DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

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ABN 200: Introduction to agricultural biochemistry
(Center for External Studies, University of Ibadan, 2002) Babayemi, O. J.; Abu, O. A.; Sokunbi, O. A.
Agro-Industrial by-products and farm wastes for poultry production in Nigeria: challenges and opportunities
(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Univcrsity of Ibadan, 2011-06) Abu, O. A.; Iyayi, E. A.; Tewe, O. O.
The poultry industry in Nigeria requires up Io ninety per cent of the total commercially produced feeds in Nigeria. Conventionally, maize is the major source of energy in poultry feeds in Nigeria, while soybean, groundnut cake and fish meal are sources of protein. Poultry farmers often use alternative feed ingredients whenever the prices of the conventional feed ingredients increase beyond realization of profit. Agro-industrial by-products (AlBs) are mostly cereal and oil seed processing by-products but when poorly stored agro-industrial by-products often go mouldy necessitating the use of toxin binders. The substituability of cassava for maize is almost unity but for the additional processing effort that is required for cassava. Hatchety wastes (eggshell, culled eggs, poorly formed chicks) and slaughter houses (blood, bones, rumen scrapping, and feathers) are of animal origin potentially available for inclusion in feed. The use of animal by-products for componding feeds is however becoming less acceptable. Crop wastes that have potential for use in poultry feeding are cassava leaves and also leaves from other crops. The leaves can be good sources of leaf protein when harnessed. Exogenous enzymes results in cost reduction and improved animal performance. Whereas several of these by-products are available for inclusion in poultry feeds either as energy or protein alternatives, wide Variation in their nutritional compositions and lower quality compared to the conventional feedstuffs create a Situation of challenge in their use. Nevertheless, their potential can be harnessed by guided inclusion levels, further processing, supplementation with exogenous enzymes or a combination of all three factors. In conclusion, to complementing the use of alternatives feed ingredients, the poultry farmer should also be encouraged to increase the efficiency of production by considering proper manipulation of feed, application of appropriate housing System, the use of feed additives among others.
Analysis Of Genetic Structure Of Nigerian West African Dwarf Goats By Microsatellite Markers markers
(2015) Awobajo, O.K.; Salako, A.E.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.
Genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci and population structure hypothesis was examined for West African Dwarf (WAD) goat populations found in four Southwestern states in Nigeria. Estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities revealed substantial genetic variation frequently displayed by microsatellite markers. Number of alleles observed across the microsatellite loci varied from 6 to 17 with an overall mean of 10.75 ± 3.22. Average polymorphism across the studied loci and expected gene diversity in the population were 1.66 ± 0.49 and 0.72 ± 0.17, respectively. Population was observed to be significantly differentiated into different groups, and showed fairly high level of inbreeding (f = 0.95 ± 0.15) and global heterozygote deficit.
Analysis Of Genetic Structure Of West African Dwarf Goats By Allozyme Markers
(2016) Awobajo, O.K.; Salako, A.E.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.
