorophyll content, growth and yield of Ocimum gratissimum on Pb contaminated soilItem Maize response to sole and combined effects of nitrogen and nematode stresses(Advanced Journal of Graduate Research (AJGR), 2021) Benjamin, J.; Adejumo, S. A.; Claudius-Cole, A.Crops grown on the field or in phytotrons are faced with different biotic stresses including plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) and abiotic stresses such as drought and poor soil fertility (low nitrogen levels). In this study, the interactive responses of a low-nitrogen tolerant variety LNTP-YC, and a regular variety BR-9928-DMRSR to Pratylenchus geae under four nitrogen-levels: no amendment; [TO], low nitrogen [100kg/ha NPK; T1], optimum nitrogen [200kgN/ha NPK + Urea; T2] and compost [10t/ha; T3] were investigated. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial fitted into randomised complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. Data were collected on growth parameters (plant height and stem girth), yield components (number and weight of cobs), lesion score (LS), final nematode population (FNP) and reproductive factor (RF). Low nutrient stress in combination with nematode infection generally reduced maize growth and yield. Growth parameters of BR-9928-DMRSR variety were generally high while yield parameters of LNTP-YC variety were significantly greater than in BR-9928-DMRSR variety. However, T2 and T3 improved growth and yield of both maize varieties compared to TO, with T2 being superior to T3. Meanwhile, T3 reduced FNP more than T2. FNP (107.65) and RF (1.3) of P. geae on LNTP-YC variety and with T3 was significantly low compared to T2 (178, 3.34), TO (188, 3.6) and T1 (217, 5.0). In all the parameters considered, LNTP-YC outperformed BR-9928-DMRSR variety. In conclusion, soil amendment with optimum rate of nitrogen and compost reduced nematode population and enhanced maize growth, while low nitrogen in combination with nematode stress reduced maize yield.Item Low light intensity and compost modified biochar enhanced maize growth on contaminated soil and minimized Pb induced oxidative stress(Elsevier, 2021) Adejumo, S. A.; Owoseni, O.; Mur, L.A.J.Heavy metal uptake by agricultural crops poses great danger to human health. Application of compost and biochar has been used extensively for metal immobilization in soil and to reduce metal uptake by crop plant. Their efficiency is however, limited by other environmental factors like water and light intensity. In this study, the effects of organic amendments (Mexican Sunflower Compost and Rice Husk (RH) biochar) in combination with varying light intensities on growth and Pb uptake by maize crop grown on industrially contaminated soil containing 53,752 mg/kg Pb was investigated. Compost and biochar were applied singly and in combination at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 t ha1 while different layers of net were used to vary light intensity (one layer =60: 386 lx, two layers =53:340 lx, three layers =27 %: 177 lx and zero layer with 100 % light intensity of 634 lx served as control). Soil Pb concentration and stress metabolites (Proline and cysteine) production before and after the experiment were also determined. Results showed that, higher rates of organic amendments and reduced light intensity increased the vegetative growth and yield of maize on contaminated soil compared to 100 % light intensity. Combination of biochar and compost performed better than sole application. It reduced post-cropping soil Pb concentration and Pb uptake by maize, especially under low light intensity. The stress metabolites were more in the leaves of maize crop grown in un-amended soil and under 100 % light intensity. Addition of organic amendment coupled with reduction in light intensity therefore, enhanced maize growth on contaminated soil, reduced Pb uptake and oxidative stress, while, heavy metal accumulation and stress metabolites production were more in maize grown in un-amended soil and exposed to high light intensity.Item Influence of Compost, Indole-3-acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid application on productivity of Jatropha(Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T),, 2020) Odeleye, I. S.; Togun, A. O.; Adejumo, S. A.; Adediji, I. T.; Muhamman, M. A.The problem of climate change on agricultural production and human health has brought about global need for alternative source of energy like biodiesel. In order to meet thè global demand for biodiesel, strategies to improve growth and yield of Jatropha would be of great importance. A single application of plant growth hormones (PGH) and compost was evaluated on thè growth and yield parameters of Jatropha curcas. The experiments comprises of three concentrations ( 100 mg\l, 150 mg\l and 200 mg\l) each of indole 3 acetic acid and gibberellic acid and three rates ( 10 t\ha, 20 fvha and 40 t\ha) of compost and thè untreated soil which served as thè control. Each treatment was in four replications set up in a completely