DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

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ABN 200: Introduction to agricultural biochemistry
(Center for External Studies, University of Ibadan, 2002) Babayemi, O. J.; Abu, O. A.; Sokunbi, O. A.
Agro-Industrial by-products and farm wastes for poultry production in Nigeria: challenges and opportunities
(Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Univcrsity of Ibadan, 2011-06) Abu, O. A.; Iyayi, E. A.; Tewe, O. O.
The poultry industry in Nigeria requires up Io ninety per cent of the total commercially produced feeds in Nigeria. Conventionally, maize is the major source of energy in poultry feeds in Nigeria, while soybean, groundnut cake and fish meal are sources of protein. Poultry farmers often use alternative feed ingredients whenever the prices of the conventional feed ingredients increase beyond realization of profit. Agro-industrial by-products (AlBs) are mostly cereal and oil seed processing by-products but when poorly stored agro-industrial by-products often go mouldy necessitating the use of toxin binders. The substituability of cassava for maize is almost unity but for the additional processing effort that is required for cassava. Hatchety wastes (eggshell, culled eggs, poorly formed chicks) and slaughter houses (blood, bones, rumen scrapping, and feathers) are of animal origin potentially available for inclusion in feed. The use of animal by-products for componding feeds is however becoming less acceptable. Crop wastes that have potential for use in poultry feeding are cassava leaves and also leaves from other crops. The leaves can be good sources of leaf protein when harnessed. Exogenous enzymes results in cost reduction and improved animal performance. Whereas several of these by-products are available for inclusion in poultry feeds either as energy or protein alternatives, wide Variation in their nutritional compositions and lower quality compared to the conventional feedstuffs create a Situation of challenge in their use. Nevertheless, their potential can be harnessed by guided inclusion levels, further processing, supplementation with exogenous enzymes or a combination of all three factors. In conclusion, to complementing the use of alternatives feed ingredients, the poultry farmer should also be encouraged to increase the efficiency of production by considering proper manipulation of feed, application of appropriate housing System, the use of feed additives among others.
ANS 210: Principles of animal production
(Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, 2003) Babayemi, O. J.; Abu, O. A.; Sokunbi, O. A.; Ogunsola, O. O.
Antihelmintic and anticoccidial effects of zingiber officinale roscoe fortified diets fed yankasa rams
(Fundación CIPAV, Cali, Colombia, 2017) Adeniji, S. A.; Adediran, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Uwalaka, E. C.
Parasitic burden results in sub-optimal ruminant livestock production. Synthetic coccidiostats and antihelminthes have been reported to induce resistance and leave residues in the carcass of animals with serious health implications. Although ginger rhizome is a potential alternative to coccidiostats and antihelminthes, its use has not been properly documented. In this study, ginger rhizome was processed into powder and added to a concentrate diet at 0g/kg (G1), 5g/kg (G2), 10g/kg (G3), 15g/kg (G4) and 20g/kg (G5). In a completely randomized design, twenty five pubertal Yankasa rams were allotted to the five dietary treatments. The rams were allowed to graze inside infested pastures for 50days to acquire helminthes and coccidia naturally. At day 51, the rams were confine in individual pens and fed experimental diets for 28days. Faecal samples (5g) were collected from rams for Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT, %)) and Coccidia Oocyst Reduction Test (CORT, %) on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA α0.05. Results obtained showed that on day 28, the FECRT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4(100) and G5(100) than G1 (7.43) while the CORT (%) was higher in G2 (100), G3 (100), G4 (98.83) and G5 (100) than G1 (22.60). The helminthes ova recovered from faecal examination using floatation techniques were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum spp, Strongyloides,and Moniezia; while Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., Moniezia and Oesophagostomum spp. larvae were identified on faecal culture. The result revealed that crude ginger rhizome is a potential alternative anti-helminth and anti-coccidia for resource poor farmers as it grossly reduced helminth and coccidia load in the rams.
Antimicrobial activity of ocimum gratissimum extract on Suya (an intermediate moisture meat) in Nigeria
(2009-09) Olusola, O. O.; Oyadeyi, O. S.; Omojola, A. B.
Extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves war used oh Suya meat (an intermediate moisture meat) harvested at different hours of soaking period. O. gratissimum leaves were collected from Oyo state, South West region of Nigeria, rinsed in distilled water and squeezed la extract the fluid. The meat used was semimembranous muscle from beef carcass which was trimmed of all visible fat and connective tissues. The meat cut was sliced to sheets of 0.18cm-0.35cm thick and lengths of between 5.0cm-7.1cm. The study comprised of five treatments of 10 replicates each. Treatment A (TA) served as the control- (Suya without Ocimum Gratissimum Extract-OGE), while (TB),(TC),(TD) and (TE) were soaked in OGE for 1/2 hr, 1hr, 1 1/2hrs and 2 hrs respectively, before coating with Suya ingredients. A total of 50 sticks of Suya with an average weight of 38.10 - 59.30grams of sliced meat per stick were prepared for each treatment sample. The meats on sticks were properly coated with Suya ingredient. The morphological and biochemical characterization of aerobic bacteria, coliform and lactic acid isolates from the five treatments was carried out. At Day 0: From samples of the five treatments were isolated, five (5) Aerobic species (namely: Pseudomonas sp Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp and Flavobacterium sp. Three (3) Coliforms sp were also isolated namely: Proteus sp, Aeromonas sp and Enterobacter sp. Four (4) Lactic acid bacteria were also isolated namely: Pediococcus sp Streptococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp and Enterococcus feacalis. Suya meat soaked in OGE at different harvesting hours 1/2hr, lhr, 1 1/2hrs and 2hrs, on the days ranged between 0.01 x10(5) to 0.07 x 10(5); 1.0 x 10(5) to 0.04 x 10(5); 0.1 x 10(5) to 3.0 x 10(5) and 0.01 x 10(5) to 0.2 x 10(5) respectively however, the microbial counts were relatively low at third and fifth days which might be as a result of the active chemotypes in OGE. Coliform counts for Day 7 for TA and TB were exceptionally high.
Antimicrobial activity of ocimum gratissimum extract on suya (an intermediate moisture meat) in Nigeria
(African Scholarly Science Communications Trust, 2014) Olusola, O. O.; Oyadeyi, O. S.; Omojola, A. B.; Olugbemi, T. S.
Matured leaves of Ocimum gratissimum were harvested and the extracts used to cure Suya (an intermediate moisture meat). O. gratissimum leaves were collected from Oyo state south west region of Nigeria, rinsed in distilled water and squeezed to extract the fluid. The meat used was Semi membranosus muscle from beef carcass, which was trimmed of all visible fat and connective tissues. The meat cut was sliced into sheets of 0.18cm-0.35cm thick and lengths of between 5.0cm-7.1cm. The study comprised five treatments with 10 replicates each in a completely randomized design. Treatment A (TA) served as the control (Suya without O. gratissimum extract(OGE), while treatment B (TB),treatment C (TC), treatment D (TD) and treatment E (TE) were Suya soaked in OGE for ½ hr, 1hr, l½ hrs and 2 hrs, respectively, before coating with Suya ingredients. A total of 50 sticks of Suya weighing from 38.10 - 59.30 grams of sliced meat per stick were prepared for each treatment. The meat on sticks was properly coated with Suya ingredients and arranged around glowing embers of charcoal. The morphological and biochemical characterization of aerobic bacteria, coliform and lactic acid isolates from the five treatments was carried out. At Day 0, isolates from samples of the five treatments include: Aerobic species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Flavobacterium species. Three Coliform species isolated were: Proteus, Aeromonas and Enterobacter species. The four Lactic acid bacteria isolated were Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus species and Enterococcus feacalis. The bacterial count on Suya meat soaked in OGE at different curing times of ½ hr, 1hr, 1½ hrs and 2hrs differed. The aerobic counts (0.001x105- 2.2x105) were relatively low at the third and fifth days for TC, TD, and TE while for Lactic acid bacteria, the count reduced from 3.0x105 in TA to 0.2x105 in TE. Coliform counts of 6.0x105 and 7.0x105 recorded at day 7 for TA and TB were exceptionally high. O. gratissimum extract, used as a curing agent in suya production significantly reduced the aerobic count of treated meat, thus enhancing the keeping quality of the products.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of African nutmeg, pepper and black pepper extract on the quality and shelf-life of chicken nuggets
(Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2015-03) Haruna, M. H.; Olusola, O. O.; Olugbemi, T. S.