Genetic variation at three allozyme (Haemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase and Transferrin) loci and popula-tion structure hypothesis were examined for West African Dwarf goat populations in four Southwesternstate of Nigeria. One hundred and forty animals, twenty from each sampling area comprising Ijebu-Ode and Ado-Odo, (Ogun state), Ondo, (Ondo state), Ile–Ife, Osogbo and Iwo, (Osun state), and Ibadan,(Oyo state), were randomly selected. Estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of allelesand gene diversities revealed substantial genetic variation frequently displayed by allozyme markers. Numbers of alleles observed across the allozyme loci varied from 246 to 250 with an overall meanof 247.33 ± 2.31. Average polymorphism across the studied loci and expected gene diversity in thepopulation were 0.63 ± 0.09 and 0.44 ± 0.09, respectively. Population was observed to be significantlydifferentiated into different groups, and showed fairly high level of outbreeding (f = −0.16 ± 0.44) andexcess heterozygosity
Analysis of Growth Models of Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) in Nigeria
(2017) Olaniyan, A.A.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Salako, A.E
This study, aimed at comparing the growth curve parameters and determining the best non linear model for Japanese quails was conducted at the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Two hundred and thirty-five (235) Japanese quails were purchased at day old from a reputable hatchery in Ibadan and reared in cages, after two weeks of brooding on deep litter. Body weights (g) were taken weekly from hatch till the birds were 25 weeks old. The average of the weekly body weights was fitted to four non-linear models, namely Gompertz, Logistic, Brody and Von Bertalanffy to define the growth pattern and examine the existence of differences in the growth pattern described by the models. Models were compared using Coefficients of determination (R2), Mean square error (MSE), size of Residual standard deviation (RSD), Akaike’s information criteria (AIC) and Percentage forecast error. The R2 values were high for all models: 0.980, 0.979, 0.973 and 0.973 for Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic and Brody, respectively. The Mean square error and Akaike’s information criteria values were 65.744 and 107.449; 64.685 and 107.043; 51.363 and 101.277; 49.731 and 100.470 for the Logistic, Brody, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models, respectively. Residual standard deviations were 8.979, 8.539, 7.847 and 7.832 with corresponding Percentage forecast error (PCFE) values of 16.315, 11.523, 12.948 and 13.687 for the Brody, Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models respectively. The Von Bertalanffy model was the most suitable for explaining the growth of the Japanese quails based on these goodness of fit criteria: The highest R2 (0.980), lowest Mean square error (49.731), Residual standard deviation (7.832) and Akaike’s information criteria (100.470)
Analysis Of Sexual Dimorphism In Morphometric Variables Of Cane Rat
(2018) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Akindele, O.D.; Ewuola, K.M.
The sex effect and interrelationship between body weight and six linear body measurements o fforty-five (15 bucks and 30 does) grasscutters aged between 12 and 24 months was assessedusing path analysis. Body weighty and linear body measurements: hind leg length, rump height, paunch girth, face width, mouth width, and total body length were measured for the male and female grass cutter. Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the male and the female cane rats for all the parameters measured indicating sexual dimorphism in the cane rat All parameters assessed had highly significant (p<0.0001) and very strong positive correlation coefficients in both sexes. The path analysis indicated that in males, hindleg length (2.86;p<0.0001) had the highest direct effect on body weight, while rump height (-1.45; p<0.0001), had a negative direct effect In the female group, all the parameters evaluated had a nonsignificant, positive direct effect The hind leg length was observed to have the highest (0.29; p<0.0001) path coefficient while the mouth width (0.02; p<0.0001) had the least path coefficient It was concluded that sex had an effect on the interrelationship between body weight and linear body measurements in grasscutter.
ANS 210: Principles of animal production
(Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, 2003) Babayemi, O. J.; Abu, O. A.; Sokunbi, O. A.; Ogunsola, O. O.
Antihelmintic and anticoccidial effects of zingiber officinale roscoe fortified diets fed yankasa rams
(Fundación CIPAV, Cali, Colombia, 2017) Adeniji, S. A.; Adediran, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Uwalaka, E. C.
Parasitic burden results in sub-optimal ruminant livestock production. Synthetic coccidiostats and antihelminthes have been reported to induce resistance and leave residues in the carcass of animals with serious health implications. Although ginger rhizome is a potential alternative to coccidiostats and antihelminthes, its use has not been properly documented. In this study, ginger rhizome was processed into powder and added to a concentrate diet at 0g/kg (G1), 5g/kg (G2), 10g/kg (G3), 15g/kg (G4) and 20g/kg (G5). In a completely randomized design, twenty five pubertal Yankasa rams were allotted to the five dietary treatments. The rams were allowed to graze inside infested pastures for 50days to acquire helminthes and coccidia naturally. At day 51, the rams were confine in individual pens and fed experimental diets for 28days. Faecal samples (5g) were collected from rams for Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT, %)) and Coccidia Oocyst Reduction Test (CORT, %) on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA α0.05. Results obtained showed that on day 28, the FECRT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4(100) and G5(100) than G1 (7.43) while the CORT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4 (98.83) and G5 (100) than G1 (22.60). The helminthes ova recovered from faecal examination using floatation techniques were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum spp, Strongyloides,and Moniezia; while Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., Moniezia and Oesophagostomum spp. larvae were identified on faecal culture. The result revealed that crude ginger rhizome is a potential alternative anti-helminth and anti-coccidia for resource poor farmers as it grossly reduced helminth and coccidia load in the rams.
