Veterinary Microbiology & Parapsychology
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Item STUDIES ON THE ASCARIS-BACTERIA RELATIONSHIP IN MAN AND PIGLETS(1983-11) ADEDEJI, S. O.The paucity of knowledge of the inter-relationship of bacteria and Ascaris stimulated this study. Very little was known about the sources of Ascaris infection in man in Ibadan. Investigations conducted on the action of intestinal bacteria on the development of Ascaris eggs to the infective stages involved the growing of fertile eggs of Ascaris lumbricoidea and Ascaris suum in diluted and undiluted overnight broth cultures of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis. Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococci), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium welchii and also in sterile nutrient browth. The bacterial species used in the experiments inhibited the cleavage and development of both the human and porcine scaris eggs beyond 2-cell stage. The ovostatic action of the bacterial species on the eggs was found out to be related to respiratory processes of the actively growing and multiplying bacteria which consumed all the available oxygen from the environment of the eggs. After the removal of bacteria from cultures, the eggs developed very well. The bacterial flora of Ascaris suum and its relationship to the host flora was also investigated. The body surface of the adult worms was cultured on selective media. The different parts of the adult wornfs gut were cultured for isolation of micro-organisms. The faeces collected from pigs were also cultured. E. coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans were isolated from the cultures but no anaerobic organism was isolated. The faeces cultures yielded the same genera of bacteria as in Ascaris suum adult worms, bat Clostridium welchii, an anaerobic organism was isolated from the faeces. The results showed that adult Ascaris suum can act as a vehicle of bacterial infections in ascariasis where the adult worm is active and migratory. In this case the pig bacteria which are limited in its ability to penetrate the intact epithelium of the animal can often be deposited on internal tissue by the migrating worms where untold problems could be set up. The effect of intestinal flora on the establishment, development and pathogenicity of Ascaris suum larvae in piglets was also investigated. The results have shown that development of Ascaris suum larvae to adult worms took place in the presence of a normal intestinal flora in piglets. Furthermore, the results have shown that the two agents (Ascaris suum larvae and bacterial species) worked together to produce a disease condition more severe than the sum total of effect produced by either the worm or the bacteria independently. Finally, investigations were conducted to find out sources of infection with human ascariasis in Ibadan. The results have shown that common food items like fruits, vegetables, gari and palm-wine are contaminated by Ascaris eggs and therefore could serve as sources of Ascaris infection to those people who eat these food items raw or uncooked. It was observed that the Ascaris infection could occur through contaminated fingers of egg-passers, through dust and through the activity of flies. Ascaris eggs were found on edible vegetables and fruits and this observation emphasises the need for strict observation of simple hygiene methods aimed at eliminating the Ascaris eggs before consumption of the uncooked food items.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM MAN AND ANIMALS IN NIGERIA(1984-03) ADEGOKE, G. O.A combination of physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics was used in the study of 291 strains of staphylococci isolated from man, goats, sheep, poultry and other animals. Novobiocin-resistant strains were more prevalent amongst the coagulase-negative staphylococci examined. Of the 110 caprine strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 91 (87.7 per cent) were novobiocin-resistant. The strains identified to species level were found to be Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus were easily differentiated from other novobiocin-resistant staphylococci by a positive-oxidase reaction. Morphologically, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus appeared indistinguishable. Staphylococcus lentus appeared more biochemically active than Staphylococcus sciuri and indeed other coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goats with the exception of Staphylococcus gallinarum. Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri from Staphylo coccus lentus was facilitated by the inability of several strains of Staphylococcus sciuri to produce acid from melibiose. Novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal species were the only ones isolated from sheep and they had almost identical physiological and biochemical characteristics with those of caprine origin. Staphylococcus gallinarum, a new species of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from animals was found amongst the present collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Staphylococcus gallinarum resembled Staphylococcus lentus in its acid production from several carbohydrates used but its oxidase-negative reaction was used in its differentiation from Staphylococcus lentus. Staphylococcus gallinarum strains commonly produced acid from