Agriculture Extension & Rural Development

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ANALYSIS OF INDIGENOUS PRACTICES OF SMALL-SCALE PLANTAIN FARMERS FOR APPROPRIATE ALLEY FARMING TECHNOLOGY IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
(1992-10) ADEKUNLE, O. A.
The limitations of conventional technology development gave birth to Farming Systems Research perspective which look at farming practices from a holistic view. This however has innate flaws in its implementation. Recent emphasis therefore is strengthening the need to appreciate a hitherto neglected indigenous knowledge systems. This indigenous knowledge for instance, has been influencing the indigenous practices associated with small-scale plantain production. Before now Plantain has not received favourable attention despite its economic potentials in the Nigerian economy. This is the main reason for this investigation which described the indigenous practices in its production. It is with an intent to illustrate how Alley Farming Technology should be designed to blend with the indigenous practices of the small-scale plantain farmers. The inquiry was conducted in Irewole and Oranmiyan Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State (however, since the creation of new states in 1992, these LGAs have become part of Osun State). The objectives of the study were to: describe the socio-economic features of plantain farmers, ascertain their indigenous practices, identify constraints to production, examine their agricultural information sources and determine the impact of certain variables on indigenous practices. A mini-study (or field observation) was conducted on ten small-scale (volunteer- farmers less than 3 ha) plantain plots. The monitoring of these plots for about six months was to field-test certain concepts which were empirically investigated in the follow-up survey. The survey was an interview schedule administered to two hundred and seventy (270) small-scale plantain farmers selected through a multi-stage sampling technique in the two LGAs. Frequency analysis of information obtained from the ten plots indicated that the most common crops intercropped with plantain (26.2%) were cassava, cocoyam, maize and vegetables. Information from the questionnaire revealed that 91% of the respondents had no formal education. Though staking was a practice, recommended spacing and mulching of plantain was not favoured by 98% of the interviewees. Cutlass was frequently used by 99.3% in plantain operations. Male household heads determined planting plantain (99.3%), plots to be used (98.9%) while female household heads/wives of male household heads decided on plantain processing (78.5%), sales (89.6%) and cost of production (69.6%). Constraints to plantain production include declining soil fertility (98.5%), insufficient propagules (95.2%) and inadequate extension service (95.9%). Multipurpose trees (MPTs) known to plantain farmers were Cassia (98.1%) and Gliricidia (97.0%). At a priori P<.05, pearson correlation analysis indicated a significant and positive association between indigenous knowledge and intercropping of plantain (r = 0.25). Use of Radio as a source negatively correlated with staking (r=-0.51) and mulching of plantain (r = -0.23). Stepwise multivariate ^egression showed that 48% of the variation in indigenous intercropping of plantain was explained by six regressors; household size, social participation, alley farming awareness, extension drama method, farm service centres and poor community market prices for plantain. These findings have implications for the adoption of Alley Farming technology in the study area. There is a serious need to involve small-scale plantain farmers in alley species (MPTs) selection, establishment and management. A comprehensive extension educational programme is necessary to make plantain farmers more aware of the alley farming technology.
Development of a management plan for 75 hectares of Osogbo forest groves
(1996) Adebisi, L. A.; Fawole, O. P.; Olowu, T. A.
Coverage of women’s agricultural activities in Nigerian daily newspapers
(Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 1997) Fawole, O. P.; Olowu, T. A.
This study investigated the coverage and direction of women's agricultural activities in Nigerian daily newspapers between 1970 and 1990. ln order to attain the research objectives, 6408 editions or 10 daily newspapers were randomly selected for the 21-year period. These newspaper editions were content analysed for types of women activities reported and prominence and direction of the reported activities. The results indicate that there has been a steady increase in the number of women's agricultural activities reported in Nigerian dailies. While the amount of space allocated to women's activities is small, the reports are favourab!e but not prominently located.
Content analysis
(Shanu Books Limited, 1999) Oladeji, J. O.; Fawole, O. P.
Effects of urbanization on agriculture: a case study of rural women in Akobo village a transitional area
(1999) Fawole, O. P.
