DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
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Item BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MUSCOVY AND MALLARD DUCKS IN NIGERIA(2014) Akinyemi, M. O.; Aina, A. J.; Ewuola, E.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ajao, E.O.Protein polymorphism and alleleic variation were investigated in the blood and egg proteins of the Muscovy and Mallard duck breeds found in Southwestern Nigeria. Four proteins namely haemoglobin, transferrin, carbonic anhydrase, and albumin in the blood and two egg white proteins:ovalbumin and conalbumin were analysed .A total of 50 ducks comprising of 30 Mallard duck and 20 Muscovy ducks and 20 eggs from each breed were used for the analysis. Separation of blood and egg protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB and BB were observed at haemoglobin, transferrin and carbonic anhydrase loci investigated for both breeds. A third allele C was observed at the albumin locus in the Mallard breed. . Allele A was the most predominant at the Hb, Tf and CA locus in the Muscovy breed with frequencies 0.775, 0.575, and 0.675 respectively and in the Mallard at the Tf, CA and Al locus with frequencies 0.667, 0.567 and 0.767 respectively. The frequencies of allele A and B at the conalbumin locus were 0.425, 0.575; 0.525, 0.475 in the Muscovy breed. Estimates of heterozygosity were 0.428 and 0.430 in the Muscovy and Mallard ducks respectively. Dendogram generated from the genetic distance values revealed that the two breeds are closely related. High genetic similarity was observed between the two breeds.Item Melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) gene polymorphism and its association with body weights of some breeds of rabbit.(2020) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Bolaji, U. F. O.; Adeyinka, O. A.; Akinyemi, M. O.; Salako, A.In livestock production, traditional methods o f selection have always been the way to go.However, with the advent o f genomics techniques, methods such as PCR-RFLP is been employed to identify single nucleotide polymorphism o f likely candidate genes useful for livestock selection and improvement. Therefore, the aim o f this study was to investigate the association o f Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) gene polymorphism with the body weight of rabbits. Seventy-four rabbits were usedfor this study consisting o f six breeds; 26 Chinchilla, 3 Californian, 11 Dutch, 4 English Spot, 10 New Zealand White and 20 Fauve de Bourgogne (FDB) breeds. Blood samples were collectedfrom the animals with needle and syringe and transferred unto FTA cards and stored away from light. Body weight measurements on the animals were recorded from 2 weeks to 20 weeks. PCR-RFLP analysis produced three genotypes AA, AG, GG with genotype frequency o f 0.14, 0.69 and 0.18 respectively. Allele frequency 0.48 and 0.52 fo r allele A and G respectively was obtained. Chi-square test showed that the population was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis between the MC4R “c.101G>A” SNP and body weight o f rabbit was tested using GLM procedure of SAS programme. Genotype GG had higher body weight (p<0.05) at 12, 16 and 20 weeks in the Dutch rabbits while genotype AA recorded a higher (p<0.05) body weight value at 12 weeks in New Zealand White rabbits. More so, female Dutch rabbits had higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the males at 12, 16 and 20 weeks o f age. Male New Zealand White breeds recorded higher (p<0.05) mean weight than the female animals. The result of the study showed that MC4R “c.101G>A” SNP was not associated with the body weight in the studied rabbit population, although, genotype AA had higher mean weight values at 12, 16 and 20 weeks o f age than genotypes AG and GG.Item Genetic diversity at four Nigerian sheep breeds assessed by variation of albumin and carbonic anhydrase in cellulose acetate electrophoretic systems(Faculty of Agriculture, 2018) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M. O.; Salako, A.E.; Awobajo, O.K.The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of variations in blood protein markers in sheep breeds in Nigeria and to evaluate the relationships that exist among them. Atotal of 100 sheep comprising of twenty-five each of Balami, Uda, Yankassa and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds were sampled for biochemical studies. Blood was collected to determine variations at the Albumin and Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) structural protein loci using F S A B cellulose acetate electrophoresis. All tested loci were polymorphic yielding four allelic variants (CA , CA , Alb , and Alb ) at the two