randomized design (CRD). The results revealed that gibberellic acid at 150mg\l and indole-3-acetic acid at 200 mg\l significantly (P<0.05) increased thè chlorophyll content, growth and dry matter yield parameters of Jatropha. However, growth and yield of Jatropha curcas were improved by thè application of compost compared to thè control, (7.25 to 9.00, 18.08 to 19.23 and 2.80 to 3.25 for number of leaves/plant, leaf area and stem girth respectively). The values were not as high when compared to plants treated with plant growth hormones. Hence, gibberellic acid or indole-3-acetic acid at 150 mg\l and 200 mg\l respectively could be used for rapid development of seedlings.Item Ameliorative roles of compost on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to drought stress at vegetative and reproductive growth stages(Society of Land Measurements and Cadastre from Transylvania - SMTCT, 2020) Ezeh, O. S.; Adejumo, S. A.Okra growth and yield are adversely affected by drought at different growth stages. This is aggravated by poor soil fertility. In this study, the roles of compost applied at 0, 5 and 10 t/ha on the tolerance and morphophysiological response of okra (NHAe 47-4) exposed to varying levels of water stress (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% field capacity, FC), at different growth stages (vegetative, reproductive and vegetative-reproductive stages) for ten days duration were assessed. Data were collected on okra growth and yield, leaf relative water content (LRWC), leaf photosynthetic pigments (LPG) and proline accumulation. Results showed that drought stress reduced LRWC, LPG, growth and yield of Okra. This reduction was more evident in okra plants exposed to severe stress for 10 days and at the reproductive stage. Soil amendment with compost however, had cushioning effect on drought stressed okra. Compared to control, it increased the LRWC, LPG, growth and yield of okra. The ameliorative roles of compost were however, dependent on stress intensity, compost dosage, okra growth stage and stress duration. Though, okra plants stressed at 25% FC were more affected by drought stress, but compared to the un-amended soil, those grown on amended soil were more tolerant. Higher compost rate was superior to lower rates. Whereas, higher proline accumulation was recorded in plant exposed to 25% field capacity without amendment, proline accumulation was reduced in the plants grown on compost amended soil and exposed to drought which was an indication of stress reduction. Generally, okra stressed at vegetative growth stage only was able to recover rapidly and had better yield compared to those stressed at reproductive growth stage. It is concluded that addition of compost to soil could reduce the drought stress effect on okra.Item Exogenous proline and hormone in combination with compost improves growth and tolerance of maize under heavy metal stress(Plants and Environmental Research Institute (PERI), Kanpur, India, 2020) Adejumo, S. A.; Awoyemi, V.; Togun, A. O.Abiotic stress such as heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil limits crop production by disrupting plant’s physiological activities and seed germination. Exogenous proline, hormone and compost have been used to induce growth and stress tolerance in crop but little is known about their interactive and anti-oxidative roles in crop exposed to heavy metal stress. This study assessed the effects of pre-sowing seed soaking with exogenous proline (P) and hormones (Gibberellic acid; GA and Indole-acetic acid; IAA) on the Pb accumulation, osmolytes (P, phenolics; PH and Glycine betaine; GB), Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and stress indexes (H2O2 and malonialdehyde; MDA) of maize grown on compost amended Pb (23,959 mg kg-1 Pb) contaminated soil. Compost was applied at 20 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1, P, GA and IAA were applied at 10 mM and 5 mM solely and in combinations to give a total of 34 treatments including control (Distilled water only) and replicated 3 times. Except in IAA treatment, seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H2O2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control. With regards to stress indexes G2+C1 gave the lowest values. Sole application of P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2 enhanced the production of proline in treated plants compared to combined application. Combination with compost was better than hormonal combination. A combination of P2 with C (40 t ha-1) (P2C2) gave the maximum chlorophyll content and reduced the endogenous GB and P. Treatment with P2C2 also reduced Pb accumulation in plant. In conclusion, exogenous application of hormones and proline in combination with organic amendment induces heavy metal tolerance in maize and increased protection against oxidative stress compared to contaminated control. The technique that can enhance crop growth on contaminated soil, reduce metal uptake and provide osmo-protection could be a promising approach.