Crop Protection & Environmental Biology

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    Residual effect of compost, compost tea and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield and nutrient composition of maize (Zea mays L).
    (Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, 2017) Awoyode A. K.; Adejumo S.A.
    The use of organic amendments has contributed immensely to crop yield and productivity due to their agronomic and environmental benefits. Among these benefits is the ability of organic amendments to stay longer in the soil unlike inorganic fertilizers. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare the residual effect of dry compost, compost tea and inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) immediately after the first planting. The initial treatments consisted of dry compost (made from Mexican sunflower and poultry manure), compost tea (water extract from dry compost) and inorganic fertilizer (N.P.K 15:15: 15). Dry compost was applied at three levels (5, 10 and 15 t ha'), compost tea (200, 400 and 600m ha" and inorganic fertilizer at 100 and 150kg N ha". These were arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, pre and post-planting soil nutrient compositions as well as plant nutrient analysis. Results showed that compost application generally enhanced the growth and dry matter accumulation of maize in the residual trial compared to compost tea and inorganic fertilizer. However, compost had significant effects on the growth and yield of the maize compared to compost tea and inorganic fertilizer with the highest mean values recorded in maize crop treated with dry compost at 150/ha. This treatment increased the dry matter yield by 144% compared to control and inorganic fertilizer treatments. Plant tissue and post cropping soil nutrient analyses also revealed that application of organic amendments increased the residual concentration of phosphorus, potassium and calcium both in the soil and in the maize plant. Highest rate (600m'ha") of compost tea however increased growth and yield parameters compared to other rates in the residual trial. In conclusion, residual effect of compost is more pronounced on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of maize compared to compost tea and inorganic fertilizer.
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    Comparative study of different rates of composts made from mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and cassava peels on maize growth on lead contaminated soil.
    (David Publishing Company, 2013) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun A. O.; Adediran, J. A
    Attempts made by several researchers to reduce the effects of soil contamination and enhance crop growth are either expensive or ecologically-unacceptable. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to test for the effects of different rates of Mexican Sunflower and Cassava peels composts on remediation of lead contaminated soil and growth of maize planted on it. Application rates of 0 t ha-1 (R1), 10 t ha-1 (R2), 20 t ha-1 (R3), 30 t ha-1 (R4) and 40 t ha-1 (R5) were used and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. It was observed that compost application enhanced the growth and yield of maize on this soil compared to control. Higher application rates (30 t/ha and 40 t/ha) of both composts significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter yield of maize planted on the contaminated soils. An increase of up to 95% in maize biomass was achieved with higher rate of compost application. In terms of heavy metal concentration in the maize tissue, application of compost reduced the Pb concentration in the plant tissue compared to control. Maize growth can be improved on contaminated site using compost prepared from Mexican Sunflower and applied at the rate of 30 and 40 t ha-1.
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    Growth and yield response of Moringa oleifera (Lam) to different rates, method and timing of compost application.
    (Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, 2013) Adejumo, S. A.; Olaleye, O. O.
    Moringa oleifera (L) production is recently being advocated for its outstanding phytochemical components with high medicinal values. However, its production is being threatened with poor soil fertility most especially in urban areas. Field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of time, rate and method of compost application on the growth and yield of Moringa oleifera. Composts made from Mexican sunflower and poultry manure, applied at 2.5t/ha (CI) and 5.0t/ha (C2), with two methods of application (surface; MI and drilling: M2) and applied at different times of application (2 weeks before transplanting: T1 and 2 weeks after transplanting: T2) to give nine treatments (CIMITI, C2MITI, CIMITI, C2M2TI, CIMIT2, C2MIT2, CIM2T2, C2M2T2 and Control). The treatments were arranged using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data were collected on vegetative development such as number of leaves, number of branches, stem diameter and plant height formightly for 12 weeks beginning from four weeks after transplanting (4WAT). At 12 weeks, the plants were uprooted and separated into roots, stems and leaves for fresh and dry weights determination. The post-cropping soil analysis was also carried out following standard procedure. Results indicated that compost treatments significantly enhanced growth parameters (P ≤0.05). C2M2T2 was superior to other compost treatments. It gave the highest number of leaves, number of branches. stem diameter and plant height. Fresh weight and dry matter accumulation were also influenced by organic amendment compared to control, Soil analysis result showed that amendment with compost generally increased soil nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic carbon content of the soil. It could be concluded that 5t/ha of compost, applied after transplanting using drilling method increased the cumulative yield of Moringa oleifera.
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    Influence of different types of organic amendments on soil remediation and performance of maize grown on a lead contaminated soil.
    (Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, 2012) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun A. O.; Adediran J. A.
    Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils rcsults in long term environmental problem, elevateci heavy metal uptake by crops and food poisoning. Remediation of sites contaminateci by heavy metals is therefore pertinent. Incubation and greenhouse studies were conducted to test for thè effects of different types of compost on soil remediation and thè growth of maizc planted on rcmediated battery wastes contaminated soil. Composts made from five different plani materials (Soyabean stover (SS), Maize Stover (MS), Mexican Sunflower (SW), Cassava Wastes (CW) and Neem Seeds (MS) as well as Poultry Manure (PM) alone and Organo-mineral fertilizer (OM) were used. Each was applied at thè rate of 20 t/ha. Pre-cropping soil Chemical compositions showed that lead concentration (148000 mg/kg) was significantly higher than thè permissible level (300 mgkg1) at thè study site. Results of incubation studies revealed a progressive reduction in heavy metal concentrations for thè sampling periods. MSW and CW composts significantly reduced soil lead by 39% and 38% respectively followed by SS (33%), MS (28%), PM (26%), NS (25%) and OM (23%). Application of compost to thè contaminated soil also enhanced vegetative growth of maize when compared with control. SS, CW, NS, MS, MSW, OM, and PM increased thè dry matter yield by 49%, 60%, 56%, 24%, 68% , 55% and 27% respectively over control. Unlike thè maize plants grown on organic amendcd contaminated soil, control Dlants started showing toxicity symptoms such as necrotic lesions, chlorosis, wilting and eventual death. Organic imendment also increased nutrients uptake by maize crop compared to control plants. Generally organic amendments proved effective in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and had ameliorative effects on crop growing on contaminated soil. Among thè organic amendments, MSW and CW performed better.