A study was conducted using five kilogrammes of manually deboned and comminuted broiler meat to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Pepper, Black pepper and African nutmeg extracts on the quality and shelf-life of nuggets stored at 4°C for 12 days in a completely randomised design. The results for the antioxidant effect revealed that lipid oxidation of chicken nuggets were improved by the inclusion of the extracts compared to the control. Total plate count, coliform count and fungal count were significantly (P<0.05) reduced with the addition of African nutmeg extracts during storage. It is concluded that extracts of Pepper, Black pepper and African nutmeg led to retarded oxidative rancidity and microbial growth during refrigerated storage, thereby improving the quality and shelf-life of chicken nuggets.
Assessment of in vitro gas and methane production of diet fortified with yeast and lactobacilli spp
(Science Domain, 2016-06) Ososanya, T. O.; Inyang, U. A.
The effect of dietary fortification of two levels of bakers yeast and yeast plus Lactobacilli against negative control and positive control (antibiotic) was assessed on in vitro gas production (IVGP) kinetics and methane production at 24 hours incubation. A concentrate diet was formulated and fortified with six levels consisting: control (D1); antibiotic (D2); 2.5 g bakers yeast (D3); 5.0 g bakers yeast (D4); 2.5 g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D5) and 5.0 g yeast plus Lactobacilli (D6) and mixed with Panicum maximum to serve as the substrate in a completely randomized design. The parameters tested were IVGP, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane gas, degradability, partitioning factor and microbial biomass. Higher (P0.05) IVGP volumes, in vitro organic matter degradability, metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were recorded for diets D3 to D6 and D1 over D2, whereas the difference amongst D3 to D6 and D1 was not significant (P>0.05). Highest IVGP was recorded for D6 (16.33 ml) and the lowest (4.33 ml) in D2. Gas production from the soluble fraction (a), rate of constant of gas production (c) and time (t) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) while the gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b) differed significantly (p < 0.05). For methane gas, D3 recorded the highest (5.00 ml / 200 mg DM) and D2 had the lowest (1.67 ml / 200 mg DM). All other fortifications were higher in methane gas than control. The present study demonstrated the potential of probiotics especially when mixed at 5 g level in improving degradation.
Assessment of quail meat nuggets prepared with ocimum gratissimum extract
(National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2018) Olusola, O. O.
Consumers today demand foods with high nutritional value that are free from chemical preservatives. Ocimum gratissimum extract (OGE) was used as an antimicrobial agent and natural preservative at graded levels to assess the quality of nuggets made from Japanese quail meat. Batches of nuggets were produced from meat obtained from thirty-six (36) spent quails divided into four treatments (T1-0%, T2-2%, T3-4%, and T4-6%) in a completely randomized design. Carcass characteristics and physico-chemical parameters of fresh quail meat, prior to assigning to treatments were determined. Prepared quail meat nuggets were analysed for pH, proximate composition, cooking loss/yield, microbial and sensory characteristics. Results showed that mean live weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage of quail carcass were 144.00±10.17, 92.83±2.57 and 64.72±3.75, respectively while mean pH, water holding capacity, meat swelling capacity and extract release volume of fresh quail meat were 6.07±0.12, 70.27±5.24, 85.30±6.75 and 32.00±3.46, respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in pH, cooking yield and cooking loss of quail meat nuggets across the treatments. Highest values were however obtained for T4 (6.39), T2 (78.87) and T3 (30.45) in pH, cooking yield and cooking loss, respectively. Proximate composition of quail meat nuggets varied significantly (p<0.05) across the treatments with values ranging from 60.45 – 64.05 for moisture, 14.65 – 17.40 for protein and 10.85 – 12.30 for fat. Low microbial load counts were obtained in all treatments with T4 having lowest counts for total plate and coliform while T2 had the lowest count for yeast and mould. Low consumer acceptability scores were however obtained for all treatments. It was concluded that increasing the inclusion rate of OGE up to 6%, gave better quality quail meat nuggets.
