DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
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Item BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MUSCOVY AND MALLARD DUCKS IN NIGERIA(2014) Akinyemi, M. O.; Aina, A. J.; Ewuola, E.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ajao, E.O.Protein polymorphism and alleleic variation were investigated in the blood and egg proteins of the Muscovy and Mallard duck breeds found in Southwestern Nigeria. Four proteins namely haemoglobin, transferrin, carbonic anhydrase, and albumin in the blood and two egg white proteins:ovalbumin and conalbumin were analysed .A total of 50 ducks comprising of 30 Mallard duck and 20 Muscovy ducks and 20 eggs from each breed were used for the analysis. Separation of blood and egg protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB and BB were observed at haemoglobin, transferrin and carbonic anhydrase loci investigated for both breeds. A third allele C was observed at the albumin locus in the Mallard breed. . Allele A was the most predominant at the Hb, Tf and CA locus in the Muscovy breed with frequencies 0.775, 0.575, and 0.675 respectively and in the Mallard at the Tf, CA and Al locus with frequencies 0.667, 0.567 and 0.767 respectively. The frequencies of allele A and B at the conalbumin locus were 0.425, 0.575; 0.525, 0.475 in the Muscovy breed. Estimates of heterozygosity were 0.428 and 0.430 in the Muscovy and Mallard ducks respectively. Dendogram generated from the genetic distance values revealed that the two breeds are closely related. High genetic similarity was observed between the two breeds.Item Analysis Of Sexual Dimorphism In Morphometric Variables Of Cane Rat(2018) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Akindele, O.D.; Ewuola, K.M.The sex effect and interrelationship between body weight and six linear body measurements o fforty-five (15 bucks and 30 does) grasscutters aged between 12 and 24 months was assessedusing path analysis. Body weighty and linear body measurements: hind leg length, rump height, paunch girth, face width, mouth width, and total body length were measured for the male and female grass cutter. Results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the male and the female cane rats for all the parameters measured indicating sexual dimorphism in the cane rat All parameters assessed had highly significant (p<0.0001) and very strong positive correlation coefficients in both sexes. The path analysis indicated that in males, hindleg length (2.86;p<0.0001) had the highest direct effect on body weight, while rump height (-1.45; p<0.0001), had a negative direct effect In the female group, all the parameters evaluated had a nonsignificant, positive direct effect The hind leg length was observed to have the highest (0.29; p<0.0001) path coefficient while the mouth width (0.02; p<0.0001) had the least path coefficient It was concluded that sex had an effect on the interrelationship between body weight and linear body measurements in grasscutter.Item Association Between Igf- 1 Gene Polymorphisms And Body Weight In Nigeria Locally Adapted Turkeys(The Genetics Society of Nigeria, 2018) Oyewola, K. A.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Fijabi, O.E.; Shobanke, I.A.; Nwokorie, G.I.; Ewuola, K.M.The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene polymorphism plays important roles in development, growth and reproduction. Genetic intervention for the improvement o f Nigeria locally adapted turkeys based on growth rate and higher mature weight is important. This study was aimed at investigating the association between IGF-1 gene polymorphism and body weights in Nigeria locally adapted turkeys using PCR-RFLP method. Fifty poults were randomly selected for DNA analysis at 10 weeks. Zymo Miniprep kit was used for genomic DNA extraction from blood samples and 529bp fragment o f intron 2 o f IGF-1 gene was amplified. The genetic structure o f the population was analysed using POPGENE 32 software. Association o f the genotypes with body weight was evaluated using the General linear model of SAS 9.2. The enzyme digested products revealed A and B alleles with frequencies o f 0.61 and 0.39 respectively. Two genotypes A A (0.38) and AB (0.62) were detected. Chi-square test (0.001830) for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed that the population sampled was not in equilibrium for the gene investigated. Also, significant association was not observed between IGF-1 polymorphs and body weight at 4, 8 and 12 weeks o f age in Nigeria locally adapted turkeys.Item Genetic diversity at four Nigerian sheep breeds assessed by variation of albumin and carbonic anhydrase in cellulose acetate electrophoretic systems(Faculty of Agriculture, 2018) Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M. O.; Salako, A.E.; Awobajo, O.K.The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of variations in blood protein markers in sheep breeds in Nigeria and to evaluate the relationships that exist among them. Atotal of 100 sheep comprising of twenty-five each of Balami, Uda, Yankassa and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds were sampled for biochemical studies. Blood was collected to determine variations at the Albumin and Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) structural protein loci using F S A B cellulose acetate electrophoresis. All tested loci were polymorphic yielding four allelic variants (CA , CA , Alb , and Alb ) at the two protein loci. Genetic variability in the studied