DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
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Item In vitro gas production assessment of concentrate diet containing ginger rhizome meal at varying levels(2009) Ososanya, T. O.; Adeniji, S. A.Ginger rhizome is a spice and may be beneficial in ruminant nutrition due to its inherent anti-microbial factors. Being an emerging additive, in vitro assessment may be necessary to evaluate its nutritive value. Thus, varying levels of ginger rhizome as dietary inclusion was examined. Dried ginger rhizome was ground into powder and added to a concentrate diet at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200g/kg. The diet samples were incubated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h post incubation to estimate total gas volume, methane (CH4), metabolisable energy (ME; MJ/kg DM), organic matter digestibility (OMD; %) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA; µmol/200 mg DM)) were estimated using 4mL of 10M NaOH. Dynamics of gas production characteristics over time were described by equation y = a + b (t-e). DM was similar across all the treatments. The CP ranged between 14.98% for 150g of ginger/kg and 18.13% for 200g/Kg ginger supplementation. The total volume of gas produced by the diets consistently increased from the control diet to 150g/Kg ginger inclusion and thereafter declined significantly (p<0.05). The values ranged from 5.20 to 6.42 for ME, 39.19 to 46.08for OMD and 0.43 to 0.65 for SCFA. However, the CH4 production varied from 8.00 mL to 10.00 mL with no significant difference. The highest level of methane production was obtained in the 50g/Kg ginger inclusion level. The result showed that the ginger inclusion in the diet enhanced the availability of nutrients resulting in higher digestible and metabolisable energy with reduced methane production.Item Nutritive evaluation and dry matter degradability of broiler litter based diets in West African dwarf sheep(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2005) Ososanya, T. O.; Olorunnisomo, O. A.; Odedire, J. A.Broiler litter (BL), an animal waste has great potential to reduce the cost of feeding and consequently the cost of production in ruminants. This study was designed to determine the nutritiue value and dry matter (DM) degradability of BL based diets using rumen cannulated West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. The chemical composition of the BL showed that it contain 84.1% dry matter (DM); 23.5% crude protein (CP); 2.8% ether extract (FE); 20.8% acid detergent fibre (ADF); 39.0% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 2 1.5% ash. The BL was used to formulate concentrate rations at graded levels of 0% (control), 25%, 50% and 75% inclusion as diets A, B, C and D, respectively. Rumen degradation characteristics of the BL-based diets showed significant (P<0.05) differences in all the values obtained. The highest soluble fraction (a) value luos recorded for diet B (35.6%) followed by diet C (34.7%). The potential degradable (a+b) fraction was highest in diet D (82.6%) and least in diet A (control), but there were no significant differences in the ‘a+b’ values of diets B and C. It is concluded that inclusion of BL in the diet of ruminants up to 50% level would give optimum performance in sheep.Item Effect of applying molasses or inoculants containing homo-fermentative or hetero-fermentative bacteria at two rates on the fermentation and aerobic stability of com silage(American Dairy Science Association, 2009) Huisden, C. M.; Adesogan, A. T.; Kim, S. C.; Ososanya, T.This study determined how the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage are affected by treatment with molasses or 2 dual-purpose inoculants applied at or above the recommended rate. Corn forage (DeKalb 69–70) was harvested at 39% dry matter (DM) and ensiled after treatment with no additives (control, CON), molasses (MOL), Buchneri 500 inoculant, or Pioneer 11C33 inoculant. Molasses was applied at 3% of forage DM. Buchneri 500 was applied at the recommended rate of 8 mg/kg fresh forage to supply 1 × 10(5) cfu/g of Pediococcus pentosaceus 12455 and 4 × 10(5) cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (BB) or at twice the recommended rate (DBB). Pioneer 11C33 inoculant was applied at the recommended rate of 1.1 mg/kg fresh forage to supply 1 × 10(5) cfu/g of a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. buchneri, and Enteroccocus faecium (PN) or at twice the recommended rate (DPN). Each treatment was applied in quadruplicate and the treated forages were ensiled within 20-L mini silos for 135 d at 18 to 35°C. Molasses-treated silages had greater ash and starch concentrations than CON silages and greater lactate and ethanol concentrations than other silages. Like CON silages, MOL silages had high yeast counts (>10(5) cfu/g); consequently, they