DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
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Item Analysis Of Sexual Dimorphism In Morphometric Variables Of Cane Rat(2018) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Akindele, O.D.; Ewuola, K.M.The sex effect and interrelationship between body weight and six linear body measurements o fforty-five (15 bucks and 30 does) grasscutters aged between 12 and 24 months was assessedusing path analysis. Body weighty and linear body measurements: hind leg length, rump height, paunch girth, face width, mouth width, and total body length were measured for the male and female grass cutter. Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the male and the female cane rats for all the parameters measured indicating sexual dimorphism in the cane rat All parameters assessed had highly significant (p<0.0001) and very strong positive correlation coefficients in both sexes. The path analysis indicated that in males, hindleg length (2.86;p<0.0001) had the highest direct effect on body weight, while rump height (-1.45; p<0.0001), had a negative direct effect In the female group, all the parameters evaluated had a nonsignificant, positive direct effect The hind leg length was observed to have the highest (0.29; p<0.0001) path coefficient while the mouth width (0.02; p<0.0001) had the least path coefficient It was concluded that sex had an effect on the interrelationship between body weight and linear body measurements in grasscutter.Item Genetic Relationship among Indigenous Goat Populations in Nigeria based on Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Systems(2018) Ganiyu, O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Salako, E.A.Genetic diversity is the baseline for survivability and improvement of livestock in a wide array of environments. Variations among Red Sokoto, Sahel and WAD goats was determined using 5ml of blood collected by jugular venipuncture from 150 randomly selected goats (50 goats per breed). The samples were subjected to Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis to determine the genetic variants of Haemoglobin (Hb), Transferrin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin, Esterase 1, Esterase 3 and Alkaline phosphatase. Allele frequencies, similarity indices as well as genetic distances among the breeds were estimated. All the breeds in this study were polymorphic for Haemoglobin, Transferrin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase and Esterase 1 except WAD which was monomorphic for Alkaline phosphatase. The frequencies of HbA was considerably higher in Red Sokoto and WAD while frequencies of HbB were higher in Sahel goat population. The significant deviations from HWE (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001) was observed for some of the loci within the breeds. Genetic distance (D) obtained in this study ranged between 0.0648 and 0.1579 which indicates little genetic differentiation between the breeds. The results of this current study suggest that genetic improvement will be better achieved if WAD and Sahel goats are crossed.Item Genetic Polymorphism of α-Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin and Their Relationship with Milkfat in West African Dwarf Goat(2018) Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ogunsola, O.O.Milk samples of 39 lactating West African Dwarf does in selected households in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State were analyzed to study the genetic polymorphism of α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin and their effect on milk fat content. Genetic variants of milk protein were detected by cellulose acetate electrophoresis; milk samples were processed to remove fat prior to analysis. The interpretation of electrophoretic migrations revealed the presence of two alleles in each locus studied. The two alleles A and B controlled three genotypes: AA, AB and BB. Homozygous genotypes AA and BB at the α-Lactalbumin locus was observed in 17 and 5 individuals representing 42.5% and 12.5% respectively and 11 and 6 individuals representing 27.5% and 15% at the lactoferrin locus. No significant effect on milk fat content was observed for the two loci studied.Item Frequencies of the Transferrin Alleles and Genotypes in West African Dwarf Goats of Southwestern Nigeria(2018) Awobajo, O.K.; Salako, A.E.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of Transferrin alleles and genotypes in West African Dwarf (WAD) goat. 140 adult WAD goats, maintained in four Southwestern States of Nigeria were used in the study. The polymorphism of transferrin was determined using Cellulose Acetate electrophoresis technique. It was found that the transferrin was controlled by two codominant alleles (TfA and TfB) in WAD goats. These two alleles, because of the codominant nature of inheritance, control the occurrence of three transferrin genotypes in the analyzed populations. The first two (TfAA and TfBB) were homozygous while the third one (TfAB) was heterozygous. The TfAB genotype was predominant with frequency of 0.90, 1.00, 0.87 and 0.55 in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.83±0.20 while TfBB genotype was least common except for population from Osun State with a frequency of 0.05, 0.00, 0.22 and 0.15 in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.08±0.07. The frequencies of transferrin alleles were 0.50, 0.50, 0.45 and 0.58 for TfA and 0.50, 0.50, 0.55and 0.43 for TfB in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.49±0.05. Transferrin system showed genetic equilibrium in the analyzed population (χ2 value = 1.780). The observed heterozygosity was 0.91, 1.00, 0.87 and 0.55 43 in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.84 and average Fis value of -0.6Item Insilico Analysis of Myostatin Gene in Selected Poultry Species(2018) Ewuola, M. K.