fructose, maltose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(-)-ribose, sucrose and D-(+)-trehalose. Most of the novobiocin- resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci from animals were physiologically active as they produced a variety of extracellular products. Weak desoxyribonuclease activities were commonly found amongst Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus and the strong reaction produced by Staphylococcus hyicus was found to be of diagnostic use. One strain of Staphylococcus sciuri produced thermostable nuclease and another strain of Staphylococcus lentus produced staphylokinase. Whilst intense protease production was commonly associated with Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus, none of these strains produced lipolytic effects on egg-yolk medium whilst lipolytic effects were seen in strains of Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus cohnii. The characteristics of the novobiocin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from humans did not differ from those of animal strains. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans and animals had similar physiological and biochemical characteristics. The production of hyaluroni-dase and acetoin from glucose was helpful in differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other coagulase-positive Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from various hosts. The strains of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from a man having a pet dog had similar characteristics as the other strains of Staphylococcus intermedius of canine origin. The human strain of Staphylococcus intermedius produced proteinase, phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease and thermostable nuclease but it failed to hydrolyze Tween 80 and did not produce hyaluronidase and acetoin from glucose. Acid production from a variety of carbohydrates by the human strain of Staphylococcus intermedius was however similar to that of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin but the strain did not produce acid from D-(+)-turanose. In the course of phage typing Staphylococcus aureus strains, a caprine phage was isolated from one strain (UI 150). Three caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were untypable by using the International sets of phages for typing human strains of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to this caprine phage Gl. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans and goats which were susceptible to the phage 80/81 complex had similar antibiograms. Whilst several of the human strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be of human biotype, the caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus belonged to biotype C. Resistance to tetracycline was found in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus of caprine origin whilst a higher percentage of human strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced penicillinase. Sensitivity to the cephalosporins was commonly found amongst all the Staphylococcus aureus strains examined. With human factor sera, all the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans were serotypable. Of the 14 caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus examined, 10 were serotypable. Agglutinogens a5, b1, o and h2 were found amongst the Staphylococcus aureus strains of human and animal origins. Two Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated from humans and dogs were serotypable and they had agglutinogen in common. All the 3 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus) were serotypable with a5 and p agglutinogens being common to them. Some isolates were obtained which could not be identified the application of chemotaxonomic and molecular characterization procedures however provided a relationship to some of the newly-described species of staphylococci. Some relatively uncommon teichoic acids were found amongst some strains. A caprine strain of coagulase-positive, staphylococcus had glycerol and glucosamine teichoic acids whilst a strain of coagulase- negative staphylococcus of caprine origin possessed glycerol, glucose, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine teichoic acids. The guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of some of the strains tested ranged between 32.7 and 34.6 per cent. DNA-DNA hybridization values amongst some of the coagulase- negative staphylococci revealed some relationships to Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus sciuri.Item TRANSMISSIBLE DRUG RESISTANCE, PLASMID CHARACTERIZATION IN SHIGELLA AND SALMONELLA, AND VIRULENCE OF SHIGELLA ISOLATED FROM DIARRHOEIC HUMANS AND PIGLETS(1990-03) ADELEYE, I. A.A total of 10,200 faecal samples including 10,000 from diarrhoeic human beings and 200 from diarrhoeic piglets were collected. The human faecal samples were collected from the three government hospitals in Ibadan, namely: The University College Hospital, State Hospitals at Adeoyo and Ring Road, while the piglets were on the Teaching and Research Farm, of the University of lbadan. Thirty Shigella and twenty-two Salmonella spp. were isolated from the human faecal samples while one Shigella isolate was obtained from the faecal samples of piglets. The Shigellae were sero1ogically identified as S. E1exneri (23 from humans and 1 from a piglet), s. dysenteriac (4 isolates from human) and S. boydii (3, all were isolated from human). Of the Salmonella isolates, 9 were identified as S.typhi while the remaining 13 were classified as Salmonella species. One microgram per ml potassium tellurite in MacConkey agar was used to enhance the isolation of Shigellae. Antimicrobial susceptibi1ity testing to eight antibiotics were performed on the fifty-three bacterial isolates. Twenty-one antibiotic resistance patterns were identified. The highest pattern T-CT-F-A-S-C-Te (Septemdrip1e) was found in eleven isolates, sextiple resistant pattern in thirteen; quintiple pattern in eight isolates; quadriple in four isolates; triple in eight isolates; double in four isolates while resistance to single antibiotic (Te and CT) was found in five bacterial isolates. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of 4 antibiotics (ampicillin, ch1oramphenico1, Streptomycin and tetracyc1ine) were determined for the bacterial isolates. Two of the Shigella isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, the MIC of ampicillin was 8 ug per ml for them, 1 to chloramphenicol; 4 to streptomycin while all isolates were resistant to tetracyc1ine. The MIC of ampicillin for 14 of the Salmonel1a isolates was 8 ug per ml while 11 and 9 isolates of the same organism: were resistant to chloramphenicol and Streptomycin respective1y. The following resistance patterns were observed: A-C-S-T, C-S-T, A-C-T and A-S-T. All the forty-two isolates screened transferred ampicillin resistance (100 percent). Twenty-one isolates (50.0 percent) transferred two determinants, either A-T or A-S or A-C. Seven (16.6 percent) transferred three determinants either A-T-S or A-S-C. None of the isolates transferred four determinants (A-T-S-C). Among the Shigela isolates the chloramphenicol determinant was transferred at a low frequency (only 3 of the 28 screened) whereas the Salmonella isolates transferred at a higher frequency (6 of the 14 screened). The R plasmids range in size between 2.2 to 38.0 Mdal. The chloramphenicol R plasmid has a molecular weight of 4.00 Mdal., streptomycine 38.0 Mdal. The plasmid profile of the isolates was also investigated using agarose gel lectophoresis method. The Shigella isolates exhibited a large number of small cryptic plasmids. In contrast, the Salmonella isolates exhibited fewer number of plasmids. All the plasmids range between 0.8 and 55.5 Mdal in size. The virulence of the Shigella isolates was investigated using Sereny Test and Rabbit ligated ileal loop test. Four of the fourteen Shigelle isolates including S. Flexneri (2), S. boydii (1), S. dysenteriae (1) produced Keraconjuctivities in guinea pigs. Six of the Shigella isolates including four S. flexneri, one S. dysenteriae and one S.boydii dilated ligated ligate rabbit ilea loop with accumulation of fluid. Histological ulterations foun in the ilea loops exposed to these enterotoxins included inflammation, general degeneration, submucosal oedema and neutrophilic infiltrations. Four of the Shigella isolates comprising of two S.flexneri, one S. dysenteriae and one S. boydii dilated the ligated intestinal loop of rabbit with accumulation of fluid when enterotoxin heated at 65 C for 30 min. were used. It was observed for the first time that the S. boydii produced heat labile and heat stable enterotoxin in ligated rabbit illeal loop. Oral inoculation of the invasive Shigella isolates into pretreated (starved and calcium carbonate treated) mice and guinea pigs failed to produce clinical manifestation of dysentery-like diarrhoea and febrile condition.Item EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON DRACUNCULIASIS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA(1995-02) ADEYEBA, O. A.The studies were designed to collect baseline information to form essential data base for effective planning and subsequent evaluation of guineaworm control programme in Oyo State. In order to establish the epidemiology of dracunculiasis and assess the impact of the disease on the economic life of the affected population, pretested questionnaire data sheets were administered to 2,415 individuals and 257 heads of household in eight different villages in Oyo State. The data analysis was done by using analysis of variance and coefficient of determination and multiple range tests, using the IBM computer, utilizing the SPSSH package. The survey of concurrent parasitic diseases was carried out in one village by examining faecal and blood samples of 287 individuals. The antibiogram and profile of bacteria associated with secondary infection was determined. Simple methods of chemical, biological and physical control of guineaworm vector under laboratory conditions were described. Of 2,415 individuals examined in eight villages of Oyo State in 1988, 76.9 per cent had history of dracunculiasis while the infection rate at the time of study was 47.9 per cent. There was no significant difference in the infection rate between the sexes. However, the risk of infection increased with age. Infection occurs at any age above 1 year and reinfection is common, indicating that on clinical grounds, no protective immunity is developed after infection. There was a general awareness by individuals that they were infected before the formation of the guineaworm bleb. Mean percentage of 18.9 ± 1 had the sympoms in 1 day. The sites of guineaworm emergence differ significantly for each victim (P < 0.05), and no anatomical part of the body was apparently exempted with regard to worm emergence. Majority of the affected people (a mean per cent of 54 ± 6.7) became clinically ill in the dry season; and also a mean per cent of 54.3 ± 2.3 suffered severe infection. 