Antimicrobial activity of ocimum gratissimum extract on Suya (an intermediate moisture meat) in Nigeria
(2009-09) Olusola, O. O.; Oyadeyi, O. S.; Omojola, A. B.
Extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves war used oh Suya meat (an intermediate moisture meat) harvested at different hours of soaking period. O. gratissimum leaves were collected from Oyo state, South West region of Nigeria, rinsed in distilled water and squeezed la extract the fluid. The meat used was semimembranous muscle from beef carcass which was trimmed of all visible fat and connective tissues. The meat cut was sliced to sheets of 0.18cm-0.35cm thick and lengths of between 5.0cm-7.1cm. The study comprised of five treatments of 10 replicates each. Treatment A (TA) served as the control- (Suya without Ocimum Gratissimum Extract-OGE), while (TB),(TC),(TD) and (TE) were soaked in OGE for 1/2 hr, 1hr, 1 1/2hrs and 2 hrs respectively, before coating with Suya ingredients. A total of 50 sticks of Suya with an average weight of 38.10 - 59.30grams of sliced meat per stick were prepared for each treatment sample. The meats on sticks were properly coated with Suya ingredient. The morphological and biochemical characterization of aerobic bacteria, coliform and lactic acid isolates from the five treatments was carried out. At Day 0: From samples of the five treatments were isolated, five (5) Aerobic species (namely: Pseudomonas sp Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp and Flavobacterium sp. Three (3) Coliforms sp were also isolated namely: Proteus sp, Aeromonas sp and Enterobacter sp. Four (4) Lactic acid bacteria were also isolated namely: Pediococcus sp Streptococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp and Enterococcus feacalis. Suya meat soaked in OGE at different harvesting hours 1/2hr, lhr, 1 1/2hrs and 2hrs, on the days ranged between 0.01 x10(5) to 0.07 x 10(5); 1.0 x 10(5) to 0.04 x 10(5); 0.1 x 10(5) to 3.0 x 10(5) and 0.01 x 10(5) to 0.2 x 10(5) respectively however, the microbial counts were relatively low at third and fifth days which might be as a result of the active chemotypes in OGE. Coliform counts for Day 7 for TA and TB were exceptionally high.
Antimicrobial activity of ocimum gratissimum extract on suya (an intermediate moisture meat) in Nigeria
(African Scholarly Science Communications Trust, 2014) Olusola, O. O.; Oyadeyi, O. S.; Omojola, A. B.; Olugbemi, T. S.
Matured leaves of Ocimum gratissimum were harvested and the extracts used to cure Suya (an intermediate moisture meat). O. gratissimum leaves were collected from Oyo state south west region of Nigeria, rinsed in distilled water and squeezed to extract the fluid. The meat used was Semi membranosus muscle from beef carcass, which was trimmed of all visible fat and connective tissues. The meat cut was sliced into sheets of 0.18cm-0.35cm thick and lengths of between 5.0cm-7.1cm. The study comprised five treatments with 10 replicates each in a completely randomized design. Treatment A (TA) served as the control (Suya without O. gratissimum extract(OGE), while treatment B (TB),treatment C (TC), treatment D (TD) and treatment E (TE) were Suya soaked in OGE for ½ hr, 1hr, l½ hrs and 2 hrs, respectively, before coating with Suya ingredients. A total of 50 sticks of Suya weighing from 38.10 - 59.30 grams of sliced meat per stick were prepared for each treatment. The meat on sticks was properly coated with Suya ingredients and arranged around glowing embers of charcoal. The morphological and biochemical characterization of aerobic bacteria, coliform and lactic acid isolates from the five treatments was carried out. At Day 0, isolates from samples of the five treatments include: Aerobic species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Flavobacterium species. Three Coliform species isolated were: Proteus, Aeromonas and Enterobacter species. The four Lactic acid bacteria isolated were Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus species and Enterococcus feacalis. The bacterial count on Suya meat soaked in OGE at different curing times of ½ hr, 1hr, 1½ hrs and 2hrs differed. The aerobic counts (0.001x105- 2.2x105) were relatively low at the third and fifth days for TC, TD, and TE while for Lactic acid bacteria, the count reduced from 3.0x105 in TA to 0.2x105 in TE. Coliform counts of 6.0x105 and 7.0x105 recorded at day 7 for TA and TB were exceptionally high. O. gratissimum extract, used as a curing agent in suya production significantly reduced the aerobic count of treated meat, thus enhancing the keeping quality of the products.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of African nutmeg, pepper and black pepper extract on the quality and shelf-life of chicken nuggets
(Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2015-03) Haruna, M. H.; Olusola, O. O.; Olugbemi, T. S.