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, H.O.Myostatin gene (GDF8) is a member of transforming growth- superfamily and has been reported to act as a negative regular of skeletal muscle during myogenesis, regulation of adipocyte function in livestock species. This study was carried out to computationally investigate molecular genetic variation and categorize precise mutation in myostation gene in selected poultry species at the studied locus. A total of twenty (20) myostatin nucleotide sequences consisting of chicken (12), quail (4) and turkey (4) were retrieved from the GenBank. Functional analysis of nsSNP using PROVEAN showed three amino acid substitutions (P20Q, Y11F and G3R) in chicken, one in quail (Y100R) and three in turkey (N65P, F155W and K95A) were all returned neutral, suggesting their beneficial impacts. The information from nucleotides sequences showed the interclustering and close relatedness of members of phasianidae family (chicken, quail and turkey).Item Analysis of Growth Models of Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) in Nigeria(2017) Olaniyan, A.A.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Salako, A.EThis study, aimed at comparing the growth curve parameters and determining the best non linear model for Japanese quails was conducted at the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Two hundred and thirty-five (235) Japanese quails were purchased at day old from a reputable hatchery in Ibadan and reared in cages, after two weeks of brooding on deep litter. Body weights (g) were taken weekly from hatch till the birds were 25 weeks old. The average of the weekly body weights was fitted to four non-linear models, namely Gompertz, Logistic, Brody and Von Bertalanffy to define the growth pattern and examine the existence of differences in the growth pattern described by the models. Models were compared using Coefficients of determination (R2), Mean square error (MSE), size of Residual standard deviation (RSD), Akaike’s information criteria (AIC) and Percentage forecast error. The R2 values were high for all models: 0.980, 0.979, 0.973 and 0.973 for Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic and Brody, respectively. The Mean square error and Akaike’s information criteria values were 65.744 and 107.449; 64.685 and 107.043; 51.363 and 101.277; 49.731 and 100.470 for the Logistic, Brody, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models, respectively. Residual standard deviations were 8.979, 8.539, 7.847 and 7.832 with corresponding Percentage forecast error (PCFE) values of 16.315, 11.523, 12.948 and 13.687 for the Brody, Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models respectively. The Von Bertalanffy model was the most suitable for explaining the growth of the Japanese quails based on these goodness of fit criteria: The highest R2 (0.980), lowest Mean square error (49.731), Residual standard deviation (7.832) and Akaike’s information criteria (100.470)Item Computational Molecular Analysis of the Sequences of PAPPA2 Gene of Selected Ruminants and Non Ruminants(2017) Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, H.O.; Adegoke, I.A.Pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPPA2) is an Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) protease of the pappalysin family. This gene has been reported to be associated with prenatal growth, postnatal growth, skeletal growth, calving interval, milk yield, fertility and parity in cattle. The present study was undertaken to computationally investigate the attendant effects of the genetic variants of the PAPPA2 gene on its function and to gain insight into the evolutionary proximity and divergence in ruminants and non-ruminants at the studied locus. A total of fourteen (14) PAPPA2 nucleotide sequences comprising cattle (3), sheep (4), goat (1), pig (3), chicken (1) and horse (2) were retrieved from the GenBank. Functional analysis of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism showed that eight amino acid substitutions (C31I, R60V, Y71G, S119L, S181Y, R190I, Q361M, P178_E180del) in goats, seven in sheep (V9E, L44D, T185N, A125W, Y78S, R194V, R240L), seven in cattle (L11F, C50_W51insTDAPK, E100L, A250T, G257L,M850V), nine in chickens (A60G, S104_R170del, A190F, G128A, I10C, S309G, F48L, Q1630L) and eight in pigs (A61L, P72D, L11Q, K184T, D110C, S193_R194insTQD, Q481_E484del and T170_V172delinsVA) were returned neutral suggesting their beneficial effect. The phylogenetic trees from nucleotide sequences revealed the close relatedness of members of the Bovidae family (sheep, cattle and goat). The present information may be exploited in research into the association between PAPPA2 genotypes and some important economical traits in farm animals.Item Genetic Variation In Indigenous Turkey Populations In South West Nigeria(2017) Fatai, R.B.