5 - 8 weeks was the most frequently occuring period of incapacitation. 54.5% of the victims had no form of assistance on the farm during the period of incapacitation. Majority of the heads of household held various wrong beliefs of causes and prevention of the diesease. 82 ± 3.6 per cent attributed the cause of guineaworm to the act of God and that there was no remedy for it. Only 6.53 per cent treated the drinking water before consumption. The disease has an adverse impact on agriculture, while an average of 20 - 41 per cent of the pupils were absent from school with attendant poor academic performances. Of 487 samples examined for concurrent parasitic disease 278 (57.1 per cent) were infected with one parasitic disease or the other: Ascariasis (43.7%), hook-worm disease (27.1%), strongyloidiasis (2.5%), trichuriasis (31%), Entamoeba histolvtical infection (3.9%) and plasmodiasis (43.7%). The haematocrit value of the individuals in the community was generally low (26 - 30%) whilst eosinophilia was a common feature. The health implication was discussed. Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus were common bacterial agents isolated from guinea worm ulcers. The phage types of Staph, aureus (the commonest agents) isolated were resistant to both penicilline and tetracycline. The epidemiological importance of the various phage types was discussed. The ecology of the environment where the copepod intermediate hosts breed and transmit racunculiasis was described and discussed. Cyclopoid copepods died within 60 minutes when the ironment was manipulated to 24.6mg/l. oxidizable organic matter concentration from the natural average value of 12.5mg/l. It was shown that cyclopoid copepods became inactive at 4 - 6°C in 4 hours and later regained activity in 15 minutes at room temperature. The study showed that ponds in a study area had the highest density of cylops in November/December (1988) and lowest density in July/August (1988) with natural cyclops infection rate of 6.5% at the peak of transmission. It was also shown that the concentration of cyclops was greatest when water was drawn at the time the pond water was still and undisturbed, especially with the first caller at the pond, with attendant higher risk of infection. The study also revealed that population mobility occasioned by marriage, socio-cultural and economic life of the people contributed to the diffusion and control of the disease. A variety of chemicals found in natrual waters, or used in the treatment of water were added to pond water and their effects on the survival of the cyclopoid copepods were assessed. The possible use of such chemicals as calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, lime, etc., in individual houses as a preventive measure against the transmission of the disease was discussed. Furthermore, the study revealed that indigenous fishes like Hemicromis fasciatus. Barbus occidentalis. Tilapia nilotica and T. galilea; were very useful biological control agents of the vector of Dracunculus. It is believed that provision of safe drinking water and good health education with active case search to monitor the intervention programme will reduce the disease prevalence.Item MOLECULAR AND ANTIGENIC CHARACTERISATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM HORSES IN NIGERIA(1995-10) ADEYEFA, C. A. O.A nationwide equine influenza virus surveillance was carried out between January 1989 and January 1995 during which nasopharyngeal swabs, tracheal washes and respiratory tract tissue homogenates were obtained from symptomatic and asymptomatic equine species in various parts of Nigeria for virus isolation and characterisation. Three equine influenza viruses were independently isolated in 10-11 day old embryonated hen eggs and Madin Darby canine kidney monolayer cells with TPCK-trypsin incorporated into the culture medium. The virus isolates were characterized antigenically, immunogenically and genetically which made them the first equine influenza viruses isolated and characterized in tropical Africa. Antigenic analyses with mono-specific antisera raised against a number of respiratory disease viruses including Paramyxoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpes viruses, Alphavirus, Rhinoviruses, Equine arteritis viruses, African horse sickness viruses and Influenza viruses showed that the three virus isolates were influenza A viruses while haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition assays using influenza virus specific Mabs and polyclonal antisera showed the three viruses to be antigenically H3N8, members of equine-2 subtype of influenza A viruses. The three isolates were respectively named A/Equine/Ibadan/4/91, A/Equine/Ibadan/6/91 and A/Equine/Ibadan/9/91 in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation and the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy. Their antigenic cross-reactivity with panels of Mabs and polyclonal antisera indicated that the three viruses were antigenically divergent although they were all H3N8 viruses and were representatives of a homogenous population. They were reactive with Mabs and antisera directed against H3 equine viruses