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    Re-establishment of vegetation on soil contaminated by heavy metals in response to Mexican sunflower and cassava peels composts.
    (Enproct Consultants Ltd, 2012) Adejumo, S. A.; Awodoyin, R. O.; Togun, A. O.
    Soil contamìnation by industriai wastes contributes greatly to poor soil fertility, ecological imbalance and phytotoxicity. To restore soil fertility and encourage plant growth, remediation of contaminated land becomes pertinent. The use of organic amendment has been reported to be effective for restoration of heavy metal contamiflàted soil Effects of Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia: MSC) and Cassava peels (Manihot esculentum: CPC) composts, each applied at 20 and 40 t/ha as well as inorganic fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) applied at 100 kgN/ha were investigated for restoration and re-vegetation of a degraded battery wastes contaminated site. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Ordination method was used to measure flora diversity and abundance among treatments. The species ìmportance in thè eco System was determine d using Relative Importance Values (RIV) before application of compost (BAC), at 4 weeks after compost application (4WACA) and at 8 weeks after compost application (8WACA). Also, thè dominance and plant species distribution at thè three periods were determined from thè Dominance, Shannon and Equitabilty indices. Application of composts increased thè number of individuai plants on thè contaminated site from 1177 at BAC to 2276 at 8 WACA. Species richness increased from 7 species at BAC to 15 species at 8 WACA. Gomphrena celosoides L. had thè highest RIV value (72.4%) at BAC, 67.0% and 49.6%> at 4 WACA and 8 WACA respectively. The dominance index (DI) decreased from 0.8557 at BAC to 0.6008 at 8 WACA. At 8 WACA thè Shannon index (0.9976) and Equitability index (0.3684) were highest. Application of MSC at 40t/ha (MSC40) reduced Pb level in thè soil by 71.6% followed by CPC40 (67.3%), MSC20 (66.1%) and least in CPC20 (49.5%). NPK fertilizer application had no effect on soil Pb level compared to control. Addìtion of compost significantly increased thè plant nxutrients including phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium in thè soil compared to inorganic fertilizer. The use of compost reduced Pb contamination, improved soil fertility, enhanced re-vegetation and flora diversity of battery waste contaminated site more than inorganic fertilizer. The prevalence of G. celosioides may suggest that it has potentials for thè phytoremediation oflead-acid battery polluted soil.
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    Field assessment of progressive remediation of soil contaminated with lead-acid battery waste in response to compost application
    (Scientific Research Publishing, 2011) Adejumo, S. A.; Togun, A. O.; Adediran, J. A.; Ogundiran, M. B.
    Addition of compost to heavy metal-contaminated soil has been employed to remediate contamination. Such rectification, however, depends on the type of compost and the contaminant involved. The efficacy of Mexican sunflower (MSC) and Cassava peel (CPC) composts applied at 0, 20 and 40 t/ha as well as inorganic fertilizer (NPK, 20:10:10) (100 kg N/ha) on the remediation of a battery waste-contaminated site in Ibadan, Nigeria was assessed. No compost or NPK fertilizer served as the control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Soil analysis before and at 1, 2, 3 and 12 months after compost application was carried out. Mean lead (Pb) concentration (134,000 mg/kg) was high at this site. Twelve months after treatment, MSC and CPC applied at 40 t/ha had reduced the plant available lead concentration in the soil by 69 and 49%, respectively, whereas 20 t/ha had reduced the concentration by 58 and 34%, respectively. The relationships between soil lead and organic matter content (r = -0.75), phosphorous (r = -0.59) and pH (r = -0.77) were negative. NPK fertilizer had a limited effect (7% reduction) on Pb. Application of MSC at 40 t/ha brought about a remarkable reduction in Pb concentration.
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    Performance of senecio biafrae (oliv. & hiern) j. moore under varying light intensities and compost rates in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria
    (2019) Olubode, O.S.; Johnson, A.S.
    Solanecio biafrae is an underutilized indigenous vegetable in southwest Nigeria. It is usually found in shades of other tree crops. This study investigated growth of S. biafrae as influenced by compost application under different light intensities in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The pot study was conducted twice at the Crop Garden of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan. Four levels of light intensities were examined under multiple layers of nets: Growth under four test light intensities of unshaded natural light (0 net), and three levels of shades (1 net, 2 nets and 3 nets) assessed under four levels (0, 10, 15 and 20 g/pot) of compost (ratio 3:1 Tithonia-Poultry waste) in a randomized complete block design with light intensity as Blocks. Growth and yield data were analysed using analysis of variance and post-hoc tests conducted with Fisher's LSD at 5% probability. Lowest light intensity resulted in increased number of leaves, from 7.75 to 15.50 at 4 WAT and 7.78 to 18.50 at 6 WAT. Application of 20 g/pot compost resulted in higher number of leaves, number of nodes, vine height, vine diameter, root and shoot dry matter of S. biafrae under reduced light intensities. Low light intensity in combination with increased compost rates enhanced growth performance of S. biafrae. Cultivation of S. biafrae is recommended using of Tithonia diversifolia compost at the rate of 20g/5kg soil under low light intensity for optimum yield.