DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
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Item Genetic polymorphism of myostatin (MSTN) in Nigerian sheep breeds(2021) Iroanya, G. I.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Emmanuel, H. O.; Fijabi, O. E.Myostatin (MSTN) also known as growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8) has been implicated to play an important role in growth regulation, and it is a candidate gene in marker assisted selection (MAS). This study was carried out to identify the polymorphism of MSTN gene as a genetic marker for growth traits in Nigerian indigenous sheep. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from blood samples of Balami, Yankasa, Uda and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds of sheep. Parts of 5’UTR, intron and exon1 (614bp) was amplified using a primer sequence designed by FastPCR-primer software. The amplicons were digested with restriction enzyme HaeIII and the fragments produced were stained with luminescent dye and run on gel electrophoresis. The genetic structure of the sampled population was investigated after analysis with POPGENE32 software. The HaeIII digested results showed that Myostatin has three polymorphs (AA, AB and BB), controlled by two alleles (A and B), with B having a higher allelic frequency (82.84%) and BB genotype has the highest frequency of 73%. The sampled population showed a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05) while the F-statistics results of the Nigerian breeds of sheep showed the breeds are genetically identical (33.40%) within them. The genetic distance matrix established that Uda and Yankasa show the greatest distant (3.00%) while Uda and WAD are almost identical (99.85%). The four breeds of sheep studied showed polymorphism for Myostatin gene in the intron 1 and exon 1. Myostatin, therefore, could be considered a candidate gene for MAS.Item Reproduction Performance, Serum Biochemical and Growth Indices of Grower Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed Sheabutter (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) Nut Meal(2018) Idahor, K. O.; Osayande, U. D.; Sokunbi, O. A.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Adua, M. M.; Igoche, L. E.; Kaye, J.There are reports of possible world food shortage especially animal products which are veritable sources of essential nutrients required by human beings. This threat could be averted if rabbit production is increased due to its unique prolificacy, short generation interval and quick return on investment. Unfortunately, there are inadequate qualitative and quantitative feedstuffs hence, the quest for unconventional feedstuff to reduce competition with human beings for conventional food/feedstuff. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of graded levels of sheabutter nut meal on reproduction performance, serum biochemical indices and growth indices of grower rabbits. Sixty grower rabbits (1 buck: 1 doe ratio) weighing about 1kg at 7 weeks of age were randomly allocated to treatments D1 (0.0% SNM), D2 (2.0% SNM), D3 (4.0% SNM), D4 (6.0% SNM) and D5 (8.0% SNM) such that each treatment had twelve rabbits. Sheabutter nut meal was collected from sheabutter nut milling centres in Lafia metropolis and used in formulating feed for the experimental animals. Sample of sheabutter nut meal was used in proximate analysis. Data were collected on body weight, morphometric traits, conception percentage and at the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and processed for serum biochemical indices. Results showed that the animals gained weight ranging from 0.1 to 0.26g with the highest in control treatment. The body length varied from 0.22cm in D4 to 0.33cm in D3 and the girth circumference ranged from 0.26 to 0.36cm. While the albumin was highest (29.2g/l) in control, the creatinine was lowest (70.0µmol/l) in D4, the urea varied from 3.13 to 8.7µmol/l, cholesterol (2.9 to 3.85mmol/l), triglyceride (0.83 to 0.98mmol/l) and blood glucose was superior (1.36mmol/l) in D2. Since sheabutter nut meal did not seemingly influence the physiological wellbeing of the treated rabbits it could be utilized up to 8%.Item Genetic Diversity Between Exotic And Nigerian Indigenous Turkey At Different Structural Loci(2018) Folorunsho, C. Y.; Salako, A. E.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.Poultry genetic resources in general are considered to be the most endangered and under-conserved, detailed attention is therefore needed on the existing genetic resources to reduce or prevent the increasing genetic erosion of local livestock. This study was conducted to characterize and estimate genetic diversity in Nigerian indigenous turkey and exotic turkey using blood proteins (Haemoglobin, Transferrin and Albumin) and enzyme (Carbonic Anhydrase and Esterase 1) markers. A total of 110 turkeys comprising 50 Nigerian indigenous turkeys and 60 exotic turkeys were used for the analysis. Separation of blood protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The populations were characterized for their genetic variability using allele frequencies, observed heterozygosity, F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST), test for Hardy-Weinberg and Genetic distance. Eleven variants were found at the five loci studied, two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB, and BB were observed at Haemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin and Esterase1 loci for both indigenous and exotic turkey breeds, a third allele C was observed in Transferrin