isolated in 1963, 1976, 1979, 1981 and 1986. This broad reactivity suggested that these isolates were similar to but not still different from those isolated in Europe and USA between 1963 and 1987. Virus protein synthesis and cleavability of the HA polypeptide in tissue culture were investigated by pulse-chase experiments. The results showed some heterogeneity in the non-glycosylated polypeptides particularly those of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex while the HA glycoproteins of the three viruses were not cleaved in any of the cell types used in contrast to equine H7 and pathogenic avian H5 and H7 HAs. The molecular weights of the polypeptides were within the range previously determined for influenza A viruses. The heterogeneity of the RNP complex and antigenic divergence of the viruses’ HAs were confirmed by sequence analysis carried out in molecular studies. Virus infectivity was investigated by plaque assay using chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayer cells and virus titration in embryonated hen eggs. The results showed that the viruses were infectious with plaguing efficiency being comparable to efficiency of virus infectivity in embryonated hen eggs. Infectivity, antigenicity and immunogenicity of the three viruses were confirmed in-vitro using peripheral blood lymphocytes in lymphoproliferation assays and in-vivo in an equine model in which the viruses induced haemagglutination inhibiting and protective neutralising antibodies following experimental infections. The proliferating cells were also characterised and the immunoglobulin isotypes produced were determined. Molecular characterisation and genetic analyses of the three viruses were accomplished to determine the origin of the genes encoding the virus non-glycosylated polypeptides as well as those of the surface HA glycoprotein. Reverse transcription (RT) results showed the eight RNA segments of the three isolates and confirmed them as influenza A virus RNAs. No subgenomic RNAs or defective interfering particles were observed in the RNA transcripts. Nucleotide sequence analyses were carried out using three sequencing strategies of cDNA, vRNA and plasmid DNA sequencing with the dideoxy chain termination procedure. Partial nucleotide sequences were obtained from cDNAs, vRNAs and plasmid DNA clones of RNA segments 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 with the method of multiplex RT/PCR and cycle sequencing using radiolabelled segment specific oigonucleotides of 18, 24 or 25 mers. Complete nucleotide sequences of segment 4 (HA genes) were also determined on the same PCR products (cDNA) and vRNA using end-labelled oligonucleotides of both plus and minus sense. The partial nucleotide sequence data were analysed using a programme for "best-local-homology- rapid-search" on a digital array processor while the complete HA nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses were carried out using the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (GCG) package of programmes. Phytogenetic analysis was done with the distances, neighbour joining and DNAPARS of the PHYLIP package. Analyses of the viruses’ gene sequences confirmed that their genomes were similar to each other and to those of other H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from equines and also revealed the origin, evolution and genetic relatedness of the genes. Comparison of the partial cDNA sequences with virus DNA sequences in the database (EMBL sequence library) showed that for segments 1, 2, 5, and 7, the closest related sequences were from equine H3 viruses isolated in 1986 in USA (Tennesse/5/86 for segments 2, 5 and 7, Kentucky/2/86 for segments 1 and 5. Segment 5 was equally related to both viruses). The nucleotide sequence for segment 3 was most closely related to an equine-1 virus isolated in U.K. in 1973 (London/1416/73, H7N7) probably due to genetic exchange while segment 8 sequence was most closely related to an equine H3N8 virus isolated in U.K. in 1976 (Newmarket/76). The complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences as well as phytogenetic analysis of the HA genes (RNA segment 4) showed a closer relationship albeit with nucleotide and amino acid substitutions between the three Ibadan viruses and those that were isolated in Europe in 1989 and 1991, the prototypic European strain, Suffolk/89 and Arundel/12369/91 isolated in U.K., Taby/91 isolated in Sweden, Hong Kong/92 isolated in the Far East in 1992 and Laplata/1/93 isolated in South America. These findings group the Ibadan viruses with those predominating and contemporarily causing disease in the Western Hemisphere rather than with viruses previously isolated from the north and south of African continent. Variation was observed in the nucleotide sequences of the Ibadan viruses HA genes. Some of the base changes resulted in amino acid changes which mapped to antigenic sites or within signal sequence in the HA1 domain as a result of a process of antigenic or genetic drift. The Ibadan viruses also showed some variation from the prototypic European virus (Suffolk/89) and these base changes also resulted in amino acid changes resulting in antigenic drift. Phytogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary lineages in equine H3 viruses isolated since 1963 along two paths one of which included the Ibadan viruses as well as viruses isolated in Europe between 