FACULTY OF ARTS

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CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND THE MARINE OF NIGERIA 1841 - 1891
(1958-07) ADE-AJAYI, J. F.
It is the contribution of various missionary societies in shifting the frontier of European influences from the coast where it had remained after three centuries of European trade connections into the interior of Nigeria in the half century before the establishment of British rule in the country that is the subject of this thesis. For, in their anxiety to deepen and widen Christian European influences in the country, the missionaries were laying the social and economic foundations of Nigeria, particularly Southern Nigeria. Struck by the high rate of European mortality in West Africa, and haunted by the memory that Christianity had once been introduced into West Africa and had been wiped out, the missionaries were anxious to leave a permanent mark on the country that the eventual withdrawal of European missionaries, whether sudden or gradual, could not efface. They wished to raise a large indigenous clergy, they wished to introduce not only the Bible but also the art to read and the art to make the Bible, in short, something of the technological civilisation of contemporary Europe. Central to this programme was the creation of a Middle Class of mission-educated Africans. The emigrants returning from Sierra Leone, Cuba and Brazil provided the nucleus of such a class with them, the missionaries embarked on a programme of practical education in trades and industry. They tried to gather the emigrants together in particular centres round the Mission House, in little mission villages to which Individual converts from the old town, physically or spiritually, attached themselves. This new society it was hoped would grow and replace the antiquated ways of the old town. Things did not always work out as the missionaries planned. Their resources were inadequate. They were dependent on traders whose objectives were different from theirs. The society of the old town did not crumble as readily as was expected. The missionaries saw the power of the African rulers on the coast passing to the consul and the traders, not to the educated Africans whom the traders and some of the missionaries on the spot as well regarded as rivals. Nevertheless, a class of Africa was rising, as clergymen in the church, agents of European firms or independent merchants on their own. The most notable of them was Crowther who was made a Bishop and who used an all- African staff to establish churches on the Niger. But just as such Africans, were beginning to be given responsibility and, among other things, were proceeding to make the Church less of an alien community in society, the new wave of European interest in the country made European change their attitude to Africans, and the old policy of advancing educated Africans was overturned, Even Bishop Crowther was ousted from his post and with his resignation in 1891, this period of missionary work came to an end.
THE ALARINJO THEATRE: (THE STUDY OF A YORUBA THEATRICAL ART FROM ITS EARLIEST BEGINNINGS TO THE PRESENT-TIMES)
(1969) ADEDEJI, J. A.
This study describes the art and development of the Alarinjo Theatre from its earliest beginnings to the present times. The origin and development of the theatre are traced to the descendants of the Oba, believed to be the autochthones of Yoruba- land and worshippers of Obatala, the Yoruba supreme divinity. By giving material existence to Obatala, they displayed an instinct for impersonation and ritualistic expression which leads to developmental drama. As a natural reaction to the deprivation which they suffered at the hands of their enemies (a party of immigrants), they had recourse to stratagems by which invariably, they developed the means of drama; namely, religion, art and disguise. The ‘masquerade’ was first used by the Igbo' followers of Obatala to terrorise and plunder the Ife city-state out of which they had been driven by a party of immigrants believed to have been led by Oduduwa. At a later period, the Nupe (supposedly under the influence of the descendants of the Oba who had sojourned in that country after the dispersal from Ife) used the 'masquerade' to prevail upon the Yoruba of Oyo. The Yoruba who at that time worshipped the ‘masquerade’ as ancestral spirit had believed that the Nupe soldier-masquerades were ancestors who had re-appeared on the side of their enemy. They therefore abandoned the Oyo city-state and went into exile. In a rapprochement that followed during the reign of Ofinran (c. 1544), it became clear that the descendants of Oba who had returned to the fold from the Nupe country, had knowledge of the secret of the 'masquerade'. The Egungun Society was formed as a conjoint association of two clans - the Oba (Yoruba indigenes) and the Igbori (Tapa extraction). With this association, both the worship of the ancestor as egungun (masquerade) and the use of the egungun for social action were brought together under a hierarchy. The theatre emerged from three developmental phases - ritual, festival and theatre. The process shows the treatment and use of the egungun for both ritual and secular occasions. It was Ologbin Ologbojo, a descendant of the Oba, who adopted the 'masquerade' for the purpose of furthering his duty as retainer and head of court-entertainers. With these court-masques, therefore, the third and final phase in the development of the theatre from religious dramatic roots was reached. By about the second half of the sixteenth century, the theatre had been born. The theatre flourished extensively during the eighteenth century but mostly within Court circles and participated in the annual egungun festivals. With Esa Ogbin (who adopted the title 'Ologbojo' for his professional role) leading a band of costumed-players, the theatre extended its operations outside of the Court and throughout the Oyo empire. Other professional masque-drama-turgs followed in his footsteps. The fall of the empire during the early part of the nineteenth century did not adversely affect the fortunes of the theatre; on the contrary, it contributed to its artistic development and professional growth. The troupes travelled far beyond the Oyo areas and into the new Ibadan sphere of influence where they became - popularly known as the 'AlArlnjd'. Towards the end of the century and thenceforward, however, the corroding influence of Islam and Christianity on the structure of the Yoruba society questioned the continued existence of the theatre. The form and style of the theatre arise from the generalised concept of Yoruba art, namely, that the artist proceeds by induction rather than by deduction. Although the artist, normally, operates within a transcendental frame of mind that inspires him to accomplish his objective, the results of his work seem superficial to the casual observer. The substance of what the masque-drama turg wishes to communicate or share with his audience is revealed in the material of his creation which also underlines his main pre-occupations, namely, religion and human situations. Thus, in the theatrical 'repertoire', there are two types of masques - the spectacles and the revues. While the former are designed to meet religious objectives, the latter are sketched out as comments on happenings in the society. Although the spectacles are serious drama in intent, yet they are sometimes given satirical turns; but the revues are always comical. The root-elements of the theatre are the mask, the chant, and the dance; but a performance is the sum total of all of these and the unified product of gesture and costume. The theatre has specific obligations to the audience with idiom it communicates. Its functions over and above divertissement include education and edification. Bat the art of the theatre can be better appreciated only within the framework of Yoruba aesthetics and the sensibilities of the people. During the height of its influence, the theatre provided s gainful employment for many people outside the original lineage that first developed the art. As time went on, however, it could not escape being affected by the forces of change which had been at work in the Yoruba society from about the middle of the nineteenth century. With the introductions into the Yoruba society of other forms of entertainment based on European models towards the end of the nineteenth century, the Alarinjo Theatre faced a gloomy prospect. Traces of its influence have been found in the 'new theatres'. While it yet thrives by appealing to the taste of the uneducated masses, its means have failed to attract the rising generation of western-educated and acculturated people who patronise the 'new theatres'. With the increasing popularity of the 'new theatres' therefore, the Alarinjo Theatre is bound to fade out of existence. It will, however, leave behind its own undying influence on the new forms.