A study was conducted using five kilogrammes of manually deboned and comminuted broiler meat to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Pepper, Black pepper and African nutmeg extracts on the quality and shelf-life of nuggets stored at 4°C for 12 days in a completely randomised design. The results for the antioxidant effect revealed that lipid oxidation of chicken nuggets were improved by the inclusion of the extracts compared to the control. Total plate count, coliform count and fungal count were significantly (P<0.05) reduced with the addition of African nutmeg extracts during storage. It is concluded that extracts of Pepper, Black pepper and African nutmeg led to retarded oxidative rancidity and microbial growth during refrigerated storage, thereby improving the quality and shelf-life of chicken nuggets.
Assessment of in vitro gas and methane production of diet fortified with yeast and lactobacilli spp
(Science Domain, 2016-06) Ososanya, T. O.; Inyang, U. A.
The effect of dietary fortification of two levels of bakers yeast and yeast plus Lactobacilli against negative control and positive control (antibiotic) was assessed on in vitro gas production (IVGP) kinetics and methane production at 24 hours incubation. A concentrate diet was formulated and fortified with six levels consisting: control (D1); antibiotic (D2); 2.5 g bakers yeast (D3); 5.0 g bakers yeast (D4); 2.5 g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D5) and 5.0 g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D6) and mixed with Panicum maximum to serve as the substrate in a completely randomized design. The parameters tested were IVGP, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane gas, degradability, partitioning factor and microbial biomass. Higher (P0.05) IVGP volumes, in vitro organic matter degradability, metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were recorded for diets D3 to D6 and D1 over D2, whereas the difference amongst D3 to D6 and D1 was not significant (P>0.05). Highest IVGP was recorded for D6 (16.33 ml) and the lowest (4.33 ml) in D2. Gas production from the soluble fraction (a), rate of constant of gas production (c) and time (t) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) while the gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b) differed significantly (p < 0.05). For methane gas, D3 recorded the highest (5.00 ml / 200 mg DM) and D2 had the lowest (1.67 ml / 200 mg DM). All other fortifications were higher in methane gas than control. The present study demonstrated the potential of probiotics especially when mixed at 5 g level in improving degradation.
Assessment of quail meat nuggets prepared with ocimum gratissimum extract
(National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2018) Olusola, O. O.
Consumers today demand foods with high nutritional value that are free from chemical preservatives. Ocimum gratissimum extract (OGE) was used as an antimicrobial agent and natural preservative at graded levels to assess the quality of nuggets made from Japanese quail meat. Batches of nuggets were produced from meat obtained from thirty-six (36) spent quails divided into four treatments (T1-0%, T2-2%, T3-4%, and T4-6%) in a completely randomized design. Carcass characteristics and physico-chemical parameters of fresh quail meat, prior to assigning to treatments were determined. Prepared quail meat nuggets were analysed for pH, proximate composition, cooking loss/yield, microbial and sensory characteristics. Results showed that mean live weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage of quail carcass were 144.00±10.17, 92.83±2.57 and 64.72±3.75, respectively while mean pH, water holding capacity, meat swelling capacity and extract release volume of fresh quail meat were 6.07±0.12, 70.27±5.24, 85.30±6.75 and 32.00±3.46, respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in pH, cooking yield and cooking loss of quail meat nuggets across the treatments. Highest values were however obtained for T4 (6.39), T2 (78.87) and T3 (30.45) in pH, cooking yield and cooking loss, respectively. Proximate composition of quail meat nuggets varied significantly (p<0.05) across the treatments with values ranging from 60.45 – 64.05 for moisture, 14.65 – 17.40 for protein and 10.85 – 12.30 for fat. Low microbial load counts were obtained in all treatments with T4 having lowest counts for total plate and coliform while T2 had the lowest count for yeast and mould. Low consumer acceptability scores were however obtained for all treatments. It was concluded that increasing the inclusion rate of OGE up to 6%, gave better quality quail meat nuggets.
