Scholarly works in European Studies
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Item Strasbourg: Jeux et enjeux de résolution de conflit entre la France et l’allemagne(2022) Souleymane, A.; Akinlawon, F.Plusieurs pays gèrent difficilement les crises émanant de leur rapport historique de la colonisation et la guerre comme Allemagne-Pologne, Pologne-Union soviétique, Chine-Japon et Japon-Corée du Sud. Les relations entre la France et l'Allemagne ont connu plusieurs conflits qui ont embrasé l’Europe et affecté le monde entier. Plusieurs travaux ont noté leur transition des « ennemis héréditaires » en « couple franco-allemand », catalyseur de l’Union européenne et modèle de réconciliation en politique internationale. Cette étude a appliqué la théorie des jeux au rôle stratégique de Strasbourg dans les relations franco-allemandes. Elle modélise les stratégies mises en place pour gérer leurs conflits et leurs choix. Malgré tous les efforts de compromis et de coopération émanant de choix de maintenir une paix durable et de créer une plateforme de développement économique, des divergences bilatérales et intra-nationales sociales et politiques secouent la coopération entre les deux pays. De ses origines jusqu’à l’initiative franco-allemande contre la crise du coronavirus, Strasbourg et toute la région frontalière demeurent la plaque tournante de la réussite ou de l’échec du modèle franco-allemand de paix et de réconciliation.Item Antigone: L’héroïne grecque, la résistante française et la féministe anticoloniale(2022-03) Souleymane, A.Le dilemme entre la liberté individuelle et le devoir civil inspirent les écrivains à adapter le mythe d’Antigone à travers genres, époques et langues. L’héroïne de la pièce antique de Sophocle Antigone intervient sur les scènes théâtrales africaines anglophones à allure postcoloniale, dans des contextes d’assaut à la liberté civile renvoyant à l’occupation française par l’Allemagne et le règne des régimes militaires au Nigéria. Ainsi, cette étude examine la théâtralité des pièces Antigone de Jean Anouilh et Tegonni de Femi Osofisan par rapport à la pièce de Sophocle de sorte à comparer les stratégies de résistance adoptees par les figures d’Antigone en France et au Nigéria contre la tyrannie. De la resistance française à la contestation des régimes militaires du Nigéria des années 90, en passant par la résistance anticoloniale, les pièces d’Anouilh et d’Osofisan retravaillent la théâtralité de la pièce de Sophocle et présentent des héroïnes qui reflètent des mentalités et attitudes différentes, mais identiquement anticonformistes et engagées irrévocablement à la libération de leur conscience et de leurs peuples subjuguésItem La théorie des dix étapes du génocide dans L’ombre D’Imana de Véronique Tadjo(2021-09) Souleymane, A.; Oketokun, S. O.Le génocide rwandais, tout comme l’Holocauste, a été le sujet de plusieurs études et récits littéraires, y compris L’Ombre d’Imana de Véronique Tadjo. Le livre de Tadjo constitue à la fois un récit de voyage et une documentation écrite comprenant la description des sites de massacre et des prisons, la narration des campagnes meurtrières, le recueil de témoignages ainsi que l’exposition des expériences traumatiques de la part des survivants et des génocidaires. Cette étude se sert de la théorie des dix étapes du génocide de Gregory Stanton. Stanton explique les conditions structurelles ainsi que les processus psychologiques et sociaux qui créent une évolution vers un génocide. Une lecture Stantonienne de L'Ombre d’Imana permet d’identifier les signes avant-coureurs du génocide rwandais qui sont la classification, la symbolisation, la discrimination, la déshumanisation, l’organisation, la polarisation et la préparation ainsi que les étapes de non-retour, à savoir, la persécution, l’extermination et le déni. L’Ombre d’Imana offre des ressources pour la prévention de génocide ou la sortie d’un trauma lié à la destruction de masse.Item Colonialist assumptions on colonial subjects and agents in Le Clézio’s novels(2021-06) Souleymane, A.Stereotypes of the sub-Saharan African world, which were generateci by colonial French writers and denounced by their African counterparts, usually degraded thè Blacks to justify colonialism. This paper focuses on the representations of the colonised Africans in Onitsha, South-East Nigeria, in novels written by Le Ciàzio, a French writer. Postcolonial literary theory is applied to explore the experiences of representations and ‘othering’ in relation to the Western hegemonic discourse and Fanon ’s dichotomy between thè coloniser and the colonised. The study establishes colonialists’ assumptions permeating Le Ciàzio ’s Onitsha, L ’Africain and Chercheur d'or. Sub-Saharan Africa is debased as an undeveloped and dirty land, with Africans dehumanised and infantilized as subaltems, redundant, bestiai, superstitious and cannibalistic people. Also, their virtues are negated and trivialised by Europeans, who, conversely portray themselves as better and superior people, compassionate about the plight of Africans and willing to bring to Africa the knowledge and benefits of Western civilisation. These debasing representations of sub-Saharan Africans in Onitsha as the inferi or Other’ of the European ‘Self foreground the writer’s intention to accept how colonial mentality, a result of hegemonic western discourse ,influences his fellow Europeans.Item Animation, enseignement et autoformation : le rôle de l’Alliance Française à Ibadan(2021) Souleymane, A.; Yaokorin, K.Item L’arriviste ou la tradition réaliste française dans le roman Un nègre a violé une blonde à Dallas de Ramonu Sanusi(2019) Souleymane, A.L’ambition, l’envie et l’orgueil, qui ont suscité la création du personnage arriviste des romans réalistes, sont des caractéristiques humaines réfléchies dans la littérature depuis toujours. L’étude de l’ambition égoïste chez le héros du roman Un nègre a violé une blonde à Dallas révèle que la peinture sociale faite par Ramonu Sanusi s’inscrit dans la tradition des Balzac, Stendhal et Maupassant. Après avoir connu l’abandon familial, la cruauté et l’amertume, Ajanaku prend d’assaut Lagos et d’autres grandes capitales du monde avec une seule ambition : devenir et revenir riche. Cette obsession de la richesse conduit à une représentation de la société