The extension of the city of Ibadan has transformed the agrarian village of Akobo into an urban suburb in the Lagelu Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State. This was the outcome for a study conducted to investigate the income-generating activities and attitude towards agriculture of 85 women in Akobo. Data were collected during the investigation using a personal interview schedule. The findings of the study indicated that Akobo women still engage in agriculture and agro-allied activities. However, majority interviewed were more involved in non-agricultural activities with greater access to markets. It is recommended that vocational and literacy programmes be organized for the Akobo women. This will allow them to learn new skills, trade and establish small cottage industries that will enable them cope, survive and maintain viable life-styles in a changing environment.
Extension needs of urban and peri urban households involved in livestock keeping in Egbeda Local Government area of Oyo State
(International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, 1999) Sekoni, O. R.; Fawole, O. P.
Selectivity of sources: a case study of the "highlight" programme on NTA Ibadan
(Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 2000) Fawole, O. P.
This study investigated the selectivity of sources of a current affairs programme on NTA Ibadan. Data were collected using the six content categories which included agriculture, economics, education, health, and general. The analysis of the highlight programme indicates that panelists are selected from various sources private practitioners (50%), university (32.8%), public (6.9%), research institutes (5.2%) and others (5.2%). However, the study shows that NTA Ibadan Highlight programme uses male panelists from private sources who are visible personalities, close associates and often comment on issues tangential to their disciplines.
Socio-economic constraints to potato production, processing, and marketing in Nigeria
(African Potato Association, 2000-06) Fawole, O. P.; Akoroda, M. O.
Potato production is largely on smallholder farms scattered around the Plateau of northern Nigeria and concentratated particularly in areas around Jos. Yields of 4.65 tonnes per hectare obtained by smallholder farmers is about 40 percent of the potential yield. Reasons for this relatively low output are limited cultivated land, low adoption of improved practices and limited use of potato. Similarly, marketing of the crop is dominated by middlemen, to whom most of the profit accrue thereby serving as a disincentive to the .small holder farmers. There is, therefore, a need for adoption of improved production techniques, development of appropriate and affordable storage and processing technologies, more efficient distribution and marketing system and an effective extension service to improve current potato production in Nigeria.
Liberalization and poverty alleviation: the impact of co-operatives on rural Nigerian women
(Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) Book Series, 2002) Erinosho, S. Y.; Fawole, O. P.
Livelihood systems of women in Odo-Otin Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria
(University of Ibadan, 2002-06) Fawole, O. P.
The situation of women, particularly in the developing countries continues to attract global attention, hence current development trends are people centred, with a view of enhancing their livelihood systems. This study thus examined the livelihood systems of women in Odo-Otin LGA of Osun State, and focused their resource base and predisposition to the livelihood systems. total of 100 women were randomly selected from 4 of the 11 political wards in the LGA. Data were collected through the used structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. Findings revealed that trading is the major livelihood activity among women. However, these women engage in several livelihood activities alongside the major ones. The women obtain input for the livelihood activities from personal savings, loans, husbands, relatives and friends among others.
Traditional roles of women in farm operations in Sagamu Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria
(2004) Fawole, O. P.
This study investigated women's roles in soil management in Sagamu Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria, Using a random sampling technique, 90 women farmers were selected from 619 registered women farmers in Sagamu Local Government Area, The results indicate that majority (68,9%) of the women were married, and in their active ages (25- 45 years). Majority (97.6%) adopted multiple cropping system, while weeding as well as pest and disease control were manually done (92.8%). Also, 53.3% of them used resistant crop varieties. The use of cover crop for maintenance of soil-fertility was widespread (61.1 %). Between 49.9% and 94.4% of the women had control over their farming operations while 45.6% - 46.7% indicated that their spouses took decisions on land and related issues. Water logging was a major problem (57%) on women's farmlands. It is suggested that regular soil management programmes be organized for women in Sagamu LGA by extension and related organizations to enable the women solve soil problems on their farms and increase productivity. The establishment of soil management centres in the study area will help disseminate relevant information on soil management practices to the women.
Comparative analysis of cassava and sweet potato improved processing techniques in Nigeria: rural women experience
(Nigerian Rural Sociological Association, 2004-07) Odebode, S. O.; Fawole, O. P.