Assessment of the effects of supplementing rabbit diets with a culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae using performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities
(Elsevier, 1999) Onifade, A. A.; Obiyan, R. I.; Onipede, E.; Adejumo, D. O.; Abu, O. A.; Babatunde, G. M.
The effects of dietary supplementation with a pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 g kg−1 on growth performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities in serum of rabbits were studied during a 56-day experiment. Rabbits fed 3.0 g kg−1 attained the heaviest (P < 0.05) body weight, consumed the highest (P < 0.05) quantity of feed and had the best (P < 0.05) feed conversion. Rabbits fed 1.5 g kg−1 yeast had higher (P < 0.05) body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency than the unsupplemented group. The haematocrit, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, serum albumin: globulin ratio, and erythrocytic indices in rabbits fed 3.0 g kg−1 were superior (P < 0.05) to the unsupplemented group. Other haematological indices were similar (P > 0.05); but differential populations of lymphocytes were fewer (P < 0.05) and monocytes and eosinophils were larger (P < 0.05) in rabbits fed the basal group. Serum Ca2+, globulin, cholesterol, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and alkaline phosphatase were higher (P < 0.05) in the basal group than with the yeast-supplemented diets. The data obtained suggest that yeast addition significantly improved growth performance, enhanced haematopoiesis, reduced serum cholesterol and maintained the serum enzymes at normal ranges. Furthermore, the activities of the clinical enzymes suggested liver- and bone-specific advantages from supplemental yeast. The effects of yeast were dose-dependent, and there is a need to determine the economically optimum dietary concentration.
Association Between Igf- 1 Gene Polymorphisms And Body Weight In Nigeria Locally Adapted Turkeys
(The Genetics Society of Nigeria, 2018) Oyewola, K. A.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Fijabi, O.E.; Shobanke, I.A.; Nwokorie, G.I.; Ewuola, K.M.
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene polymorphism plays important roles in development, growth and reproduction. Genetic intervention for the improvement o f Nigeria locally adapted turkeys based on growth rate and higher mature weight is important. This study was aimed at investigating the association between IGF-1 gene polymorphism and body weights in Nigeria locally adapted turkeys using PCR-RFLP method. Fifty poults were randomly selected for DNA analysis at 10 weeks. Zymo Miniprep kit was used for genomic DNA extraction from blood samples and 529bp fragment o f intron 2 o f IGF-1 gene was amplified. The genetic structure o f the population was analysed using POPGENE 32 software. Association o f the genotypes with body weight was evaluated using the General linear model of SAS 9.2. The enzyme digested products revealed A and B alleles with frequencies o f 0.61 and 0.39 respectively. Two genotypes A A (0.38) and AB (0.62) were detected. Chi-square test (0.001830) for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed that the population sampled was not in equilibrium for the gene investigated. Also, significant association was not observed between IGF-1 polymorphs and body weight at 4, 8 and 12 weeks o f age in Nigeria locally adapted turkeys.
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MUSCOVY AND MALLARD DUCKS IN NIGERIA
(2014) Akinyemi, M. O.; Aina, A. J.; Ewuola, E.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ajao, E.O.
Protein polymorphism and alleleic variation were investigated in the blood and egg proteins of the Muscovy and Mallard duck breeds found in Southwestern Nigeria. Four proteins namely haemoglobin, transferrin, carbonic anhydrase, and albumin in the blood and two egg white proteins:ovalbumin and conalbumin were analysed .A total of 50 ducks comprising of 30 Mallard duck and 20 Muscovy ducks and 20 eggs from each breed were used for the analysis. Separation of blood and egg protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB and BB were observed at haemoglobin, transferrin and carbonic anhydrase loci investigated for both breeds. A third allele C was observed at the albumin locus in the Mallard breed. . Allele A was the most predominant at the Hb, Tf and CA locus in the Muscovy breed with frequencies 0.775, 0.575, and 0.675 respectively and in the Mallard at the Tf, CA and Al locus with frequencies 0.667, 0.567 and 0.767 respectively. The frequencies of allele A and B at the conalbumin locus were 0.425, 0.575; 0.525, 0.475 in the Muscovy breed. Estimates of heterozygosity were 0.428 and 0.430 in the Muscovy and Mallard ducks respectively. Dendogram generated from the genetic distance values revealed that the two breeds are closely related. High genetic similarity was observed between the two breeds.