A BIBLIO-TEXTUAL STUDY AND EDITION OF THE POEMS OF ANDREW MARVELL
(1970-06) ABOYADE, B. O.
The introduction of recent bibliographic techniques into editorial practice raised hopes of finally finding objective solutions to many seemingly insoluble textual problems. Yet as the eminent bibliographer Fredson Bowers points out (Bibliography and Textual Criticism, 1964) such hopes - either because the techniques are still not completely developed, or because of their inherent limitations - have not been fully realised. Walter Greg, another pioneer in the field, had earlier warned that the new techniques could not be expected to carry the textual critic the whole way to perfection (Bibliography - An Apologia, 1932). The present thesis represents an attempt to apply the techniques to, and to overcome their limitation in, the editing of Marvell’s poems - with what success the sequel will show. Chapter 1 considers the circumstances surrounding the first printing of most of Marvell’s poems in 1681 at the instance or with the connivance of that Mary Palmer who falsely claimed to be his widow. It is shown that certain items intended for inclusion in the Miscellaneous Poems were cancelled because o£ the political upheavals of the year; that these cancelled poems deal with Cromwell and would have been likely to mind the public at the Civil war and the Regicide at a time when repetition of both catastrophes had been narrowly averted; that because the cancellations, the 1681 edition actually survives in three states. It is further suggested that the volume was printed by ‘casting-ort’ the copy, that, during printing, other materials not supplied by Mary Palmer were added, and that none of those directly concerned with the printing can be expected to have exercised salutary control over the process of publication. Chapter 2 discussed the various theories of textual criticism evolving from editorial practices in the fields of Biblical, Classical, and Modern Bibliographical scholarship. The objective common to all three is the determining of the text closest to the author's original by tracing the descent of surving copies through the use of various methods: by Dom Quentin's theory of intermediaries, by Paul Maas’s system of stemmatics, by Walter Greg’s calculus of variants and the like. For Marvell, with only one edition to be followed, the common problem of preferring one of a series of early editions does not exist; the real difficulty is to ascertain the poet’s own intention whenever there is a cause for doubt, always bearing in mind the not-too-favourable ambiences of poems either published posthumously or circulated anonymously. In addition to the problem of establishing Marvell’s intention in authenticated poems attributed to his authorship. The conclusion is that because of the peculiarities of transmission and survival, an edition of Marvell’s poem must necessarily be based not upon one but upon several methods of approach. Chapter 3 examines the background and technique of the ‘copy-text|’, the use of which is made obligatory by the repeated successes of the bibliographic school of textual critics in its application to earlier English works. Where only one copy of questionable superiority can be singled out, no one need quarrel with this technique; difficulties begin to arise when there are several copies of comparable authority available. To insist upon a ‘copy-text’ even in this case is justified by what Greg calls the ‘accidentals’ of a text (i.e. the spelling modes, the punctuation system, etc.). It is even more justified when it ensures that a modern edition retains significant ‘accidentals’, whatever they be, to the point where all linguistic traits of the author’s period, all significant indications of linguistics and philological peculiarities, whether temporal, or social, or private, should be transmitted through the text. In case of Marvell, the setting-up of a ‘copy-text’ without thorough exploration of ‘accidentals’ is scarcely feasible. That completed, the final question is the degree to which the results of the exploration, the resolutions of the difficulties it reveals, must be followed. Chapter 4 considers many of the peculiarities of the English language in Marvell’s time, particularly those (consequent upon the tangle of vowel-shifts known as the Great Sound Shift) which have immediate effectiveness for the ‘copy-text’ technique. Thanks to research by philologist-linguists like Luich, Sweet, Wyld, Whitehall, Dobson, Nist, Trager- Smith, et al., the overall pattern of Early Modern English, particularly that of the sonantal system, emerges with some clarity. Here, the results are schematized on a phonetic basis, and the confusions that might confront an editor, especially those reflected on spellings and rhymes, are broadly charted. From this exercise emerge several linguistic guide-lines to be followed, or at least considered in editing Marvell. Chapter 5 attempts to demonstrate how the study of para-linguistic factors of metre, rhythm, rhyme, and repetitive sound-patterning facilitates the editorial task, especially for rhymed verse. Here the metre and rhythms of Marvell’s verse are analysed in some detail and from several point of view. The most obvious prosodic feature is the maintenance of a strict syllable count- so strict that any apparent violation can be attributed to an error of transmission. In the octosyllabic couplet, his favourite form, Marvell not only makes good use of traditionally accepted variations, modulations, and metrical equivalences but is also able to absorb into his verse the principles of the ‘Classical plain style,’ the so-called sermo. In him, this is not merely a matter of achieving post-Elizabethan elegance and colloquial ease of diction and syntax; it also, and more importantly, involves the natural ordering of syntactic units in such a fashion that the pauses bordering