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu,O. H.The study was carried out to assess the genetic variation in indigenous turkey populations in South West Nigeria using seven protein markers: Hemoglobin (Hb), Albumin (Alb), Transferin (Tf), Esterase-1 (Es-1), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Carbonic anhydrase (CA), and Esterase-3 (Es-3).. A total of 97 turkey birds from Ibadan, Ijebu Ode and Akure were purposively sampled. Separation of plasma and red cell proteins were determined on cellulose acetate electrophoresis to estimate the genetic variability within and among the populations. The degree of heterozygosity, deviation from Hardy Weinberg’s Equilibrum (HWE), FIS, and FST values were estimated. From a total of 7 loci analyzed, six were found to be polymorphic in all the populations sampled while Es-1 was monomorphic. Two codominant alleles which controlled three different genotypes were observed at each polymorphic loci. Deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and a deficiency of heterozygotes were observed in all the populations. Average heterozygosities ranged between 0.13 and 0.20, heterozygote deficit FIT was estimated at 0.5784 while within breed deficit as evaluated by FIS ranged from 0.38 to 0.56. The fixation index FST revealed that genetic diversity within the studied population was moderately differentiated. Genetic distance among the populations quantified through calculation of Nei genetic distance ranged from 0.037 - 0.109. The result obtained may be used as an initial guide in defining objectives for future investigations of genetic integrity and developing conservation strategies for Nigeria indigenous turkeys.Item Principal Components as a Measure of Live Weight and Morphometric correlates in Pre- Pubertal Hetero(2016) Osaiyuwu,O. H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Ajayi, O. TAn experiment was conducted to elucidate the interdependence of conformation traits and to predict body weight from their independent factor scores using principal component extraction method. Bodyweight and eight morphometric variables namely body length, chest girth, thigh circumference, thigh length, hind leg length, fore leg length, ear length, and head length of 47 pre pubertal heterogeneous rabbit crosses were measured. Mean body weight were 993.31±40.66 and 1110.50±63.61 for male and female rabbits, respectively. Phenotypic variations between body weight and other morphometric variables were highly significant (r = 0.37 – 0.86 at P<0.01). Pairwise correlations ranged from moderate to high for most of the measured variables. However, there were no significant correlations between head length and ear length; fore leg length and ear length; thigh circumference and ear length. Cumulative contribution ratio from the first principal component (PC1) to the fourth principal component (PC4) was 85.50%. The PC1 accounted for 34.98% of the total variance with loadings for body length, chest girth, thigh circumference, hind leg length and fore leg length and described the general size. PC2 was determined by thigh length and accounted for 22.15% of the total variance, while PC3 had loading for head length and accounted for 14.77% of the generalized variance. The PC4 loaded for ear length, accounting for 13.60% of the generalized variance. The stepwise regression for orthogonal variables derived from factor scores accounted for about 84% of the variation observed in body weight of rabbits whereas the original morphometric variables accounted for 89.7% of the observed variation in body weight.Item Effect Of Strain And Age On Bone Integrity Of Commercial Broiler Chickens(Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, 2016) Salaam, Z.K.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.Skeletal disorders and leg problems cause varying degree of economic losses in broiler birds. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of strain and age on bone integrity of some broiler strains available to poultry farmers in Nigeria using morphometric and mechanical indices. Four hundred (400) one day old chicks comprising of 100 each of Arbor Acre (AA), Hubbard (HB), Marshal R (MR) and Marshal Y (MY) strains were raised for a period of 42 days. The birds were fed similar diet at the starter and finisher phases. At the end of each week, 4 birds were randomly selected from each of the group and sacrificed, femur and tibiotarsal (left and right) bones were obtained from each of the bird for analyses. Body Weight (BW), Femur Weight (FW), Femur Length (FL), Tibia Weight (TW), Tibia Length (TL), Weight/Length Index (WLI), Diaphysis Diameter (DD), Relative Bone Density (RBD), Robusticity Index (RBT) and Tibiotarsal Index (TI) were recorded each week. Mechanical parameters were evaluated using the universal testing machine: Force, Moment of Inertia (MI), Stress and Modulus of Elasticity (ME). Mean values of Mechanical indices of the femur bone was significant at Day 42 with AA Strain having the least mean value of force and MY Strain with highest value of ME. The results of tibiotarsal bone revealed that MY Strain had highest mean value of force, ME and Stress across the weeks. Conclusively, Marshal Y strain was found to have better bone integrity than the other groups