One of the major products obtained form cassava and sweet potato is 'gari'. It is widely utilized and common. Economic recession in Nigeria has made 'gari ' a more valuable food, especially for the poor in the urban areas. The present and future prospect of cassava and sweet potato processing depends more upon the developments of improved processing technologies that can increase labour productivity and of improved products that can meet the changing need of the rural and urban dwellers to replace the age-long traditional processing techniques. The aim of this study is to compare the cassava and sweet potato improved processing techniques for products generation. A total of 320 women were randomly selected and interviewed from the Agricultural Development Projects states in South western Nigeria with the use of interview schedule Inferential statistics and descriptive statistical tools were used in analyzing the data. The results showed that the same improve processing technologies used for cassava processing are used for sweet potato processing and the most widely used improved processing technologies include abrasive peeler, sieve, motorized grater, screw jack or hydraulic press. Cassava and sweet potato products include "spari", "lafun", starch and "fufu". A major conclusion in this paper is that sweet potato "spari" is slightly darker than the cassava and it is cyanide free unlike cassava "gari", which needs to be processed to remove the cyanide contents. Furthermore, there is no difference in the processing techniques of cassava and sweet potato.
Factors predisposing farmers to organic fertilizer use in Oyo State Nigeria
(Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, 2005) Fawole, O. P.; Fasina, O.
The acceptance and continuous use of any innovation is the aim of every extension program. There are various factors which predispose farmers to the adoption of any innovation. This study was therefore carried out to find out what factors would favourably dispose farmers to the adoption of a newly introduced commercially produced organic fertilizer. The study was carried out 3 years after the introduction of the organic fertilizer in the three vegetation zones of the state. A total of 110 farmers were interviewed of which 51 used the fertilizer. Personal characteristics of farmers which were found to significantly influence the use of the organic fertilizer were age of the farmer, ownership of the farmland, level of education, social participation and knowledge of the benefits of organic fertilizers. An average of 2 bags was used, with a mean area of 0.57 hec cultivated with the fertilizer. Majority (84.30%) used out of curiosity.
Poultry farmers' utilization of information in Lagelu Local Government Area, Oyo State of Nigeria
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006) Fawole, O. P.
This study investigated poultry farmers' access and utilization of extension information in Lagelu Local Government Area of Oyo State. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. The results indicate that poultry farmers obtain information from a variety of sources with television been the most prominent (68%). Animal health it was found is the top information need of poultry farmers (52%). Severe constraints to poultry production are cost of obtaining information (64%), veterinary services (66%) and non availability of extension agents (63%). The study further shows that poultry farmers' sex and educational level are significantly related to sources of information. Similarly, poultry farmers' sex and educational level are related to their utilization of information. Non availability of extension agents, cost of inputs are also significantly related to farmers' utilization of information. The results imply that paucity of extension workers and increased cost of inputs reduce the probability of farmers utilizing available technologies or information.
Constraints to production, processing and marketing of sweet-potato in selected communities in Offa Local Government Area, Kwara State Nigeria
(Kalma-Raj, 2007) Fawole, O. P.
Offa Local Government Area is one of the major sweet-potato growing areas of Nigeria. Sweet potato is grown mainly on smallholder farms and concentrated particularly in communities in Offa Local Government Area. This study randomly selected 90 small scale farmers purposively from 9 communities to investigate constraints to production, processing and marketing of sweet-potato. Data were collected using an interview schedule. Results indicated that yields of 4-7 tonnes per hectare obtained by smallholder farmers are about 20-35 percent of the crop's potential yield. Reasons for this low output are limited cultivated land, lack of improved practices, poor storage facilities, lack of credit facilities, lack of extension training, poor transportation and high cost of input. Also, marketing of the crop is dominated by middlemen, to whom most of the profit accrue, thereby serving as a disincentive to the smallholder farmers. There is, therefore, a need for adoption of improved production techniques, development of appropriate and affordable storage and processing technologies, more efficient distribution and marketing systems and an effective extension service to improve current sweet-potato production in Nigeria.
Farmers perception of the relevance of agriculture technologies in South-Western Nigeria
(Kalma-Raj, 2007) Oladele, O. I.; Fawole, O. P.