segmenting them can be varied as freely and unaffectedly in verse as they normally are in prose and speech- all these within the strict metrical framework of syllable count. As a result, there is remarkable free positioning of the ‘caesuras’, which fall at various places in a line after odd- as well as even-numbered syllables and not- as advocated by certain Elizabethan posts and authorities- in a fixed medial position. Following the method of Ants Oras (Pause Patterns in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama, 1960), an attempt is made to graph pause distribution profiles for the two famous poems “To His Coy Mistress” and “AN Horatian Ode” on the basis of both printed punctuation and syntactic analysis of actual readings. Chapter 6 brings forward the argument that capitalization is a device employed to indicate emphasis- particularly in stress bearing words of a poem- and is therefore an important ‘accidental’ to be reckoned with in editing verse. This fact is revealed in the analysis of Marvell’s On a Drop of Dew, and is confirmed by the practice of contemporary poets, by printing practice, and by statements of primers at tile time. What emerges is that this poem as printed in 1681 (and probably some other poem), seems to have fewer printed capitalized words than appeared in the original manuscript. In editing the poems, while it may not be possible to restore all the capitalization that Marvell intended, it is at least possi1ble to detect words wrongly capitalized, if they destroy what seems to be the intended rhythm and sense. Chapters 7 to 9 deal with the problem of attributing to Marvell some poems written anonymously. In Chapter 7 the various methods of determining the authorship of disputed works are reviewed. These fall into two main groups: internal evidence of style and ideas, the external evidence of direct statements by the author or his contemporaries, or statements from letters, diaries, and so forth. For Marvell external evidence is found to be rather weak – sometimes a contradictory. Internal stylistic evidence is relatively unhelpful mainly because the characteristic styles of the lyrical poems are different from those of the political poems. On the other hand, evidence from ideas seems important because of the feasible comparison between the views expressed in his prose written and those in the political poems. For this purpose, Marvell’s activities and attitudes as a politician are examined in Chapter 8. The picture given is that of a loyal citizen with a deep reverence for law and the constitution and a strong belief in the providential guidance of affairs of state. In a mixed constitution such as that of England at the time when the political poems were written, Marvell was determined to support equally the prerogatives of the King and the privileges of Parliament; and rejected any section – from parliament or King - that might upset the balance. -Finally, in Chapter 9, the political poems attributed to Marvell are re-examined individually. After this consideration, only four of the sixteen poems printed by Margoliouth - The Last Instructions, The Loyall Scott, Bludius et Corona and Scaevola Scoto-Brittannus –are found to be fully acceptable as Marvell’s. Four others – Clarendon’s House-Warming, Britannia and Rawleigh, and the Second and Third Advices are probably his. All the others, it appears, have been wrongly ascribed to him.
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PALWO 1400-1911
(1973) ADEFUYE, A. I.
The Palwo are a branch of the Lwo who settled on the northern part of Bunyoro-Kitara kingdom. Their history is essentially that of rivalry between two ethnic groups, the Lwo and the Bantu, vying for supremacy in the empire of Bunyoro-Kitara, Originating from the Sudan, the Lwo settled in the hitherto exclusively Bantu inhabited empire, overthrew the ruling dynasty, and set up a new one. While intermarrying with the majority Bantu population, the Lwo kings ensured that only sons born to them by their Lwo wives (full-blooded Lwo) succeeded them. It was an attempt by the Lwo to make the throne their exclusive preserve. When one of the Lwo kings found himself compelled by circumstances to bypass convention and chose one of his children born by a Bantu woman to succeed him, the Lwo protested. They attempted to undermine the authority of this Bantu king who had no other alternative than to wage a war to 'crush the rebellion'. Henceforth children bom by Bantu women ascended the throne. The period of the rule of the Lwo appeared to have ended. While taking refuge from the war which crushed their rebellion, a good number of the Lwo left Bunyoro-Kitara and established their hegemony in the neighbouring areas. But some of them later came back and with the coming of more Lwo from the Sudan and Northern Uganda, the Lwo population in Bunyoro-Kitara a century after their rebellion was back to nearly what it was before the war. But the memory of their clash with the Bantu king was not forgotten by the Lwo. To them, it was humiliating to be deprived of a throne which for centuries had been occupied by their own people. Taking the Northern extreme of present day Bunyoro district as their base, the Lwo directed their activities for the following two centuries towards regaining their lost privileged position in Bunyoro-Kitara empire. However, in spite of their success in undermining the authority of some Bantu kings and launching series of military attacks on them, in spite of their economic boom caused by the activities of foreign traders, and which the Lwo attempted to turn into military advantage, they never succeeded in winning back the throne of Bunyoro-Kitara. Kabalega, a Bantu king, permanently converted them into an insignificant minority in the empire.
A STUDY OF VARIETIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH IN NIGERIA
(1973-10) ADESANOYE, F. A.