1989 and 1991 and the Far East in 1992 and S. America in 1993 which form the 1989/93 cluster while the other lineage included viruses isolated in South America in 1987 and 1988 (Brazil/87, Laplata/88) and in the Far East in 1971 (Tokyo/3/71) all of which are very close to the original prototype equine-2 virus (Miami/63). These results demonstrate a faster evolutionary rate for recent equine H3 HA genes away from the original prototype virus. Overall, the results of these studies have (i) confirmed the occurrence of equine-2 H3N8 influenza viruses of distinct lineages in Nigerian equine populations in a tropical environment (ii) indicated antigenic drift among equine H3N8 viruses as earlier reported and confirmed that drift strains can co-circulate in equine populations, (iii) showed the origin, evolution and genetic relatedness of the viruses genes as well as their biological characteristics, (iv) provided the hitherto unavailable information on the status of equine influenza virus in this part of the world and (v) served to re-emphasise the potential of influenza virus for rapid global spread and the need for better control strategies.Item Parasite snail-host relationship of fasciola gigantica and lymnaea natalensis(The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 1996) Guobadia, E. E.; Adedokun, A. O.; Fagbemi, B. O.The snail-host parasite interaction between L natalensis and F. gigantica was studied with particular emphasis on the effect of the relationship on the reproduction of the snail-host. Snails were exposed to 4 F. giganticamiracidium each and maintained on blanched and dried lettuce in aquaria at a temperature of 28-30°C. Growth, production of egg and shedding of metacercariae were monitored. Growth rate was reduced by about 19% in the infected snails relative to the uninfected control. Eggs were produced by the infected and uninfected control snails. However, it was observed that some of the masses produced by the infected snails did not contain eggs. Metacercariae production was found to suppress egg production. A negative linear relationship was discovered to exist between growth rate and metacercariae production with the latter being responsible for a 7% reduction in the growth of snails. These findings confirmed the fact that the parasite has a negative effect on the snail-host. However contrary to earlier observations, infected snails produced eggs although at a reduced rate. The present findings have provideda new insight into the dynamics of F. gigantic snail-host interactionsItem The use of monoclonal antibody for the immunodiagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle(Elsevier Science, 1997) Fagbemi, B.O.; Aderibigbe, O.A.; Guobadia, E.EAntigens that were specific to Fasciola gigantica were obtained from the whole worm homogenate of the parasite by immunoaffmity chromatography in cyanogen bromide-activated sepharose 4B columns and used for the production of monoclonal antibodies. The F. gigantica- specific monoclonal antibody was labelled with horseradish peroxidase and used for the detection of circulating antigen by the direct ELISA method in the sera of cattle experimentally infected with the parasite. Circulating antigens were detectable in the sera of the animals as from the third week after infection while negative absorbance values were obtained 2 weeks after the termination of the infection by chemotherapy with oxyclozanide. This immunodiagnostic method offers an attractive alternative as a supplement to the conventional. coprological diagnosis of fasciolosisItem Chorioptes bovis (Mite) isolation from chicken(Tropical Veterinarian, 1999) Adedokun, A.O.; Owoade, A.A.During routine visits to two poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria, heavy infestations of the birds with minute barely visible ectoparasites were encountered. These' parasites caused itching and depressed egg production in affeted flocks. Samples of the ectoparasites were collected from the two farms and idetified as Chorioptes bovisItem Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and EDS ’76 antibodies in indigenous Nigerian Local Chickens(Tropical Veterinarian, 1999) Adedokun, O.A.; Durojaiye, O.AA serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and egg drop syndrome ’76 (EDS ’76) antibodies in indigenous Nigerian local chickens. The survey was carried out in Ekiti, Osun, Oyo, Ogun and Lagos States in southwestern Nigeria. Out of 2010 serum samples assayed for ND, 1890 (94%) were positive. 720 (34%) out of 2090 samples were positive for IBD, while 500 (29%) out of 1740 samples were positive for EDS ’76. The prevalent rates are high enough to suggest that ND, IBD and EDS ’76 are still very active in these indigenous chickens. The implications of these findings in the control of ND, IBD and EDS ’76 in the commercial exotic poultry flocks are discussed.Item Intenstinal helminth and protozoan parasites of pigs reared under intensive management system in Ibadan, Nigeria(Tropical Veterinarian, 2001) Adejinmi, J. O.; Adedokun, O.A; Ayoade, G. O.; Obadua, A. A.Two hundred and seventy two pigs of different age groups reared in an intensive management system in 10 different locations in Ibadan were screened for intestinal helminth and protozoan parasites. The following incidences were recorded. Ascaris suum, 25.4% Oesophagostomuir. dentatus 13.6%, TricJiiiris suis, 10.7%; Strongylodes ransomi, 7.0%; Eimeria debliecki, 31.3%, Eimeria suis, 2.2% and Balantidium coli. 0.74%. Mixed infections with these parasites were common. No helminth egg was detected in all the piglets screened. The incidence of helminth parasites increased with age. So also was the worm burden. To prevent widespread infection with these parasites strict adherence to good management and hygiene in piggery pens is recommendedItem The assessment of fasciola gigantica infection in the rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) as a laboratory model parasite development - clinical symptoms and liver pathology(2001) Adedokun, O. A.; Fagbemi, B.O.In this study, the rabbit was assessed as a laboratory host lor the helminthes parasite, Fasciola gigantica. Three groups of rabbits were infected experimentally with 5. 