This study was focused on farmers’ perception of the relevance of technologies generated by research institutes in south-western Nigeria in the area of agroforestry, land evaluation, improved varieties and machinery and equipment. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select the sample size. Two zones were purposively selected (Ogbomoso and Oyo) for they are the loud basket of the state. The existing total number of farmers groups was obtained (120) out of this, ten percent was randomly selected (12). The membership strength of the selected group was compiled (1209) and ten percent of these were selected to give a sample size of (120) farmers). Descriptive and inferential statistical test were used to analyse the data. The study showed that farmers are well aware of agricultural technologies, for instance snailery (99.17%), fadama development (75.00%), improved varieties of cassava. (95.83%), and soyabean thresher (95.83%,). Correlation analysis was used to test the significant relationship of awareness and perception. It was discovered that machinery equipment fabrication(r = 0.38 P <0.05) improved varieties of arable crops (r = 0.42, P < 0.05) and agroforestry technologies (r = 0.62, p <0.05) are significantly related to their perception. However, the awareness, the land evaluation techniques was not significant (r = (0.003, p > 0.05).
Access to production information among citrus farmers in Atisbo Local Government Area of Oyo State
(Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 2007) Eniola, P. O.; Fawole, O. P.
The study was conducted to determine the level of awareness, access and utilization of sixteen, Citrus production by citrus farmers in ATISBO Local Government Area of Oyo State. Structured interview schedule were administered on sixty citrus farmers who were purposively selected from six communities. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, percentage and rating were used to analyse the data. Ninety eight point three (98.3%) of the respondents were male and 85 percent (85%) were married. The main source of information was village extension agents and contact farmers as indicated by 46.7 percent and 41.7 percent of respondents. Sixty eight percent of the farmers experience low yield of citrus. Level of information awareness, access and utilization of citrus farm practices was low. That is 63.3, 58.86 and 50 percent of the respondents had low scores respectively. The extension agents have been encouraged to release to farmers necessary information that could lead to high citrus production in the area.
Assessment of primary cocoa beans processing methods in Owan west local government area of Edo State, Nigeria
(2007) Agbongiarhuoyi, A. E.; Fawole, O. P.
This study assessed the primary cocoa beans processing methods in Owan West Local Government Area (OWLGA) of Edo State, Nigeria. Systematic random sampling was used in selecting 125 farmers in three main cocoa producing communities of OWLGA. Data were collected with structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. Age range for majority (56%) of the respondents was 55-68 and 69-82 years. Many (59.2%) cultivated small farms (< 2ha) and 48% had no formal education. All (100%) of sampled farmers identified heap and sun- drying processing methods while they were not aware of the sweat-box, tray and artificial drying methods. A high proportion (98.4%) processed cocoa beans in heaps and all (100%) used sun-drying method. Farm size (0.233) and identified processing methods (0.472) were significantly related to utilization of cocoa processing methods (p< 0.0 1). With adequate Government intervention, the common method (heap) used by farmers should be improved upon while tray method is popularized.
Sustainable food crop production through multiple cropping patterns among farmers in South Western Nigeria
(Kalma-Raj, 2007) Fawole, O. P.; Oladele, O. I.
This paper examined the medley of food crops among farmers as a method of evolved sustainable food crop production. Farmers from different groups were randomly selected and a structured questionnaire was administered on them to elicit information in the areas of crop mixtures and reasons for such mixtures. The result of the study indicates farmers profile with a mean age of 53.4 years with majority married (78%), having non-formal education (37%) and long years of farming experience (39%). Yam maize crop mixture was the most prominent among farmers and the assurance of food security was the prevailing reason for multiple cropping. The study has thus, provided clear insight into the practice of multiple cropping by farmers in the study area and also a basis for a demand-led technology development for the improvement of production.
Highly organised direct farmers market: analysis of forms, characteristics, operations and women involvement in Japan
(2007) Tijani, S. A.; Yano, I.
This study was based on the primary information collected from women farmers and coordinators of selected direct farmers markets in Sera and Ohnan Chuo, Hiroshima and Shimane prefecture respectively in Japan. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select respondents and direct farmers markets Information from direct farmers market coordinators and women farmers/processors was collected through interview schedule and structured questionnaires respectively. The study revealed that most of the direct farmers market studied were established for economic and social assistance of farmers. Requirements to participate varied from market to market. Low profit, competition and lack of sale were the major problems facing the respondents. Comparison of women farmers’ income from agriculture and non agriculture suggests better condition in agriculture than seeking employment outside the industry. Although, respondents were being empowered economically in some market and socially in others through participation in direct farmers market but both economics and social as well as political empowerment are essential for the market participants through involvement in the management activities of the market. Physically presence of farmers with their products on weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis should be initiated in order to build more social relationship among farmers and between farmers and consumers.