The study postulates three varieties of English performance in the writings of Nigerians, and examines these in detail for their "common core" features and their "indexical markers". In the Introduction is discussed the English in present-day Nigeria with a theoretical cline of the varieties erected, the pivot around which the investigations of the later chapters are hung. The second chapter examines specifically varieties three and two in the performance of Nigerian judges, while the third deals with the use of English in the Nigerian newspaper press. Chapter IV examines first-variety usage in Literary Nigerian English and the fifth chapter undertakes an examination of the language ability of the low grade workers of the University of Ibadan, exponents of the first variety. Chapter VI, the final chapter, summarizes the findings of the investigations, makes some concluding statements, and suggests four possibilities for further research into Nigerian English. In essence, the study identifies the linguistic features common to all the varieties examined, and their indexical markers. The study also suggests that, from the evidence of the thesis, third-variety performances in written English in Nigeria be regarded as Standard (Educated) written Nigerian English.
A STUDY OF VARIETIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH IN NIGERIA
(1973-10) ADESANOYE, F. A.
The study postulates three varieties of English performance in the writings of Nigerians, and examines these in detail for their "common core" features and their "indexical markers". In the Introduction is discussed the English in present-day Nigeria with a theoretical cline of the varieties erected, the pivot around which the investigations of the later chapters are hung. The second chapter examines specifically varieties three and two in the performance of Nigerian judges, while the third deals with the use of English in the Nigerian newspaper press. Chapter IV examines first-variety usage in Literary Nigerian English and the fifth chapter undertakes an examination of the language ability of the low grade workers of the University of Ibadan, exponents of the first variety. Chapter VI, the final chapter, summarizes the findings of the investigations, makes some concluding statements, and suggests four possibilities for further research into Nigerian English. In essence, the study identifies the linguistic features common to all the varieties examined, and their indexical markers. The study also suggests that, from the evidence of the thesis, third-variety performances in written English in Nigeria be regarded as Standard (Educated) written Nigerian English.
A SOCIOLINGUISTIC FACTOR ANALYSIS OF YORUBA-ENGLISH BILINGUALISM AMONG FORM V PUPILS IN SECONDARY GRAMMAR SCHOOLS IN THE IBADAN AREA
(1977-06) ADENIRAN, A.
This study regards certain variable sociological and educational factors as determinants of a person's or a group's degree of bilingualism, and attempts to ascertain their role in the proficiency abilities of Yoruba-English bilinguals in the fifth form of the secondary grammar school. In Chapter I is an outline of the development of scholastic interest in the curious phenomenon of bilingualism. Some of the theories and research approaches to the study of bilingualism are explicated. The chapter concludes by indicating the descriptive sociolinguistic approach adopted for the study. Chapter II examines the relative role and Status of Yoruba and English among the Yoruba people in the colonial era and in Contemporary Nigeria. The Information and analysis in the chapter constitute a background against which proficiency attainments in the two languages may be understood. Chapter III is methodological. Certain assumptions as well as the objectives of the study are stated. A number of hypotheses of Yoruba-English bilingual proficiency are postulated and the procedure for verifying them described. This involves the use of a language background questionnaire, and tests of language proficiency. In Chapters IV to VI the hypotheses are tested by matching the achievements of the subjects in the tests of proficiency with specific items in the language background information which have been hypothesized as determinants of proficiency. The hypotheses tested in chapter IV deal with bilingual comprehension, in Chapter V with bilingual fluency, and in Chapter VI with bilingual choice and usage habits. In each case the results are stated and discussed. In the last chapter (Chapter VII) we overview the whole investigation, summarising the major findings as regards the nature of bilingual proficiency, and assessing the effectiveness of the instruments used in the investigation. We also consider some of the social implications of the differences in English achievements among subgroups in the category of bilinguals studied, and make some suggestions for avoiding their undesirable possible consequences. Finally, four of the sociolinguistic problems which bilingualism poses are suggested for future investigation.
A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION AMONG THE KIKUYU, 1898-1952
(1978-01) ADEBOLA, A. S.
The response of most Kikuyu to Western education was initially negative. This was due In part to the nature of their Indigenous system of education which was intimately related to their political, social and economic set-up, and partly due to their reaction against the initial impact of colonialism on their society. This attitude was abandoned largely as a re stilt of the First World War when colonial demands became intensified and many people were forced to leave their homes to work as carriers. Their experience of meeting others, in camps and during journeys, from societies so such different from their own, suddenly opened up a new world of experience that the indigenous educational precepts could not fully explain or cater for. Their hope after the war that the missionaries would assist then to obtain an education which would enable then to play roles other than serving the white settlers as labourers did not materialise, neither was the government anxious to take over responsibility for African education from the mission societies. This in turn forced the Kikuyu to look for alternative means of securing a type of education which would not be preoccupied with either vocational training or proselytization. The ‘independent’ schools which became widespread in Kikuyu from the 1920s; the 'Githunguri Scheme’; the willingness of the people during the Second World War to devote a substantial amount of money they got through the war to education; the dispute between the AIM and their Kikuyu adherents in Muranga district which led to the establishment of yet another independent educational body; and the rejection of the Beecher Commission on African Education, which in turn led to the closure of all the schools that would not accept its recommendations; were all part of the efforts of the Kikuyu to make their education relevant to the needs of their society.
ISLAM IN OYO AND ITS DISTRICTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
(1978-07) ADELOWO, E. D.
