Ethanol extract of Ficus exasperata leaf and gallic acid ameliorate cisplatin-induced toxicity in Wistar rats

Abstract

Cisplatin (CP), a widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutic, is effective in cancer treatment but it is associated with significant multiple organ toxicity, particularly the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to this toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Ficus exasperata (FE) extract and gallic acid (GA), both known for their antioxidant properties, against cisplatin-induced toxicity, oxidative stress, and organ damage in Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats (162–266 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (A–E; n=10). Group A received distilled water only (control). Group B was administered cisplatin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on day 8. Groups C and D received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of Ficus exasperata extract orally for 8 days, respectively, followed by cisplatin administration on day 8. Group E received gallic acid (100 mg/kg orally) for 8 days and cisplatin on day 8. Blood pressure and ECG measurements were taken before sacrifice. Blood, liver, kidney, and heart samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, hematological, liver, and renal function indices. Cisplatin administration significantly elevated systolic blood pressure and markers of oxidative stress, while reducing antioxidant enzyme levels in cardiac and renal tissues. Treatment with FE and GA significantly reduced oxidative stress and restored antioxidant enzyme levels. The 200 mg/kg dose of Ficus exasperata showed the most pronounced protective effect. FE and GA exert protective effects against cisplatin-induced cardio-renal toxicity in rats, likely through antioxidant activity. The protective effect of Ficus exasperata appears dose-dependent.