Assessment of the effects of supplementing rabbit diets with a culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae using performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities
(Elsevier, 1999) Onifade, A. A.; Obiyan, R. I.; Onipede, E.; Adejumo, D. O.; Abu, O. A.; Babatunde, G. M.
The effects of dietary supplementation with a pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 g kg−1 on growth performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities in serum of rabbits were studied during a 56-day experiment. Rabbits fed 3.0 g kg−1 attained the heaviest (P < 0.05) body weight, consumed the highest (P < 0.05) quantity of feed and had the best (P < 0.05) feed conversion. Rabbits fed 1.5 g kg−1 yeast had higher (P < 0.05) body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency than the unsupplemented group. The haematocrit, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, serum albumin: globulin ratio, and erythrocytic indices in rabbits fed 3.0 g kg−1 were superior (P < 0.05) to the unsupplemented group. Other haematological indices were similar (P > 0.05); but differential populations of lymphocytes were fewer (P < 0.05) and monocytes and eosinophils were larger (P < 0.05) in rabbits fed the basal group. Serum Ca2+, globulin, cholesterol, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and alkaline phosphatase were higher (P < 0.05) in the basal group than with the yeast-supplemented diets. The data obtained suggest that yeast addition significantly improved growth performance, enhanced haematopoiesis, reduced serum cholesterol and maintained the serum enzymes at normal ranges. Furthermore, the activities of the clinical enzymes suggested liver- and bone-specific advantages from supplemental yeast. The effects of yeast were dose-dependent, and there is a need to determine the economically optimum dietary concentration.
BIODIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF INDIGENOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP IN NIGERIA
(2014) Osaiyuwu, O. H.
Genetic characterisation is the basis for selective breeding, crossbreeding, conservation, utilisation, improvement and rational management of animal genetic resources. Indiscriminate crossbreeding has led to erosion of genetic resources of indigenous domestic animals in Nigeria. Information on the genetic biodiversity of the indigenous sheep in Nigeria has not been adequately documented. Therefore, the population structure and biodiversity of indigenous breeds of sheep in Nigeria were assessed in this study. Twenty-five sheep each of Balami, Uda, Yankassa and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds were purposively sampled from Lokoja, Iwo, Okene and Ibadan for biochemical studies. Blood (5 mL) samples were collected to determine variations at four structural protein loci: Albumin (Alb), Transferrin (Tf), Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) and Haemoglobin (Hb), using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Blood (5 mL) from 24 Balami, 25 Uda, 23 Yankassa and 19 WAD sheep were sampled from Shika, Guga and Ibadan for microsatellite loci analysis. Using real time PCR, 13 microsatellite marker loci: CSRD247, HSC, INRA63, MAF214, OARAE129, OARCP49, OARFCB304, BMS4008, D5S2, OARFCB20, MAF65, MCM527, and SPS113 were genotyped. The populations were characterised for genetic variability using Mean Number of Alleles (MNA), allele frequencies, Number of Unique Alleles (NUA), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), observed Heterozygosity (Ho), genetic distance (D). Data were analysed using F-statistic (Fit, Fis, Fst), Analysis of molecular variance, cluster analysis and test of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) at α0.05. Thirteen allelic variants (HbA, HbB, CAF, CAS, AlbA, AlbB, TfA, TfB, TfC, Tf D, TfE, TfG and TfP) were observed at the four protein loci. Modal number (seven) occurrence of alleles was at the Tf locus while two were observed in other loci. The Ho were 0.52, 0.59, 0.61 and 0.52 for Balami, Yankassa, WAD and Uda respectively. The closest D (0.05) was between Balami and Yankassa, while between Balami and WAD was farthest (0.44). Homozygote deficiency (Fis = -0.25; Fit = -0.05) was observed within breeds. Significant HWE were observed in Yankassa (Hb and Tf) and WAD (CA). A total of 149 alleles were observed at the