This work describes the history and development of Islam in Oyo and its districts in the nineteenth Century. In short, the work is an attempt to see in what way Islam lad moulded the history of the people of Oyo and its districts in the nineteenth Century, The first chapter describes the beginnings of Islam in the area until the period when the religion became stagnant as a result of the fall of-the Old Oyo Empire, In this way, we are able to see the various difficulties militating against Islam in the area in the early period. In chapter two, we discuss the survival and growth of Islam in the area after the fall of the Old Oyo Empire, The forces, external and internal, responsible for this stage of Islamic growth are discussed in this chapter, Thus we are able to see a clear picture of how Islam surmounted the initial difficulties generated by the decline and fall of the Old Oyo Empire and how it eventually established itself strongly alongside the age-long traditional religion. Chapter three deals with the expansion of Islam during the increasing influx of Christian missionaries into Oyo and its districts. In this chapter, the difficulties facing the missionaries and their effects on the expansion of Christianity and Islam are discussed, Furthermore, the challenge of Christianity and the reaction of the Muslims to the challenge are examined. In this way, we are able to see why Islam became the dominant religion in the area in the nineteenth Century. In chapter four, we examine the status of Islam in the period when the area, known as Oyo and its districts, was brought within the web of Western civilization. In this way, we are able to see the influence of British rule on the expansion and development of Islam in the area in the period between 1894 and 1900. The religio-social significance of Islamic institutions in the area in the nineteenth Century is examined in chapter five. The influence of the institutions on the growth of Islam and how they provided a universal link with the Muslim world are clearly shown in this chapter. The people of Oyo and its districts had been greatly influenced by the traditional religion before the influx of Islam. Thus, in the last chapter, we turn our attention to examining the influence of Islam on the traditional background of the Muslim community. In this way, we are able to see the interaction of the traditional religion and Islam among the people of Oyo and its districts in the nineteenth Century. Since Islam constituted a strong force and became the dominant religion in Oyo and its districts in the nineteenth Century, we conclude by examining the extent of its success among the people of the area in this period.
THE THEOLOGY OF THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PAULINE KERYGMA AND SOTERIOLOGY
(1978-08) ABOGUNRIN, S. O. K.
The heart of the New Testament message is the resurrection of Jesus Christ; Yet, the nature of the resurrection has remained one of the riddles of Few Testament studies. There is the perennial problem, of the discrepancies between the various accounts of the unique event recorded in the Gospels, Of course, the variances are largely due to differences in theological outlook and varied interests in the early Church. Moreover,' the interest of the evangelists was not in details but in the message. The actual resurrection of Jesus is not within the field of human vision; therefore, to find out what really happened one must start from the post resurrection appearances. But this investigation is chiefly concerned with the resurrection of Jesus as it affects Paul's teaching. The personal encounter with the Risen Lord Jesus on the Damascus road meant for Paul a new beginning. The resurrection of Jesus became central to the whole of Pauline thought on the role of Jesus as Redeemer and man's salvation, both now and in the future. Nevertheless, his 'theology' is not based on the Damascus road experience; it is rooted in the apostolic tradition. It is Paul that gives us the earliest record of the apostolic resurrection tradition. The apostolic kerygma stresses the fact that Jesus was raised bodily from the dead. The death and resurrection of Jesus became the act of God for our present and future salvation. The resurrection of Jesus and the resurrection of the dead are two inseparable facts. Jesus' resurrection forms the basis of Paul's discussion on the resurrection of believers. For Paul the life of a bodiless soul is incomplete, distressingly dull and missing the gift of the Gospel. But the time of the investiture remains unsolved in Paul.
SOMALI ARABIC POETS - SELECTED CASE STUDIES
(1981-02) ADAM, A. A.
This study contains representative selection of Somali Arabic poetry, which gives a clear idea of the quantity and quality of Somali Arabic poetry as well as its literary standard, its themes, its contents and its forms. Entitled "Somali Arabic Poets - Selected Case Studies", it comprises two parts: "Background Survey" and "Selected Somali Arabic Poets". "Part One" contains three Sections, the first of which is devoted to a brief study of Somalia - geographically, historically and politically. The second is devoted to a study of the place and importance of Somali poetry (in Somali language) in the Somali Culture, and the last is devoted to a study of the emergence and development of Arabic and its literature in the Somali Peninsula. "Part Two" also contains three section s, The first of these is devoted to a study of the life and works of the eminent poet, “zaylaci”, the second is devoted to a study of the life and literary production of the prolific poet, "Hajj Sufi", and the last is devoted to a study of the life, scholarship and Arabic works of the remarkable leader and the famous bilingual poet "the Sayyid". This study ends with concluding remarks, which sum up the findings of this research.
ISLAMIC LEARNING IN NUPELAND (1750-1982)
(1983-02) ABDULRAHMAN, S.
Islamic learning in Nupe land started almost concurrently with the inception of Islam into the Nupe country, about the middle of the 18th Century. This followed the practice of Islam which made literacy and acquisition of knowledge incumbent on every muslim. This study has been undertaken primarily to examine the rate at which the traditional Islamic learning has developed in the area and, at the same time, to assess the impact of this traditional system of education upon the Nupe people and their culture. The work is divided into six chapters. The first chapter discusses the Nupe traditional religious practices prior to Islam in order to provide a basis for comparison with Islamic religious practices. Chapter two discusses the establishment of Arabic Schools and the emergence of first Arabic writings Chapter three examines Islamic education generally and assesses its impact upon the Nupe people. The role of the teacher in the traditional system of Islamic education is examined in chapter four, while chapter five discusses some of the characteristics of the traditional Islamic Schools versus those of some Western oriented Schools, which also give Islamic education. The concluding chapter examines the sources of revenue for the two categories of educational institutions and discovers that the Western oriented schools are solely sponsored by the government of the area while the private Arabic Schools are left mainly in the hands of proprietors and private organisations. This implies that Western oriented schools have stronger sources of funds and are, generally, more equipped and more organised than the private Arabic Schools. The chapter closes with some suggestions for, the improvement of the quality of Islamic education generally throughout the Nupe country.