deteriorated within 30h as shown by temperature increase. Inoculant-treated silages had lower lactate to acetate ratios than CON or MOL silages largely because they had greater acetate concentrations. Consequently, all inoculant-treated silages had fewer yeasts (<10(5) cfu/g) and were more stable (>30 h) than CON and MOL silages. When applied at recommended rates, PN and BB had similar effects on silage chemical composition, fermentation, fungal counts, and aerobic stability, except for a lower lactate concentration in PN silages. Concentrations of VFA, and NH3-N, pH, and extent of aerobic stability were similar for PN, DPN, BB, and DBB silages. However, lactate concentration was greater in DPN than in PN. In conclusion, MOL application increased ethanol and lactate concentration and did not improve aerobic stability. Both dual-purpose inoculants made the fermentation more heterolactic and thereby improved the aerobic stability of corn silage. Doubling the rate of application of either inoculant did not further improve fermentation or aerobic stability.Item Qualities of broiler litter in ruminant feeding(2005-07) Ososanya, T. O.Feed represent a major proportion of the overall production cost in the livestock industry. Availability of good quality and unadulterated conventional feed all year round is a major constraint in livestock production. Also, competition for the same feed resources existing between humans and animals have further compounded the problem leading to overpricing of animal products. Poultry wastes, if properly processed represent a vast reservoir of cheap nutrients especially for ruminants. This study was designed to evaluate broiler litter as a feed for ruminant diets. One hundred and twenty (120) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into three treatments of forty birds each. The birds were fed diets containing 25% crude protein and 23% crude protein at the starter and finisher phases. Litter collected on days 35, 42 and 49 after stocking were sun dried and subjected to proximate analysis to determine crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The CP, NDF and ADF were: 22.5%, 25.5% and 23.5% for CP, 40.5%, 38.2% and 39.3% for NDF and 21.4%, 20.3% and 20.8% for ADF respectively. However, there were no significant differences (P< 0.05) in the CP and ADF values for the 3 stages of collection. Broiler litter has high protein level which will be efficiently utilized to promote optimum weight gain in ruminants.Item Utilization of sweet potato as a forage supplement to a maize stover diet by West African dwarf sheep(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2005) Olorunnisomo, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Adewumi, M. K.In a growth and digestibility trial with West African dwarf sheep (WAD) the effects of supplementing maize stover with four levels of sweet potato forage (0, 1, 2 and 3% of body weight) on intake and growth rate of the animals; and digestibility of maize stover, sweet potato forage and their mixture were determined using a randomized complete block and completely randomized design, respectively. The dry matter (DM) intake and growth rate of the animals improved significantly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of sweet potato forage in the diet. DM intake was highest at the highest level (3% BW) of sweet potato inclusion and was 140% of the sole maize stover diet. Growth rate of animals at 3% (BW) level of sweet potato supplementation was 195% better than that of animals on sole maize stover. Digestibility of sheep diet improved significantly (P < 0.05) when sweet potato forage formed whole or part of the diet. Addition of sweet potato forage to a basal diet of maize stover improved animal productivity from this fibrous crop residue.Item Haematology of pregnant West African dwarf ewes fed siam weed-based rations(Animal Science Association of Nigeria, 2004) Anurudu, N. F.; Babayemi, O. J.; Ososanya, T.There is relatively scanty information on normal blood values for sheep in Nigeria as regards the nature and the level of forage inclusion in the diets. The study was set up to assess the effects of siam weed on blood chemistry of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Sixteen WAD sheep that have lambed once were allocated in a completely randomized design to four diets with different levels of siam weed leaf meal (SWLM) diets inclusion: 0% (Diet A), 15% (Diet B), 30% (Diet C) and 45% (Diet D). Variations in haematological parameters due to treatments were inconsistently significant except for Erythrocyte/ red blood cell (RBC). The Leukocyte/white blood cell (mm3 xlO3) varied from 5.64 (diet B) to 8.81 (diet A) in the last trimester. The lowest packed cell volume (28%) was obtained for sheep on 30% siam weed leaf meal (SWLM). Erythrocyte values were low ranging between 5.71 and 6.37. White blood cell was normal and