population was accessed using heterozygosity (observed – Ho and expected – He), effective number of alleles (Ne), fixation index (F) and gene flow (Nm). Genotypic frequencies ranged from 0.01 to 0.62 for CA and 0.25 to 0.49 for Alb loci. Estimated heterozygosity values ranged from 0.32±0.28 at Balami sheep to 0.70±0.22 in WAD with a global average estimated at 0.43±0.09 for all the breeds studied. The gene flow values for each of the loci studied were 0.82 and 1.24 for Alb and CA, respectively, with an average value of 1.03. The results showed that Yankassa and Balami sheep populations are more genetically (Nei's genetic identify value – 0.99) alike compared to Yankassa and WAD (0.73). Based on the values of heterozygosity (mean He =0.70 and Ho =0.45) assessed by variation of albumin and carbonic anhydrase the most genetic diverse is WAD sheep breed among the studied populations.Item Genetic Relationship among Indigenous Goat Populations in Nigeria based on Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Systems(2018) Ganiyu, O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Salako, E.A.Genetic diversity is the baseline for survivability and improvement of livestock in a wide array of environments. Variations among Red Sokoto, Sahel and WAD goats was determined using 5ml of blood collected by jugular venipuncture from 150 randomly selected goats (50 goats per breed). The samples were subjected to Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis to determine the genetic variants of Haemoglobin (Hb), Transferrin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin, Esterase 1, Esterase 3 and Alkaline phosphatase. Allele frequencies, similarity indices as well as genetic distances among the breeds were estimated. All the breeds in this study were polymorphic for Haemoglobin, Transferrin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase and Esterase 1 except WAD which was monomorphic for Alkaline phosphatase. The frequencies of HbA was considerably higher in Red Sokoto and WAD while frequencies of HbB were higher in Sahel goat population. The significant deviations from HWE (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001) was observed for some of the loci within the breeds. Genetic distance (D) obtained in this study ranged between 0.0648 and 0.1579 which indicates little genetic differentiation between the breeds. The results of this current study suggest that genetic improvement will be better achieved if WAD and Sahel goats are crossed.Item Genetic Polymorphism of α-Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin and Their Relationship with Milkfat in West African Dwarf Goat(2018) Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Ogunsola, O.O.Milk samples of 39 lactating West African Dwarf does in selected households in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State were analyzed to study the genetic polymorphism of α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin and their effect on milk fat content. Genetic variants of milk protein were detected by cellulose acetate electrophoresis; milk samples were processed to remove fat prior to analysis. The interpretation of electrophoretic migrations revealed the presence of two alleles in each locus studied. The two alleles A and B controlled three genotypes: AA, AB and BB. Homozygous genotypes AA and BB at the α-Lactalbumin locus was observed in 17 and 5 individuals representing 42.5% and 12.5% respectively and 11 and 6 individuals representing 27.5% and 15% at the lactoferrin locus. No significant effect on milk fat content was observed for the two loci studied.Item Reproduction Performance, Serum Biochemical and Growth Indices of Grower Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed Sheabutter (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) Nut Meal(2018) Idahor, K. O.; Osayande, U. D.; Sokunbi, O. A.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.; Adua, M. M.; Igoche, L. E.; Kaye, J.There are reports of possible world food shortage especially animal products which are veritable sources of essential nutrients required by human beings. This threat could be averted if rabbit production is increased due to its unique prolificacy, short generation interval and quick return on investment. Unfortunately, there are inadequate qualitative and quantitative feedstuffs hence, the quest for unconventional feedstuff to reduce competition with human beings for conventional food/feedstuff. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of graded levels of sheabutter nut meal on reproduction performance, serum biochemical indices and growth indices of grower rabbits. Sixty grower rabbits (1 buck: 1 doe ratio) weighing about 1kg at 7 weeks of age were randomly allocated to treatments D1 (0.0% SNM), D2 (2.0% SNM), D3 (4.0% SNM), D4 (6.0% SNM) and D5 (8.0% SNM) such that each treatment had twelve rabbits. Sheabutter nut meal was collected from sheabutter nut milling centres in Lafia metropolis and used in formulating feed for the experimental animals. Sample of sheabutter nut meal was used in proximate analysis. Data were collected on body weight, morphometric traits, conception percentage and at the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and processed for serum biochemical indices. Results showed that the animals gained weight ranging from 0.1 to 0.26g with the highest in control treatment. The body length varied from 0.22cm in D4 to 0.33cm in D3 and the girth circumference ranged from 0.26 to 0.36cm. While the albumin was highest (29.2g/l) in control, the creatinine was lowest (70.0µmol/l) in D4, the urea varied from 3.13 to 8.7µmol/l, cholesterol (2.9 to 3.85mmol/l), triglyceride (0.83 to 0.98mmol/l) and blood glucose was superior (1.36mmol/l) in D2. Since sheabutter nut meal did not seemingly influence the physiological wellbeing of the treated rabbits it could be utilized up to 8%.Item Genetic Diversity Between Exotic And Nigerian Indigenous Turkey At Different Structural Loci(2018) Folorunsho, C. Y.; Salako, A. E.; Osaiyuwu, O. H.Poultry genetic resources in general are considered to be the most endangered and under-conserved, detailed attention is therefore needed on the existing genetic resources to reduce or prevent the increasing genetic erosion of local livestock. This study was conducted to characterize and estimate genetic diversity in Nigerian indigenous turkey and exotic turkey using blood proteins (Haemoglobin, Transferrin and Albumin) and enzyme (Carbonic Anhydrase and Esterase 1) markers. A total of 110 turkeys comprising 50 Nigerian indigenous turkeys and 60 exotic turkeys were used for the analysis. Separation of blood protein genotypes was achieved using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The populations were characterized for their genetic variability using allele frequencies, observed heterozygosity, F-statistics (FIT, FIS, FST), test for Hardy-Weinberg and Genetic distance. Eleven variants were found at the five loci studied, two co-dominant allele A and B controlling three genotypes AA, AB, and BB were observed at Haemoglobin, Carbonic Anhydrase, Albumin and Esterase1 loci for both indigenous and exotic turkey breeds, a third allele C was observed in Transferrin locus. Allele A was the most frequency at the Hb, CA, Alb and Es1 locus in Nigerian indigenous turkey with frequencies 0.541, 0.541, 0.520, and 0.520 respectively and exotic turkey at Hb, Alb, and Es1 with frequencies 0.508, 0.617, and 0.508 respectively. Chi Square result indicated deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the two populations. The average heterozygosity values were 0.56 and 0.477 indicating high genetic variability, heterozygote excess FIT was estimated at -0.050 while within breed excess as evaluated by FIS ranged from 0.370 to -0.336. The fixation index FST revealed that genetic diversity within the studied population was slightly differentiated. Genetic distance among the populations quantified through calculation of Nei’s Genetic distance was 0.008 while the identity was 0.992. Similarity in the estimated genetic variability parameters between the breeds indicates that the populations are closely related and there were no appreciable differences among them. This result obtained may be used as an initial guide in defining objectives for further investigations of genetic diversity and developing conservation strategies.Item Frequencies of the Transferrin Alleles and Genotypes in West African Dwarf Goats of Southwestern Nigeria(2018) Awobajo, O.K.; Salako, A.E.; Osaiyuwu, O.H.; Akinyemi, M.O.The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of Transferrin alleles and genotypes in West African Dwarf (WAD) goat. 140 adult WAD goats, maintained in four Southwestern States of Nigeria were used in the study. The polymorphism of transferrin was determined using Cellulose Acetate electrophoresis technique. It was found that the transferrin was controlled by two codominant alleles (TfA and TfB) in WAD goats. These two alleles, because of the codominant nature of inheritance, control the occurrence of three transferrin genotypes in the analyzed populations. The first two (TfAA and TfBB) were homozygous while the third one (TfAB) was heterozygous. The TfAB genotype was predominant with frequency of 0.90, 1.00, 0.87 and 0.55 in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.83±0.20 while TfBB genotype was least common except for population from Osun State with a frequency of 0.05, 0.00, 0.22 and 0.15 in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.08±0.07. The frequencies of transferrin alleles were 0.50, 0.50, 0.45 and 0.58 for TfA and 0.50, 0.50, 0.55and 0.43 for TfB in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.49±0.05. Transferrin system showed genetic equilibrium in the analyzed population (χ2 value = 1.780). The observed heterozygosity was 0.91, 1.00, 0.87 and 0.55 43 in Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States respectively with a mean frequency of 0.84 and average Fis value of -0.6Item Insilico Analysis of Myostatin Gene in Selected Poultry Species(2018) Ewuola, M. K.; Akinyemi, M.O.; Osaiyuwu, H.O.Myostatin gene (GDF8) is a member of transforming growth- superfamily and has been reported to act as a negative regular of skeletal muscle during myogenesis, regulation of adipocyte function in livestock species. This study was carried out to computationally investigate molecular genetic variation and categorize precise mutation in myostation gene in selected poultry species at the studied locus. A total of twenty (20) myostatin nucleotide sequences consisting of chicken (12), quail (4) and turkey (4) were retrieved from the GenBank. Functional analysis of nsSNP using PROVEAN showed three amino acid substitutions (P20Q, Y11F and G3R) in chicken, one in quail (Y100R) and three in turkey (N65P, F155W and K95A) were all returned neutral, suggesting their beneficial impacts. The information from nucleotides sequences showed the interclustering and close relatedness of members of phasianidae family (chicken, quail and turkey).