SOCIAL REALISM AND IDEOLOGY IN THE NOVELS OF RICHARD WRIGHT AND SEMBENE OUSMANE
(1983-07) ADEBAYO, A. G.
This study is an attempt at Ideological criticism of black literature. It is divided into five chapters. Chapter one describes briefly the realist tradition in relationship to Richard Wright and Sembene Ousmane. A detailed study is made of the evolution of the concept of realism in literature from the nineteenth century in France to modern times. It is thus possible to locate where our novelists stand on this extensive scale of literary value. While it is possible to document Richard Wright’s indebtedness to realist writer of the American mainstream, Theodore Dreiser as well as the philosophy of existentialism, it is also possible to relate Sembene Ousmane’s aesthetics to that of the socialist realism as well as African oral tradition. The second chapter firmly places the two writers within black literary and social traditions. It examines the black condition which was born out of slavery, racism and colonialism and examines the reactions of Wright and Ousmane to the black condition. While the first two chapters derive from extra literary sources, chapters three to five are strictly based on a stylistic analysis of some of the novels written by Wright and Ousmane. Chapter three concludes that existentialist thought is the main-spring of the Wrightean oeuvre after tracing a vital existentialist link between the major novels of the sane author. On the other hand, the following chapter examines the ways in which the formal structures of Sembene Ousmane’s novels point to the marxist ideology which permeates the texts, thus making them out as socialist realist novels. The comparative perspective is introduced to the study in chapter five where, through a comparison and contrasting of the formal aspects in the works of the two writers, one arrives at the conclusion that despite noticeable divergencies, what unite them is their strict commitment to the black condition, as well as their social realism. In the same chapter, it becomes clear that the ideology of the author is al so transparent through the formal aspects of the novels for while the inner texture of Wright’s novels show him as a critical or "bourgeois" realist that of Sembene Ousmane’s novels prove that the writer is a socialist realist writer. Finally the study illuminates the basis of the works of these two novelists not only as individual writers but as authors who create within a wider tradition of black literature. What have been postulated in the previous chapters for their novels become even more relevant for black literatures in general.
COVENANT IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
(1983-11) ABE, G. O.
This Thesis is divided into six Chapters, preceded by the Preface. The Preface explains the concept of Covenant. It examines the Israelite faith from its rudimentary stage and its gradual development; and the relationship between the Israelite Covenant and the other peoples. Chapter One begins with the Introduction to the Thesis. It discusses the Covenant upon which the religion of Yahweh was based, and as the institution which established a unique relationship between God and Israel. Covenant, it explains, was enshrined in the Salvation history of the Israelites as a saving grace of God. It is therefore a gift made by Yahweh to Israel. The Chapter also examines the definition and etymology of Covenant. The Covenant in the Ancient world, especially, the structure of the Hittite treaties; and the terminologies of the Covenant in the Old Testament are looked into. Chapter Two is devoted to the Covenant forms in Israel, namely, the Secular traditions, the God-bound, and Israel bound Covenants, and the Covenant of Joshua. Chapter Three focuses attention on the physical aspects of the Covenant: Statutes, Instruments and Sacred objects. Chapter Four examines the nature of the Covenant God as an Ethical and Personal Being; the relationship between Him and Baal; the Covenant as a doctrine of Redemption, namely, the religious and saving consciousness of Israel; the motive to the formation of the covenant; and the justification of the Choice of Israel for the Covenant. The Chapter ends with a study of the Covenant people as a righteous people. Chapter Five is concentrated on the Deuteronomic reform; the idea of a new Covenant; Covenant breaking and judgment; the Covenant in Exilic period; and the Post-exilic impact on the Covenant. The Conclusion forms the first section of the last Chapter. It gives a concise account of the crucial views reached in this Thesis, especially in stressing the fundamentals and uniqueness of the Covenant theology. The Chapter concludes with the examination of the effect of covenant on the Israelites.
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM IN IJESALAND (1860 - 1968)
(1988-04) ADELEYE, M. O.
Islam, like any other religion in the society is an all-pervading phenomenon transforming individual lives in the society. Therefore, I commence this thesis by examining the ethno-historical and geographical background of Ijesaland. I also survey the traditional religious beliefs of the Ijesa as well as the religious and social milieu which were in existence when Islam was accepted there. The thesis is mainly on the introduction, the development and growth of Islam in Ijesaland for a period of about one hundred years (1860-1968). I discuss the advent, spread and the propagation of Islam in Ijesaland with emphasis on the various factors that contributed to its spread. These, in my opinion, include the various Muslim festivals and Ijesa Muslims’ enviable activities during the ‘Id-ul-Fitr and ‘Id—ul-Adha. I also discuss developments that brought about a setback for Islam in the area. These include the death of the first five pilgrims in 1910, the ‘gaga’ epidemic of 1917/18, the Babalola-Babatope revival of 1930 and Mooko-Mooka, (ability to read and write) introduced by the Christian Missionaries. I also examine the subsequent activities of the Muslims which led to further spreading of the faith among the people. As to the introduction of Islam in Ijesaland, my main claim is that unlike other parts of Yorubaland where non-indigenes introduced Islam, Islam was introduced and spread in Ijesaland by Ijesa people themselves through their commercial activities. Lastly, I discuss the difficulties involved in writing the history of Islam in Ijesaland. I also make suggestions on how to improve Muslims activities in Ijesaland.
DEATH, NATIONALISM, LANGUAGE AND REVOLT IN J. M. SYNGE AND WOLE SOYINKA - A THEMATIC STUDY
(1990-03) ABATI, R. A.