protein loci. Genetic variability in the studied population was accessed using heterozygosity (observed – Ho and expected – He), effective number of alleles (Ne), fixation index (F) and gene flow (Nm). Genotypic frequencies ranged from 0.01 to 0.62 for CA and 0.25 to 0.49 for Alb loci. Estimated heterozygosity values ranged from 0.32±0.28 at Balami sheep to 0.70±0.22 in WAD with a global average estimated at 0.43±0.09 for all the breeds studied. The gene flow values for each of the loci studied were 0.82 and 1.24 for Alb and CA, respectively, with an average value of 1.03. The results showed that Yankassa and Balami sheep populations are more genetically (Nei's genetic identify value – 0.99) alike compared to Yankassa and WAD (0.73). Based on the values of heterozygosity (mean He =0.70 and Ho =0.45) assessed by variation of albumin and carbonic anhydrase the most genetic diverse is WAD sheep breed among the studied populations.Item Biochemical Polymorphism in Newzealand White X Chinchilla Rabbit Crosses(2017) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M. O.; Akinlabi, J. O.; Fatai, R. B.The study evaluated diversity within New Zealand white and Chinchilla rabbit crosses using four structural protein loci: Hemoglobin (Hb), Albumin (Alb), Transferin (Tf) and Carbonic anhydrase (CA). Blood (4mls) was sampled from a total of 49 rabbits through ocular venipuncture. The samples collected were analysed using cellulose acetate electrophoresis to estimate the genetic variability within the populations. The degree of heterozygosity, deviation from Hardy Weinberg's Equilibrium (HWE), F , and F values were estimated. All four proteins IS ST loci studied were found to be polymorphic. CA and Alb produced two codominant alleles which controlled three different genotypes. While the two observed codominant alleles in Hb and Tf controlled two genotypes. The haemoglobin locus had the highest heterozygosity value (0.87) while the lowest value (0.53) was recorded at the Albumin locus. Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) was observed at Hb and Tf loci while CA and Alb loci were found to conform with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). Negative F values IS were obtained for all the studied loci indicating the deficiency of homozygotes in the population and that mates were less related in comparison to the average relationship of the population. The results obtained could serve as a reference point in the genetic improvement of the rabbit genetic resource.Item Frequencies of the Transferrin Alleles and Genotypes in Red Sokoto Goats of Nigeria(2014) Akinyemi, M. O.The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of Transferrin alleles and genotypes in Red Sokoto goat. The present study was conducted on 96 adult Red Sokoto goat, maintained in the Northern parts of Nigeria and transported to Bodija market in Ibadan. The polymorphism of transferrin was determined using Cellulose Acetate electrophoresis technique. It was found that the transferrin was controlled by three codominant alleles (TfA, TfB, TfC) in Red Sokoto goats. These three alleles, because of the codominant nature of inheritance, control the occurrence of four transferrin genotypes in the analyzed flock. Two (TfAA and TfBB) of these were homozygous while the other two (TfAB and TfAC) were heterozygous. It was found that the TfAB genotype (0.562) was predominant while Tf AC genotype (0.021) was least common in the analyzed flock. Frequencies of other genotypes were as: TfAA (0.292) and TfBB (0.125) for each genotype in the population. The heterozygote genotype frequency (0.583) was more than that of homozygote genotype (0.417). Considerable variations were observed in the frequencies of transferrin alleles. The frequencies of transferrin alleles were found to be TfA = 0.583, TfB = 0.406 and TfC = 0.010. Transferrin system has showed genetic equilibrium in the analyzed population (x2 value = 4.414). The value of observed heterozygosity was 0.583 with average Fis value of - 0.1795Item Haemoglobin Phenotypes In Balami And Uda Sheep Of Nigeria(2010) Akinyemi, M. O.; Salako, A.E .; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ige A.O.Haemoglobin polymorphism was studied in Nigerian indigenous sheep. Blood samples were collected from 30 Balami and 30 Uda sheep randomly selected using jugular vein puncture and were analysed by the method o f cellulose acetate electrophoresis to reveal the Haemoglobin (HB) genetic types. Two co-dominant alleles (A and B) controlling three phenotypes (AA. AB and BB) were revealed by the cellulose strip in the sheep population. The frequencies o f allele A and B for Uda sheep were 0.10 and 0.90 while that for the Balami was 0.25 and 0.75 respectively