microsatellite loci. The MNA per locus was 11.4±4.0 and ranged between 5.9±2.3 and 8.5±3.4 among breeds with NUA of 45. The PIC observed across loci was 0.65, while the Ho ranged from 0.63 (Balami) to 0.69 (Uda). The D was least (0.09) between Balami and Uda, and highest (0.31) between WAD and Uda. Observed inbreeding within populations (Fis = 0.05) resulted in heterozygote deficiency and low genetic differentiation among breeds (Fst = 0.06). Only 4.5% of the total genetic variation was explained by population differences, 2.6% by variation within population and 92.9% by differences among individuals. Yankassa clustered with Balami at protein loci, while Balami and Uda clustered at microsatellite loci. The HWE was significant for BMS4008, CSRD247, HSC, INRA63, MAF65, MAF214, MCM527, OARAE129, OARCP49 and OARFCB304 microsatellite loci in at least one population. Genetic exchange was present at biochemical loci, whereas breed homogeneity was supported at microsatellite loci. Selection and crossbreeding between West African dwarf sheep and any of Uda, Balami or Yankassa will improve breed crosses
Body dimensions of N’dama cattle in humid South West Nigeria
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 1999) Ososanya, T. O.; Olutogun, O.
Body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African (WAD) Dwarf rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets
(2017) Ososanya, T. O.; Akinlade, A. T.
Weight gain, haematology and serum biochemical parameters of sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams weighing 12.8+0,12 kg were assigned to diets containing 0g/kg, 2.5g / kg, 5.0g/kg and 7.5g/kg levels of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) as T0, T2.5, T5.0 and T7.5, respectively. The animals were fed the diet and wilted guinea grass in a 60:40. Daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, platelet, lymphocytes, neutrophil, cholesterol, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values of the rams fed ammonium sulphate fortified diets were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control. Haemoglobin concentration increased in ramsfed ammonium sulphate fortified diets from 14.00-14.68% compared to control. The white blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3)) varied from T0 (4.3 I) to T7.5(5.15). The lowest packed cell volume (41.00%) was obtained for rams on control diet. Red blood cell (x 10(6)/mm(3))) ranged from T0 (11.86) to T7.5 (13.02) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ranged from 10.25 (T0) to 25.25 (T7.5) (x 10(6)µL). The study revealed that inclusion of ammonium sulphate fortified diets of WAD rams up to 7.5g/kg had no deleterious effects on weight gain, haematological and serum indices of WAD rams
Body weight changes, heamatological and serum biochemical properties of West African dwarf rams fed ginger fortified diets
(2016) Ososanya, T. O.
The effect of feeding diets fortified with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% ginger powder on body weight changes, haematological and serum biochemical properties and described as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively was determined using sixteen 12-18 months old WAD rams weighing 15.86 + 0.03kg. The animals were grouped into 4 treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 animals per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 28 days. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for haematological indices {Packed Cell Volume (PCV, %), Red Blood Cell (RBC, 10(6)/mm(3) and White Blood Cell (WBC, 10(3)/mm(3)} and biochemical parameters {Total protein (TP, g/dl), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl), Aspartate Transferase (AST, I.U. /I) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT, I.U. /1)}. PCV ranged from 33.75 (T4) to 39.00 (T2) and the values were within the recommended PCV value for WAD ram. Similarly, WBC values for rams on T4 (10.37) and T3 (8.80) were significantly higher than T2 (6.05) and Tl (4.87). Total protein and BUN increased linearly across the treatments. The values for AST and ALP ranged from 72.10 (T2) to 147.00 (T3) and 238.00 (T4) to 294.00 (T2) respectively. Consequently, it can be concluded that 1.5% fortification of ginger powder promoted body weight gain and had no deleterious effect on the haematological and serum biochemical profile of WAD rams.