This thesis examines four themes in the plays of J.W. Synge and Wole Soyinka - namely, death, nationalism, language and revolt - to represent the multiple aspects of convergence and divergence which a combined reading of their works reveals, and to appreciate the sensibilities, the social contexts and the significance (local and universal) of both writers. It is divided into six chapters: Chapter One: Introduction; Chapter Two: Death in J.M. Synge and Wole Soyinka (Tharatomimesis and Thanatodicea Examined); Chapter. Three: J.M. Synge, Wole Soyinka and the National Question; Chapter Four: Language: The Synge and Soyinka Experience; Chapter Five: Modernism and the Theatre of Revolt: J. W. Synge and Wole Soyinka; Chapter Six: Conclusion. The thesis advances four main propositions, viz: (a) Synge and Soyinka express an abiding concern about the centrality of death in human experience; man, both writers contend, is, in the midst of life, in death; hence, they paint an artistic landscape in which the individual urge to assert itself is often subverted by the reality or the threat of death, thus giving vent to the idea that death is the ultimatum of life. (b) Both writers have been dismissed as a-national in their respective countries, not just because they are incapable of political thought, as has been alleged in Synge's case, or unpatriotic, as alleged in both cases, but because of their refusal to embrace the reductionist and exclusivist literary dogma preached by the ultra-nationalists in their societies. Both of them advocate the freedom of the creative instinct from ideological fetters and assign themselves the task of desecrating the sacred gods of their time with the belief that truth, as opposed to flattery, should be the oyster of art; and it is perhaps this critical detachment and objectivity that constitutes true nationalist writing. (c) Synge and Soyinka, like many writers, accord language a pre-eminence in their scale of artistic tools; of particular interest is their foregrounding of language; that is, the fluency with which their language attains performative dimensions and generates visual and aural impulses, and the implications of this for the theatrical communication of their plays. (d) A search for the root of both writers' sensibility must be traced, in part, to the modernist temperament of their works manifest not only in their 'avantgarde' utilisation of language but more contextually in their revolt against preconceived existential and social notions and ethos. In sum, this thesis attempts to give intimations of the individual genius of both writers, situate them within their social and historical contexts, and assess their universal value; the parallels between them are highlighted but their differences are not overlooked. On the whole, however, this exercise can represent only the beginning of a more complex discussion of both writers, particularly with regards to their backgrounds: the Anglo-Irish National Theatre Movement and the Modern Nigerian Theatre of the pre-Independence and post-Independence eras.
LINKAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INFORMATION BY NIGERIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTES
(1990-08) ADEDOYIN, S. F.
A special communication system exists in each of the eighteen (18) National Agricultural Research Institutes which is responsible for linking the institutes and their researchers with public and private sector organization and people, including the States’ Extension Services and farmers. Consequently, the researcher considered it necessary to critically analyse these communication linkages in the development and delivery of agricultural information between the Research Institutes and the various target organizations. With the aid of the questionnaire technique, data collection was carried out in the eighteen (18) National Agricultural Research Institues in Nigeria. The chi-square (x2), the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Duncan's Multiple Range ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to determine the relationship between the variables. Personal observations were also used as complementary data to provide additional answers to the research questions. Six research questions related to the problem of study were examined. The results showed that National Agricultural Research Institutes maintain functional relationship with some relevant public and private sector organisations, in addition to the extension service, in the processes of developing and delivering agricultural information. The results also showed that effective communication linkages with the target organizations are associated with variables such as type of research institute, purpose of communication, frequency of contacts, communication methods, specific problem areas, choice of target organizations and the need for linkages. It was found out from the study that the frequency of contacts with the various target organizations is lower for problem formulation than it is for results dissemination. The study indicated that: i) the target organization influences the purpose of communication; ii) communication methods used by research institutes are significantly related to the purpose of communication; iii) type of research institute influences the communication methods used in problem formulation but not in results dissemination; iv) communication methods used by research institutes depend, to a great extent, on the target organization; v) with regards to problems formulation and results dissemination, there is an association between specific problem areas and the target organisations; vi) there is a significant difference in the ranking of communication methods used by Agricultural Research Institutes in contacting the various target organizations; and vii) Communication methods used by research institutes are determined by the specific problem areas. Findings showed that all the eighteen (18) National Agricultural Research Institutes affirmed the need for them to maintain effective communication linkages with other organization and people, and to enhance the linkages between them and the extension services.
THE IDEAL ISLAMIC STATE IN SHAYKH ALIKINLA'S MUSTAQBAL ILORIN AL-ZAHIR
(1990-11) ABDU-RAHEEM, M. A.
This thesis consists of nine chapters. The first is on the biography of the Shaykh while the second highlights the features of an ideal Islamic State. The subsequent chapters critically examine the views expressed by the Shaykh after editing the Arabic text and translating it. Topics discussed in the chapters respectively are patriotism, agriculture and commerce, education, family living, and health and social welfare services. Shaykh Abd al-Salam Yusuf A1 ikinla was an erudite scholar and a gifted writer. He was also a charismatic leader who commanded the respect of all and sundry, especially the -Western-educated Muslims who constituted the majority of members of Hizbulabah-al-Shalib, founded by him in 1952. His efforts to enhance the status of Islam and that of its adherents attracted him to the political activities of the 1940s and 1950s although he never contested for any public post. It is not impossible that Mustaqbal Ilorin al-Zahir, now under study, is as a result of his exposure to politics. Under patriotism, issues affecting security of the nation and commitment of the citizens to uphold its territorial integrity are discussed. Care of the land and encouragement of farmers financially and morally are treated under agriculture. The Shaykh talks about traders, foreign entrepreneurs and artisans under commerce. Much emphasis is laid on proper upbringing of girls, their freedom to study any course and compulsory education of every child under education. On family living, the Shaykh raises issues such as the establishment of marriage registry, size of the family, mothers' responsibilities to their children and the influence of the former on the latter. Topics treated under health services include qualities of animals to be slaughtered, environmental sanitation, traditional and modem physicians and training of doctors and para-medical staff locally and abroad. His discussions on social welfare services cover the settlement of the destitute such as beggars, lunatics and lepers. It is pertinent to mention here that the Shaykh's belief that Islam is not only a religion but a complete way of life underlies his submissions on the topics mentioned above. His intention seems to be the spiritual and material transformation of the nation into a better society.