10 and 15 metacercariao of F. gigantica respectively. Clinical signs found included pale mucous membrane, progressive emaciation and rough hair coat. The post mortem findings Included haemorrhage and scattered calcified nodulos on the omentum. Echymosis, fibrosis and necrosis were prominent on the liver in addition to fibrosis and thickening ol the gall bladder and bile ducts. Histopathology of the liver revealed congestion, haemorrhage, cellular infiltration and necrosis. Bile ducts were hyper plastic and dbrotic with severe inflammatory reactions The ova of gigantica were recovered from the faeces of some infected rabbits at 10 weeks post infection Mean number of flukes recovered from the rabbits was 0 in the 5 metacercariae group. 2 in the 10 metacercariao group and 5 in the group given 15 metacercariae.Item Effect of husbandry system on the incidence of lungworm {metastrongylus spp} in pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria(Tropical Veterinarian, 2001) Adedokun, O. A.; Adejinmi, J. O.; Ukoikpoko, G.B.Detection of helminth infection in pigs by faecal examination was carried out between the months of August and December 1998. Out of430 pigs 64 (14.9%) were positive for Metastrongylus spp. Of these, 10(15.6%) were adults/breeders, 40(62.5%) were weaners/growers, while 14(21.9%) were piglets. Infection rate 8.7% was found in exotic breeds, 15.3% in crossbreed and 100% in local breeds. All intensively managed farms werelungworm-freewhile28.57% and 100% infectionrate respectively, were found on semi-intensively and extensively managed piggeries. The implications of these findings to the pig industry in Nigeria are discussedItem Anthropophilic nature of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus in Ibadan, Nigeria(Tropical Veterinarian, 2001) Sadiq, N .A.; Adejinmi, J. O.; Adedokun, A.O.A case of human infestation by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latereille, 1806) is reported from a reclaimed area of land for human dwellings. The infestation is attributed to nonavailability of rodents, other game animals and reduced number of dogs used for gaming.Item Effects of Antibiotics, Salt and pH on the Hatchability of Fasciola Gigantica Eggs: Short Communication(Tropical Veterinarian, 2001) Adedokun, O. A.; Adejinmi, J. O.; Sadiq, N.A.; Enibe, O.F.A study was carried out to examine the effects of various antibiotics, salt concentrations and pH on the hatchability of F. gigantica eggs. It was observed that tetracycline concentration of 0.5mg/ml and above inhibited the development and hatching of F. gigantica eggs. Salt concentration of 1% gave low hatchability while 2% concentration and above strictly inhibited the hatching of the eggs. Acidic pH of 3-5 inhibited hatching of F. gigantica eggs while pH of 7-8 promoted hatching of eggs to above 3.4%. The possibility of employing the results of this study to fashion out a control measure against fasciolosis in farm animals is discussed.Item Concurent fatal helm1nthosis and balantidos1s in red monkey (Erythrocebuspatas) in Ibadan, Nigeria(Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2002) Adedokun, O. A.; Adedokun, R. A. M.; Emikpe, B. O.; Ohore, O. G.; Oluwayelu, D.O; Ajayi, O.L.Fresh fecal specimen from a moribund red monkey (Erythrocebuspatas) from the zoological garden, University of Ibadan with a history of dysentery was examined. Ova of Triclmris spp., Enterobius spp, Ancylostoma spp. and Strongyloides spp., as well as Balantidium spp oocysts were found. Post mortem, findings revealed the large intestine heavily infected with worms especially Trichuris spp., Ancylostoma spp. and Trichostronglus spp. which were enmeshed in a thick layer of mucous and blood on the mucosa. The public health importance is discussed.Item Infestation of royal python (python regius) with ticks amblyomma hebraeum in Ibadan Zoo, Nigeria(Tropical Veterinarian, 2003) Ajuwape, A. T. P.; Sonibare, A. O.; Adedokun, R. A.; Adedokun, O. A.; Adejinmi, J.O.; Akinboye, D.G.Tick infestation in royal python is reported. Clinical signs included dullness and inactivity evident in reaction to its prey. Parasitological examination revealed Amblyomma hebraeum. Epidemiological investigation showed WAD goat with external parasite within the reptile area.Item Ectoparasites and haemoparasites of indigenous chicken (gallus domesticus) in Ibadan and environs.