Calcium and phosphorus requirements of laying fowls in the warm wet climates
(1999) Adeyemo, G. O.; Oluyemi, J. A.; Omojola, A. B.
Carcass and meat characteristics of grass cutter (thryonomys swinderianus)
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2006-06) Ukah, O. G.; Omojola, A. B.; Ogunsola, O. O.; Okubanjo, A. O.
A total of twelve adult mole grass cutter (cane rats) with an average age of 38 months were used for the evaluation of meat quality attributes and carcass characteristics. The animals were starved of feed for 16 hours, weighed, stunned, slaughtered and properly bled. The thoroughly bled carcasses were scalded and eviscerated. The dressed carcass was cut into two half carcasses, one half was dissected to determine meat yield while the other half was cut into five primal cuts of leg, shoulder, rib, loin and breast, shank and flank (B. S. F.). These cuts were cooked, their percent cook yields and cooking losses were determined. Shear force value and water holding capacity (WHC) were determined. Also determined was the length to live weight ratio. Mean live weight and dressing percentage of cane rat were 4462.50g and 66.43%, respectively. Leg and the shoulder had the highest lean yield while BSF had the least (P<0.05). The larger cuts had greater cooking losses and vice-versa. An average shear force value of 2.71kg/cm(3) was obtained while a range value of 69.15- 82.10% WHC was obtained. The meat to bone ratio was highest (P<0.05) in BSF and lead in the loin. The value obtained for lain out did not differ (P> 0.05) from the values obtained for the shoulder, rib and leg. The percent cooked yield was highest in the rib cut (79:62%) and least in the leg cut (73.90%). The length to live weight ratio was 60.4, while the average carcass length was 271. 50mm.
Carcass characteristics and gut histomorphology of marshall broilers fed maxigrain supplemented diets
(Scientific Research, 2013) Adeyemo, G.O; Oyinlola, K.T.; Longe, O.G.
One hundred and forty four day-old Marshall Chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments to assess the influence of a cocktail enzyme (maxigrain) on the carcass characteristics, visceral organ weights and gut morphology of Marshall Broilers. Completely randomised design was used for the study consisting six diets. Diet 1 was the control diet without enzyme, Diet 2; control diet with 0.1% Maxigrain inclusion, Diet 3; 5% energy reduction without enzynne, Diet 4; 5% energy reduction with 0.1% Maxigrain, Diet 5; 5% protein reduction without enzyme and Diet 6; 5% protein reduction with 0.1% Maxigrain. Diets were replicated four times with each replicate having 6 birds. Completely radomised design was used while the level of significance employed was p<0.05 Results indicates that carcass characteristics observed show that only drumsticks were significantly influenced by enzyme supplementation (p<0.05). Gizzard, (3.80g) spleen (0.20g) and abdominal fat (1.60g) were also significantly affected by Maxigrain supplementation. Values obtained for gut morphological assessment of the ileum and jejunum showed significant improvements (P<0.05) in the crypt depth, 130.30pm, 136.26pm villus height 111 1.80pm, 1426.90pm and villus to crypt ratio 12.82, 13.35 respectively, as a result of Maxigrain supplementation.
Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed cassava peel and leaf meals as replacements for maize and soyabean meal
(International Organization Of Scientific Research, 2015-03) Abu, O. A.; Olaleru, I. F.; Omojola, A. B.