ranged from 5.64 in 15% to 8.81 in 0% SWLM. The values for packed cell volume slightly increased in animals on diets 0% and 45% SWLM at the end of pregnancy while those of 15% and 30% remained normal. Mean corpuscular volume (ranged 47.50 - 53.25) was beyond the normal range at late pregnancy. The results showed that pregnant sheep could tolerate the siam weed leaf meal at levels between 15 and 45% dietary inclusion without a significant alteration of the blood constituents.Item Feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf goats fed maize offal and sorghum brewer's grains(2002) Olorunnisomo, O. A.; Ososanya, T. O.Feed Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance were determined in nine female West African dwarf (WAD) goats fed varying levels of maize offal (MO) and sorghum brewer’s grains (SBG) using a randomised block design. The diets did not significantly affect the dry matter Intake (DMI) or intake of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and energy of the animals. The feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of the animals were significantly (P <0.05) affected. However, digestibility and nitrogen balance increased with increasing levels of SBG in the diet Inclusion levels of 40% SBG and 24% MO in the diet favoured growth rate and the feed utilization. Since MO and SBG are locally available and devoid of human competition, their utilization in small ruminant nutrition will meet dietary requirements at a reduced feed cost and reduction in environmental pollution.Item Yield and nutritive value of maize-amaranth mixtures for West African dwarf sheep(2009) Olorunnisomo, O.; Ayodele, O. J.; Ososanya, T.Item Nutritive values of dried pineapple pulp and some tropical grasses using invitro gas production method(Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 2008) Ososanya, T. O.The experiment was carried out to access the nutritive value of dried pineapple pulp (DPP) compared to the nutritive value of some tropical grasses using in- vitro gas production technique. The grasses were: Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Andropogon tectorum and Cynodon dactylon.2mg of dried, ground pineapple pulp was incubated with rumen liquor, buffer solution, macro and micro mineral solutions, reducing solution and usazurin. The incubation was due at 39°Cfor 24 hours. The same procedure was due for the grasses. The amount of methane, organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy of the samples were compared. Findings revealed that dried pineapple pulp has higher organic matter digestibility and sufficient crude fibre. Also, DPP produced higher levels of methane than other fibre sources. lt can therefore be concluded that DPP can be mixed with other feed ingredients as a supplement for ruminant production.Item Growth haematology and organ histopathology in broilers fed raw and processed velvet bean-based diets(2006-10) Iyayi, E. A.; Ososanya, T. O.; Taiwo, V. O.; Adeniji, O. A.Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) is currently being promoted as food for man and feed for animals in Nigeria. Its potential and implication as alternative plant protein was studied with one hundred and eight l-d-old Anak broiler chicks. Raw and heated Mucuna bean meals (RMBM & HMBM respectively) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) and to assess the effect on performance, hislopathological changes and haematology in broiler starters and finishers. Three diets were formulated. Diet I was the basal diet and contained 120g kg-1 SBM while diets 2 and 3 contained 120 g kg 1 HMBM and RMBM respectively in place of SBM. Each diet had 3 groups of 12 birds each. Feed intake, FCR and weight gain in birds on the RMBM and HMBM diets were significantly (p < 0.05) depressed compared to birds on the SBM diet at the starter phase but not at the finisher phase for the HMBM diet but on both phases forr the RMBM diet. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC) and while blood cells (WBC) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the RMBM diets compared to the other 2 diets. Histopathological results showed that birds on the RMBM diet showed severe and widespread vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes interstitial congestion, tubular degenerations and necrosis in the kidneys. The hearts in birds on the RMBM diet had degeneration and fragmentation of their myofibrils and lymphoid depopulation in the spleen. These results suggest the possibility if utilising Mucuna bean meal to replace soybean meal in broiler feeding at both starter and finisher phases only when subjected to heat treatment. Thus, in spite of its present promotion as food for man and feed for animals in the country, the bean should be subjected to appropriate processing to overcome its depressive effects on feed intake, growth and degenerative syndromes in organs.