Biochemical Differentiation of Selected Indigenous Cattle Breeds in Nigeria
(2018) OIadepo, A.D.; Salako, A.E.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.
Variations in genetic resources are the basis for effective genetic improvement in farm animals. Population differentiation is used for objective choice of parental genotypes that constitutes new hybrids in crossbreeding. In Nigeria, population characteristics of some selected indigenous cattle breeds have not been fully documented. Therefore, biochemical differentiation of some selected indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria was assessed using their blood protein polymorphism. Blood samples (5mL) were taken underneath the fail by venipuncture from 40 cattle randomly selected from each of the five selected breeds. The samples were subjected to cellulose acetate electrophoresis to determine the genetic variants of haemoglobin (Hb), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and transferrin (Tf) following standard procedure. Data were analyzed using allele frequencies and duster analysis. Allele frequencies ranged betweenO.10 (H b *) and 0.90 (HbB+), 0.11 (CAR) and 0.89 (C A ^) and 0.02 (T F) and 0.49 (T F ) across the breed. Two main dusters from the dendrogram were observed for each of Hb, CA and Tf. Genetic variants of transferrin were largest within breed which indicated the potential for selection
Biochemical Polymorphism in Newzealand White X Chinchilla Rabbit Crosses
(2017) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M. O.; Akinlabi, J. O.; Fatai, R. B.
The study evaluated diversity within New Zealand white and Chinchilla rabbit crosses using four structural protein loci: Hemoglobin (Hb), Albumin (Alb), Transferin (Tf) and Carbonic anhydrase (CA). Blood (4mls) was sampled from a total of 49 rabbits through ocular venipuncture. The samples collected were analysed using cellulose acetate electrophoresis to estimate the genetic variability within the populations. The degree of heterozygosity, deviation from Hardy Weinberg's Equilibrium (HWE), F , and F values were estimated. All four proteins IS ST loci studied were found to be polymorphic. CA and Alb produced two codominant alleles which controlled three different genotypes. While the two observed codominant alleles in Hb and Tf controlled two genotypes. The haemoglobin locus had the highest heterozygosity value (0.87) while the lowest value (0.53) was recorded at the Albumin locus. Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) was observed at Hb and Tf loci while CA and Alb loci were found to conform with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). Negative F values IS were obtained for all the studied loci indicating the deficiency of homozygotes in the population and that mates were less related in comparison to the average relationship of the population. The results obtained could serve as a reference point in the genetic improvement of the rabbit genetic resource.
BIODIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF INDIGENOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP IN NIGERIA
(2014) Osaiyuwu, O. H.