SOME FEATURES OF LANGUAGE USE IN YORUBA TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
(1991) ADEGBITE, A. B.
This study attempts to characterize some of the significant features of language form and content in texts which usually accompany the practice of Yoruba Traditional Medicine (YTM). After collection of samples of texts from different Herbalist- Client (HC) encounters in the field, some of these texts are analysed along the dimension of register studies. Those significant features which occur prominently in most of the texts analyzed are then posited as characteristic features of YTM texts. The content features of YTM texts are identified in the work by relating the texts to extralinguistic experience via the level of situation and the categories of use, function, message and structure. And the formal features are described by observing their projection of the content via grammatical and lexical options in the linguistic system. The features of situation show that these texts are products of speech events which involve human and non-human objects, Participant beliefs, actions, relations and behaviour. The texts, whose primary mode is conversational reveal especially that participants in YTM interaction believe In magical medicine, rituals and in the power of the spoken word. There are three major uses performed by YTM texts, viz. diagnosis, optional divination and medication. These uses derive from participants’ intuitive reaction to the functions and messages of the texts. The message summarizes the thematic content of each text pertaining to the identification of a problem and finding the remedy for it. And the functions provide mainly the informative and directive bases for the message content. The structure of YTM texts reveals dialogical interactions in which herbalists and clients take turns in diagnostic and prescriptive transactions to make various initiation-response moves constituted mainly by elicit-reply and direct-accept acts. In some of the texts, however, the herbalist's turns may further extend into monological transactions of divination, incantations and supplication, depending on the performance situations. Lastly, the forms of the texts show that the preponderance of some cohesive features as well as the prominence of unmarked theme and simple sentences enhance simplicity and easier comprehensibility of the messages of YTM texts. They also show that the material process and positive polarity are prominent because the texts represent a lot of physical activities carried out towards achieving a positive goal. Lastly, they show that the declarative mood marks the primary function of giving information in YTM interaction. In all, the study contributes to both Yoruba studies and text analysis in the manner in which it utilizes an eclectic textual model to explicitly analyze some texts from a Yoruba register.
THE ARTS THEATRE, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, 1955-1985: A STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A THEATRE CENTRE IN AN AFRICAN UNIVERSITY
(1992-11) ADEDOKUN, R. A.
The aim of this research is to highlight the historical significance of the contributions of the Arts Theatre, University of Ibadan, to theatre development in Nigeria. A remarkable landmark in theatrical development was reached in 1955 by the commissioning of the Arts Theatre - the first well-equipped modern theatre in Nigeria. It is significant because, hitherto, the professional theatre had been sneered at in Nigeria and had only flourished as a peripatetic vocation tenously sustained by the enthusiasm of Hubert Ogunde Dance Theatre Company and the nascent Yoruba travelling troupes. But today, theatre has become a household phenomenon, about which the Arts Theatre has disseminated positive information in the last three decades. The educational programmes incepted at the Arts Theatre in 1963 have matured into full university degree programme. The success of this initiative has further inspired the establishment of similar programmes in many other Nigerian Universities. Today, students take degrees in Theatre Arts and fill high level manpower positions in government and private enterprises after graduation. The Arts Theatre has also bred frontline playwrights, distinguished scholars and accomplished theatre practitioners. The Arts Theatre also remains the main source of inspiration for new theatre structures and resident university theatre troupes. This thesis examines fully the implications of the fact that the Arts Theatre was the first architectural archetype designed for the serious promotion of theatrical activities and which has made the theatre a respectable profession in Nigeria, We conclude that, though beset by old age, the Arts Theatre is capable of further active contributions if properly refurbished, maintained and efficiently administered. We set out by introducing our aims, our research methodology and definition of terms. Here also we identify our problem and define our scope of study. Chapter I contains a review of relevant literary works on reputable Arts Theatres in the world, the origin of theatre as academic subject and the structural attributes of the Arts Theatre. Chapter 2 traces the purpose of the university, origin and development of the Arts Theatre, theatre forms, the early dramatic activities of Randall Hogarth and various other contributions made by Geoffrey Axworthy, Wole Soyinka and Joel Adedeji. Chapter 3 focusses attention on systematic theatre education at Ibadan highlighting its workshop origin, evolution of academic programmes and associated amateur student and staff production; children's theatre, yoruba Travelling theatre and film. Chapter 4 deals with the promotion of theatre profession in Nigeria focusing on the implications of the University Acting Companies and promotion of African writings, International Productions and Foreign Visiting Artists and workshop. Chapter 5 contains a retrospective review of fields covered in the work and results achieved. It is also the concluding chapter. The Appendices and the plates have been carefully selected principally to provide objective insight into the various Arts Theatre activities. Interview with Professor Fola Aboaba for instance touches on a wide range of the Arts Theatre events.