(Tropical Veterinarian, 2003) Sadiq, N.A.; Adejinmi, J.O; Adedokun, O.A.; Fashanu, S.O.; Alimi, A. A.This research undertook the study of ectoparasites and haemoparasites found on and in the body of indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus). Six hundred and nineteen ectoparasites were collected from 375 chicken from 28 households in and around Ibadan city between February and November, 1999. Of these, 455 (72.72%) were lice, among which 253 (40.12%) were Menopon ga/linae, 53 (8.4%) were Columbicola columbae, 48 (7.75%) were Goniocotes hologuster, 33 (5.33%) were Goniodes gigas, 31 (5%) were Chelopistes meleagridis, 23 (3.7%) were Liperus capon is and 15 (2.42%) were Cuclotogaster heterographus. One hundred and twenty one (19.55%) were identified as the soft tick Argas persicus. Fourty three (6.94%) mites, identified as Dermanyssus gallinae were also found. Giemsa stained smears from 150 uncoagulated chicken blood samples examined at x 1,000 magnification, revealed presence of Plasmodium species (spp.) in 48 (32%) of the samples. Leucocytozoon spp accounted for 30 (20%), while Haemoproteus spp was identified in two (1.3%) of the samples. Mixed infection with Plasmodium spp and Leucocytozoon spp w'ere identified in 14 (9.33%), while Leucocytozoon spp and Plaemoproteus spp were identified in four (2.67%) of the blood samples. Six (4%) of the blood samples have the three haemoparasites. The need to control these ectoparasites was stressedItem Anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous crude extract of Euphorbia hirta Linn in Nigerian dogs(2005) Adedapo, A. A.; Shabi, O. O.; Adedokun, O. A.The anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous crude extract of Euphorbia Itirta Linn was studied in 20 Nigerian dogs that were naturally infected with nematodes. They were randomly divided into 4 groups. A, B. C and D. Groups A and B each comprised 4 dogs while groups C and D comprised 6 dogs each. Group A animals were untreated, while those in group B were treated with proprietary anthelmintic (Mebendazole). Groups C and D animals were treated with aqueous crude extracts of E. hirta using intramuscular and oral routes, respectively. Two weeks after treatment, blood and faecal samples were collected to evaluate haematological values and faecal egg counts, respectively. The procedure was repeated two weeks later. Results of this study show that the aqueous crude extracts of E. hirta after its administration into local dogs produced a significant increase (P< 0.05) in PCV, RBC. l ib cone.. TWBC and lymphocyte counts. The faecal egg counts also showed a remarkable and significant reduction in the levels of the identified helminths. The reduction in faecal egg counts was more pronounced with the extract administered through the oral route when compared with the intramuscular route. The effects of the plant extracts were broad spectrum in action. The phenol compound present in the plant extract could have caused reduction in worm load through this same mechanism that culminates in exhaustion and death ofworms. Since the aqueous crude extract of £. hirta significantly reduced the faecal egg count of the helminths, it could serve as an anthelmintic agentItem Lice lipeurus caponis infestation in turkey and chicken in Ibadan, Nigeria(2005-12) Sonibare, A.O.|; Ayoade, G.O.; Adedokun, O.A.; Kumshe, H.A.; Olufemi, E.B.; Otesile, E.B.Louse infestation in chickens and turkeys in Ibadan is reported. The birds including guinea fowl were housed together fed on corn, guinea corn shaft and household left overs and left to roam together in an enclosed area in a semi intensive system type of management. Report was made on a sudden drop in egg production in the birds, which finally stopped in the chickens and turkeys. Clinical examination revealed massive lice infestation in the turkeys and chickens but the guinea fowls had no louse. Examination of blood samples from 47% of the birds revealed no haemoparasites and haomatological parameters were within normal range. The lice was identified to be Lipeurus caponisItem Small bowel responses to enteral honey and glutamine administration following massive small bowel resection in rabbit(2008) Eyarefe, O.D.; Emikpe, B. O.; Arowolo, O. A.The trophic effects of honey and glutamine in the healing and adaptation of the small bowel following intestinal resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of rabbits. Nine rabbits of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 1.45 ±0.55kg were used. They were randomised into three treatment groups following 50% small bowel resection. Group A rabbits were placed on oral honey treatment. Group B on oral glutamine and group C on normal saline (control). All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (glutamine(B) honey (A) control (C) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks) with oral glutamine showing the best overall effects on intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation evidenced by significant increase (P<0.05) in residual bow'el length (37.3%), villi width (20.0%), crypt depth (113.3%) and a non significant increase in villus height (33.3%) and cellular mass (10.2%). Honey showed a better effect than control with a significant increase (P<0.05) in villi width (18.2%), crypts depth (66.7%) and cellular mass (33.9%) and a non significant increase in gross residual bow'el length (24.6%), and villus height (30.5%). Our result shows that honey and glutamine have trophic effects on bowel mucosa healing and hyperplasia and have potential therapeutic effects on massive bowel resection in humans
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