contemporaine de Sanusi ancrée sur le Nigéria. Le roman offre une autre dimension à l’arrivisme et élargit l’éventail des personnages réalistes pour établir le prototype de l’arriviste nigérian.Item Colonial violence and anticolonial primary resistance in selected novels of Le Clézio(2017) Souleymane, A.Postcolonial writers – from the formerly colonised countries – usually feel more entitled to offer narratives of local resistance against the domination and exploitation of Western imperialism. Existing literatures have revealed that classical French writers with obvious anti-colonial agenda were not exempt from Eurocentric hegemonic penchant. However, much more need to be said about contemporary French writers who wrote about their colonial experiences as victims. This paper focuses on the experiences of violence and anticolonial resistance, mainly in the colonised territories around Onitsha, South-East Nigeria. The study applies Fanon’s principles of violence and resistance which preconise defiance within the anticolonial struggle with a view to establishing the anti-colonial reactions permeating Le Clézio’s novels, namely Chercheur d’or, Onitsha and L’Africain. The novels present the sympathy of European narrators towards various forms of defiance by the oppressed natives, both individual and collective resistance, through strikes, boycotts and murder. They demonise the colonisers who used excessive force to quash local revolts. Narratives of exploitation and fraud slur the colonisers, who could be qualified as mere capitalists. The texts incriminate capitalists, in the guise of colonial powers, with the post-independence woes of African countries and reveal the conspiracy of Western powers to infantilise and vilify newly independent countries. These contemporary narratives of anticolonial resistance foreground Le Clézio as an enforcer of social justice in a globalized world.Item Understanding the colonial debate in postcolonial France(Department of French, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, 2016) Souleymane, A.Recent debates on colonialism and its repercussions in contemporary French societies have indicated a high level of postcolonial activities in France. However, the adoption and use of postcolonial theory by French critics is insignificant compared to its strides in the English-speaking world. This study examines recent opinions of French intellectuals on their colonial history with a view to establishing the trends in postcolonial criticism in the French literary world. The study adopted postcolonial criticism in as much as the issues discussed revolve round the aftermath of colonialism on the French societies. The low patronage of postcolonial theory in France was premised on the apathy of the French academics against a perceived Anglo-saxon invention, and the official posture of the French government to praise colonial adventure. The analysis also covered the anti-colonial intellectuals’ opinions about the French postcolonial identity, the re-appraisal of colonial history and efforts at decolonising the minds of the French society, including its government. The reflection of postcolonial issues in contemporary French societies provides a background to further the appreciation of literary works by postcolonial French writers such as Le Clézio and Michel Tournier.Item Representations of desert Arabs as colonial subjects in the contemporary French novel: a study of desert by Le Clezio(Faculty of Arts, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2015) Souleymane, A.Stereotypes of the Islamic world, which were generated by colonial French writers and denounced by their North African counterparts, usually degraded the Orient and justified colonialism. This article focused on the representations of the colonised Maghrebian Arabs in the novel of Le Clezio, a contemporary French writer. The study applied the postcolonial literary theory to explore the experiences of race, representation and difference in relation to the colonial discourse of Orientalism and Fanon's dichotomy between the coloniser and the colonised with a view to establishing the colonial assumptions permeating the novel titled Desert. The nomadic Arabs were dehumanised, debased, gerontified and infantilised while their virtues were negated and trivialised by Europeans, who, conversely influenced by Occidentalist self-affirmation, portrayed themselves as superior and powerful people whose intervention was to take out an eccentric, criminal and outlawed Islamic leader. Flis descendants in the colonised 'City' were classified as oppressors of women, moribund and wretched people who saw Europe as the Eldorado. These various representations of the Tuaregs as the demonic 'Other' of the European 'Self underpinned the writer's intention to expose the influence of colonial mentality, a result of hegemonic western discourse, on Iris fellow Europeans.Item "Resistance in the desert: a postcolonial reading of the novel desert by le clézio"(Nightingale Publications, 2015-06) Souleymane, A.Literature about the images of the Maghrebian Arabs was usually investigated in postcolonial criticism as either withholding the cultural assumptions produced by Orientalism or proposing an anti-western critique of the hegemonic West. This paper focused on the subversion of the stereotypes of the colonised Maghrebian Arabs in the novel of a contemporary French writer. The study applied postcolonial literary criticism to explore the experiences of representation and difference in relation to the colonial discourse of Orientalism and Fanon’s principles of violence and resistance with a view to establishing the anti-colonial reactions permeating the novel titled Desert. The nomadic Arabs were portrayed as freedom lovers who had to resist the internationally sponsored French army, presented as powerful, barbaric, repressive and oppressive intruders. Europe was demystified, as a hostile land, full of disillusion, brutality and deception. The heroin Lalla epitomised resistance as evidenced in the condemnation of oppression, forced marriage and exile to Europe. The existence of discursive resistance in the novel and the will to give a voice to the marginalized therefore establishes Desert as a postcolonial work, and more particularly a critique of the West from within.