locus. Allele A was the most frequency at the Hb, CA, Alb and Es1 locus in Nigerian indigenous turkey with frequencies 0.541, 0.541, 0.520, and 0.520 respectively and exotic turkey at Hb, Alb, and Es1 with frequencies 0.508, 0.617, and 0.508 respectively. Chi Square result indicated deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the two populations. The average heterozygosity values were 0.56 and 0.477 indicating high genetic variability, heterozygote excess FIT was estimated at -0.050 while within breed excess as evaluated by FIS ranged from 0.370 to -0.336. The fixation index FST revealed that genetic diversity within the studied population was slightly differentiated. Genetic distance among the populations quantified through calculation of Nei’s Genetic distance was 0.008 while the identity was 0.992. Similarity in the estimated genetic variability parameters between the breeds indicates that the populations are closely related and there were no appreciable differences among them. This result obtained may be used as an initial guide in defining objectives for further investigations of genetic diversity and developing conservation strategies.Item Genetic Diversity of Prolactin Gene in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as Affected by Location in Nigeria(2016) Eichie, O.F.; Salako, A. E.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Aggrey, S. E.Restriction fragment length Polymorphism (RFLP) marker was used to investigate the effect of location on polymorphism, relationship and population structure with respect to prolactin gene (PRL gene) in Japanese quails in Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from thirty quails each from 5 different regions (North, South, West, East and North Central), for PRL loci analysis. DNA was extracted from the samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis was used to characterize a 24 base pair (bp) insertion/deletion (Indel) in a 358 bp PCR product. The populations were characterized for their genetic variability using allele frequencies, polymorphic information content, observed heterozygosity (Ho), genetic distance (D), F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST), analysis of molecular variance, test for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (H-WE) and cluster analysis. Two alleles A (0.35 to 0.63) and B (0.37 to 0.65) were observed at the PRL gene loci. The highest FIT was recorded between 0.10 (East) and 0.19 (North) indicating inbreeding within the population. The FIS among populations were between 0.09 (North central) and 0.14 (North) while FST ranged from 0.001 (North central) to 0.06 (North), indicating moderate genetic differentiation among populations. Chi Square result indicated that the population were not in H-WE. The phylogenetic relationships showed that the population from the 5 regions had common descent. Clusters from the combined population showed that PRL gene is based on individual genotype and not location. AMOVA analysis showed that 3% of the total genetic variation was explained by population difference, 19% by variation among individuals and 77% within individuals. The results showed that study of prolactin gene diversity is useful for decision making for selective breeding and conservation strategies for Japanese quails irrespective of the location.Item Relationships between Body Morphometries and Testicular Biometrics of West Africa Dwarf Bucks in Southwestern Nigeria(2014) Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Olaniyi, A. A.; Bello, A. D.In a study to determine the relationships between body morphometrics and testicular biometrics, 30 healthy West Africa Dwarf bucks belonging to three age groups, 0.5 to 1.0 years (group A), = 1.5 to 2.0 years (group B) and 2.5 to 3.0 years (group C) were evaluated. The animals were tagged and body measurements were recorded before the animals were sacrificed. The external and internal parameters of the testis were measured and recorded accordingly. The mean values for body weight were 6.92±0.06Kg, 8.93±0.69Kg and 11.67±0.33Kg for age groups A, B and C respectively. Animals in age group C recorded the highest mean value for heart girth, body weight, paunch girth and wither height. A predictive model for each of the testicular characteristics was developed using live body measurement. Age was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with all body and testicular measurement, but not with testicular density and caput weight. However, scrotal circumference was significantly (P<0.001) correlated with testicular length (r = 0.557), testicular diameter (r = 0.595), testicular weight (r = 0.617) and caudal weight (r = 0.663), while the correlation with testicular density was significant at P<0.01. Body weight was positively correlated (P<0.01) with scrotal circumference (r = 0.455), testicular length (r = 0.694), testicular diameter (r = 0.618), testicular volume (r = 0.668), testicular weight (r = 0725), corpus weight (r = 0.705) and caudal weight (r = 0.687). Based on the findings in this study, it is concluded that bucks can be selected for breeding purposes on the bases of measurements of scrotal circumference, testicular length and testicular diameterItem Haemoglobin Polymorphism in Red Sokoto Goats of Nigeria(2013) Osaiyuwu, O. H.This study describes the genetic structure from the Hb locus in goats of the Red Sokoto type. The haemotypification of the individuals at the Hb locus was achieved by Cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The haemoglobin polymorphism in the Red Sokoto goat was identified