A 49-day feeding trial involving 180 1-day-old Abhor acre broilers was carried out to evaluate growth and carcass quality of broilers fed cassava leaf meal and cassava peel meals used as replacements of soya bean meal and maize at 20% respectively. Four groups of 45 birds per group of 15 birds per replicate consisting of three replicates per group. Group A served as control (cassava leaf meal (0%) and peelings meal (0%)), Group B (20% cassava peelings -20% leaf meal), C (20% leaf meal -0% cassava peelings) and group D (20% cassava peelings-0% cassava peelings). The cut parts of the carcass showed superior values (p<0.05) in the A (control) treatment and they differed significantly (p<0.05) from broilers on to the group on B (20 % cassava peelings-20 % leaf meal), C (20% leaf meal-0% cassava peelings), D (20% cassava peelings-0% cassava peelings). On the 49th day, the breast muscles of 36 birds were analysed for dry matter, proteins, fat and ash. The organoleptic values were not significantly influenced by the juiciness, taste, colour and overall acceptability among the dietary treatment levels. Up to 20% inclusion of cassava leaf meal and 20% cassava peelings as replacement for soya bean meal and maize respectively in both broiler starter and finisher, diets did not significantly affect growth and carcass yield of broilers.
Changes in the protein and fibre components in cassava and yam peels after solid state fermentation by aspergillus niger and rhizopus sp.
(2002) Iyayi, E. A.; Abu, O. A.; Afolabi, K. D.
Dried, milled cassava and yam peels were inoculated separately with A. niger and Rhizopus sp in solid state. The changes in crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and hemiccllulose were evaluated at 0. 4. 8, and 10 days after moculation. At the end of the 10th day of fermentation with A. niger the crude protein of cassava peel meal (CPM) increased from 3.5% to 7.0% while that inoculated with Rhizopus sp increased to 5.25%. Crude protein of yam peel meal increased from 4.38% to 6.38% 10 days after inoculation with A. niger and to 7.58% with Rhizopus sp. However, the dry matter, crude fibre, NDF, ADF and hemiccllulose of both meals decreased. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the degradation of CF, NDF and hemicellulose of both cassava and yam peel meals. The interaction of treatments and days had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the level of crude protein, and degradation of CF, NDF and hemiccllulose for cassava peel meal (CPM) and yam peel meal (YPM) on inoculation with the two fungi. The pH value also decreased, with increase in the inoculation period. Simultaneous decrease in the NDF. ADF, hemiccllulose and DM with an increase in percentage crude protein content was attributed to the degradation of CF into carbon compounds (possibly simple sugar monomers) by enzymes produced by the fungi, and the utilization of these carbon compounds to build mycelial protein in the substrates. Titus the value of cassava and yam peels which are waste products of yam and cassava processing can be enhanced for livestock feeding through fungal fermentation in solid slate.
Chemical analysis and consumer preference of selected poultry egg types in Zaria, Nigeria
(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2013-09) Olugbemi, T. S.; Sule, A.; Orunmuyi, M.; Daudu, O. M.; Olusola, O. O.
The chemical composition, cholesterol content and consumer evaluation of eggs from Japanese quails, guinea fowls, local chickens, and exotic chickens (Isa Brown) were determined. A total of one hundred eggs, twenty five from each of species were used to determine the chemical composition, cholesterol content and sensory evaluation (Five eggs for chemical composition, cholesterol content and twenty for sensory). On a dry matter basis, the local chicken had a significantly (P<0.05) lower value of 23.20% than other species. The exotic chicken ranked highest with a mean value of38.39%. The mean values recorded for ether extract showed no significant difference (P>0.05) amongst the four species. The ash content of the local chicken was significantly (P<0.05) lower (4.33%)) than that of Japanese quails, guinea fowl and exotic chickens with values of4.84, 4.87 and 5.15 per cent, respectively. Values obtained for the nitrogen free extract also showed the local chicken to be significantly (P<0.05) lower (47.54%) than the other species whose values ranged between 51.39 - 52.06%. The exotic chicken had a significantly higher cholesterol value of243.8 mg/dl while the values for the guinea fowl and the local chicken did not significantly (P>0.05) differ while the Japanese quail eggs had the least cholesterol value of 80.60 mg/dl. Smell and texture were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by egg type however the guinea fowl and local chicken eggs were the most preferred in terms of colour and the quail with respect to taste. The lower cholesterol content of quail eggs perhaps gave it the potential of topping the consumers list of preference and wider acceptability. It is also evident that consumer’s preference for one egg type over others might not be absolutely based on nutritional considerations but on psychological perceptions.