Genetic characterisation is the basis for selective breeding, crossbreeding, conservation, utilisation, improvement and rational management of animal genetic resources. Indiscriminate crossbreeding has led to erosion of genetic resources of indigenous domestic animals in Nigeria. Information on the genetic biodiversity of the indigenous sheep in Nigeria has not been adequately documented. Therefore, the population structure and biodiversity of indigenous breeds of sheep in Nigeria were assessed in this study. Twenty-five sheep each of Balami, Uda, Yankassa and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds were purposively sampled from Lokoja, Iwo, Okene and Ibadan for biochemical studies. Blood (5 mL) samples were collected to determine variations at four structural protein loci: Albumin (Alb), Transferrin (Tf), Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) and Haemoglobin (Hb), using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Blood (5 mL) from 24 Balami, 25 Uda, 23 Yankassa and 19 WAD sheep were sampled from Shika, Guga and Ibadan for microsatellite loci analysis. Using real time PCR, 13 microsatellite marker loci: CSRD247, HSC, INRA63, MAF214, OARAE129, OARCP49, OARFCB304, BMS4008, D5S2, OARFCB20, MAF65, MCM527, and SPS113 were genotyped. The populations were characterised for genetic variability using Mean Number of Alleles (MNA), allele frequencies, Number of Unique Alleles (NUA), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), observed Heterozygosity (Ho), genetic distance (D). Data were analysed using F-statistic (Fit, Fis, Fst), Analysis of molecular variance, cluster analysis and test of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) at α0.05. Thirteen allelic variants (HbA, HbB, CAF, CAS, AlbA, AlbB, TfA, TfB, TfC, Tf D, TfE, TfG and TfP) were observed at the four protein loci. Modal number (seven) occurrence of alleles was at the Tf locus while two were observed in other loci. The Ho were 0.52, 0.59, 0.61 and 0.52 for Balami, Yankassa, WAD and Uda respectively. The closest D (0.05) was between Balami and Yankassa, while between Balami and WAD was farthest (0.44). Homozygote deficiency (Fis = -0.25; Fit = -0.05) was observed within breeds. Significant HWE were observed in Yankassa (Hb and Tf) and WAD (CA). A total of 149 alleles were observed at the microsatellite loci. The MNA per locus was 11.4±4.0 and ranged between 5.9±2.3 and 8.5±3.4 among breeds with NUA of 45. The PIC observed across loci was 0.65, while the Ho ranged from 0.63 (Balami) to 0.69 (Uda). The D was least (0.09) between Balami and Uda, and highest (0.31) between WAD and Uda. Observed inbreeding within populations (Fis = 0.05) resulted in heterozygote deficiency and low genetic differentiation among breeds (Fst = 0.06). Only 4.5% of the total genetic variation was explained by population differences, 2.6% by variation within population and 92.9% by differences among individuals. Yankassa clustered with Balami at protein loci, while Balami and Uda clustered at microsatellite loci. The HWE was significant for BMS4008, CSRD247, HSC, INRA63, MAF65, MAF214, MCM527, OARAE129, OARCP49 and OARFCB304 microsatellite loci in at least one population. Genetic exchange was present at biochemical loci, whereas breed homogeneity was supported at microsatellite loci. Selection and crossbreeding between West African dwarf sheep and any of Uda, Balami or Yankassa will improve breed crosses
Body Dimensions Of Fulani And Yoruba Ecotype Chickens Under Intensive Systems Of Management
(2009) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Salako, A.E.; Adurogbangban, O.
One hundred and thirty- three (133) day old chicks consisting of sixty-seven (67) Fulani ecotype chicks and sixty-six (66) Yoruba ecotype chicks were used in a 12-weeks study to compare body weight and 10 body parameters of birds under the intensive system of management. Results showed that the Fulani ecotype chicks had better live weight from week 1 - 12 (p>0.05) (live weight: 32.30±3.74 - 461.50±102.06g for females and 34.00±3.73- 552.43±104.98g for males) while the Yoruba ecotype chicks had lower live weights (24.27±1.55¬ 394.46±29.86g for females and 24.09±1.48- 395.92±17.85g for males respectively). The Fulani type also had superior values for breast breadth and length, with values ranging from 2.06±0.37- 11.14±1.49cm for male breast length and 1.92±0.28- 10.45±1.14cm for female breast length. The breast breadth had values of 2.60±0.53- 2.60±0.53cm for males and 2.64±0.49- 8.60±0.99cm for females. The Yoruba ecotype chickens however had superior values (p>0.05) for comb length (0.58±0.9- 2.30±0.37cm for males, 0.62±0.09¬ 1.72±0.19cm) and beak length (1.32±0.11- 2.94±0.13cm for males, 1.27±0.08-2.82±0.16cm for females), throughout the study period. Wing length also changed in the same way from week 7 for females and week 9 for males to favour values recorded for the Yoruba ecotype chickens. All other parameters were higher (p>0.05) for the Fulani ecotype chickens. It was concluded that the Fulani ecotype chicken has potentials to be selected as meat type chickens while the Yoruba ecotype chickens has potentials to be selected more as egg type chickens.