in the electrophoretic field of three migration zones: the fast haemoglobin named HbA type, the intermediate migration labelled HbAHbB type and the slow haemoglobin designated HbB type. These phenotypes were determined by the two co-dominant alleles, HbA and HbB' The two alleles control three haemoglobin genotypes: two homozygotes, HbAHbA and HbBHbB, and one heterozygote, HbAHbB. The allele HbA had a higher frequency (60.4%) than the allele HbB (39.6%). The HbAHbB heterozygotes had a higher incidence in the population (64.15%) in comparison with the other two homozygous genotypes; the HbAHbA had a middling frequency (28.30%) and HbBHbB had the least occurrence (7.55%). The observed haemoglobin homozygotness (35.8%) was less than the haemoglobin heterozygotness (64.2%) in the current study. This indicates that environmental conditions, selection system or breeding methods has disturbed the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium at the Hb locus level in the population of Red Sokoto goatsItem Haemoglobin Genetic types of some Major Gene types of Nigerian Indigenous Chicken(2012) Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Salako.A.E.; Adegoke, A.N.This study describe the genetic structure of the haemoglobin locus in frizzle and naked chickens of Nigerian indigenous chickens. 1 total of fifty-one birds comprising twenty-nine frizz and twenty-two naked neck birds were used for the study. The locus was polymorphic in the populations studied with genetic variants A and B. HbA had a frequency of 0.636 and <).65ifrizzle and naked neck respectively indicating the predominance of A in both populations. The l\codominant alleles control three haemoglobin genotypes AA. AB and BB. Genotype AA occult at the highest frequency in frizzle types while AB was the most frequent in naked neck birds. 7 populations were analyzed for genetic equilibrium based on the differences between II distributions. Both populations were in genetic equilibrium at the haemoglobin locus.Item BIODIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF INDIGENOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP IN NIGERIA(2014) Osaiyuwu, O. H.Genetic characterisation is the basis for selective breeding, crossbreeding, conservation, utilisation, improvement and rational management of animal genetic resources. Indiscriminate crossbreeding has led to erosion of genetic resources of indigenous domestic animals in Nigeria. Information on the genetic biodiversity of the indigenous sheep in Nigeria has not been adequately documented. Therefore, the population structure and biodiversity of indigenous breeds of sheep in Nigeria were assessed in this study. Twenty-five sheep each of Balami, Uda, Yankassa and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds were purposively sampled from Lokoja, Iwo, Okene and Ibadan for biochemical studies. Blood (5 mL) samples were collected to determine variations at four structural protein loci: Albumin (Alb), Transferrin (Tf), Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) and Haemoglobin (Hb), using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Blood (5 mL) from 24 Balami, 25 Uda, 23 Yankassa and 19 WAD sheep were sampled from Shika, Guga and Ibadan for microsatellite loci analysis. Using real time PCR, 13 microsatellite marker loci: CSRD247, HSC, INRA63, MAF214, OARAE129, OARCP49, OARFCB304, BMS4008, D5S2, OARFCB20, MAF65, MCM527, and SPS113 were genotyped. The populations were characterised for genetic variability using Mean Number of Alleles (MNA), allele frequencies, Number of Unique Alleles (NUA), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), observed Heterozygosity (Ho), genetic distance (D). Data were analysed using F-statistic (Fit, Fis, Fst), Analysis of molecular variance, cluster analysis and test of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) at α0.05. Thirteen allelic variants (HbA, HbB, CAF, CAS, AlbA, AlbB, TfA, TfB, TfC, Tf D, TfE, TfG and TfP) were observed at the four protein loci. Modal number (seven) occurrence of alleles was at the Tf locus while two were observed in other loci. The Ho were 0.52, 0.59, 0.61 and 0.52 for Balami, Yankassa, WAD and Uda respectively. The closest D (0.05) was between Balami and Yankassa, while between Balami and WAD was farthest (0.44). Homozygote deficiency (Fis = -0.25; Fit = -0.05) was observed within breeds. Significant HWE were observed in Yankassa (Hb and Tf) and WAD (CA). A total of 149 alleles were observed at the microsatellite loci. The MNA per locus was 11.4±4.0 and ranged between 5.9±2.3 and 8.5±3.4 among breeds with NUA of 45. The PIC observed across loci was 0.65, while the Ho ranged from 0.63 (Balami) to 0.69 (Uda). The D was least (0.09) between Balami and Uda, and highest (0.31) between WAD and Uda. Observed inbreeding within populations (Fis = 0.05) resulted in heterozygote deficiency and low genetic differentiation among breeds (Fst = 0.06). Only 4.5% of the total genetic variation was explained by population differences, 2.6% by variation within population and 92.9% by differences among individuals. Yankassa clustered with Balami at protein loci, while Balami and Uda clustered at microsatellite loci. The HWE was significant for BMS4008, CSRD247, HSC, INRA63, MAF65, MAF214, MCM527, OARAE129, OARCP49 and OARFCB304 microsatellite loci in at least one population. Genetic exchange was present at biochemical loci, whereas breed homogeneity was supported at microsatellite loci. Selection and crossbreeding between West African dwarf sheep and any of Uda, Balami or Yankassa will improve breed crosses