Veterinary Microbiology & Parapsychology
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Item CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM MAN AND ANIMALS IN NIGERIA(1984-03) ADEGOKE, G. O.A combination of physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics was used in the study of 291 strains of staphylococci isolated from man, goats, sheep, poultry and other animals. Novobiocin-resistant strains were more prevalent amongst the coagulase-negative staphylococci examined. Of the 110 caprine strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 91 (87.7 per cent) were novobiocin-resistant. The strains identified to species level were found to be Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus were easily differentiated from other novobiocin-resistant staphylococci by a positive-oxidase reaction. Morphologically, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus appeared indistinguishable. Staphylococcus lentus appeared more biochemically active than Staphylococcus sciuri and indeed other coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goats with the exception of Staphylococcus gallinarum. Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri from Staphylo coccus lentus was facilitated by the inability of several strains of Staphylococcus sciuri to produce acid from melibiose. Novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal species were the only ones isolated from sheep and they had almost identical physiological and biochemical characteristics with those of caprine origin. Staphylococcus gallinarum, a new species of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from animals was found amongst the present collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Staphylococcus gallinarum resembled Staphylococcus lentus in its acid production from several carbohydrates used but its oxidase-negative reaction was used in its differentiation from Staphylococcus lentus. Staphylococcus gallinarum strains commonly produced acid from fructose, maltose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(-)-ribose, sucrose and D-(+)-trehalose. Most of the novobiocin- resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci from animals were physiologically active as they produced a variety of extracellular products. Weak desoxyribonuclease activities were commonly found amongst Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus and the strong reaction produced by Staphylococcus hyicus was found to be of diagnostic use. One strain of Staphylococcus sciuri produced thermostable nuclease and another strain of Staphylococcus lentus produced staphylokinase. Whilst intense protease production was commonly associated with Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus, none of these strains produced lipolytic effects on egg-yolk medium whilst lipolytic effects were seen in strains of Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus cohnii. The characteristics of the novobiocin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from humans did not differ from those of animal strains. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans and animals had similar physiological and biochemical characteristics. The production of hyaluroni-dase and acetoin from glucose was helpful in differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other coagulase-positive Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from various hosts. The strains of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from a man having a pet dog had similar characteristics as the other strains of Staphylococcus intermedius of canine origin. The human strain of Staphylococcus intermedius produced proteinase, phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease and thermostable nuclease but it failed to hydrolyze Tween 80 and did not produce hyaluronidase and acetoin from glucose. Acid production from a variety of carbohydrates by the human strain of Staphylococcus intermedius was however similar to that of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin but the strain did not produce acid from D-(+)-turanose. In the course of phage typing Staphylococcus aureus strains, a caprine phage was isolated from one strain (UI 150). Three caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were untypable by using the International sets of phages for typing human strains of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to this caprine phage Gl. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans and goats which were susceptible to the phage 80/81 complex had similar antibiograms. Whilst several of the human strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be of human biotype, the caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus belonged to biotype C. Resistance to tetracycline was found in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus of caprine origin whilst a higher percentage of human strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced penicillinase. Sensitivity to the cephalosporins was commonly found amongst all the Staphylococcus aureus strains examined. With human factor sera, all the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans were serotypable. Of the 14 caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus examined, 10 were serotypable. Agglutinogens a5, b1, o and h2 were found amongst the Staphylococcus aureus strains of human and animal origins. Two Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated from humans and dogs were serotypable and they had agglutinogen in common. All the 3 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus) were serotypable with a5 and p agglutinogens being common to them. Some isolates were obtained which could not be identified the application of chemotaxonomic and molecular characterization procedures however provided a relationship to some of the newly-described species of staphylococci. Some relatively uncommon teichoic acids were found amongst some strains. A caprine strain of coagulase-positive, staphylococcus had glycerol and glucosamine teichoic acids whilst a strain of coagulase- negative staphylococcus of caprine origin possessed glycerol, glucose, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine teichoic acids. The guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of some of the strains tested ranged between 32.7 and 34.6 per cent. DNA-DNA hybridization values amongst some of the coagulase- negative staphylococci revealed some relationships to Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus sciuri.Item STUDIES ON THE ASCARIS-BACTERIA RELATIONSHIP IN MAN AND PIGLETS(1983-11) ADEDEJI, S. O.The paucity of knowledge of the inter-relationship of bacteria and Ascaris stimulated this study. Very little was known about the sources of Ascaris infection in man in Ibadan. Investigations conducted on the action of intestinal bacteria on the development of Ascaris eggs to the infective stages involved the growing of fertile eggs of Ascaris lumbricoidea and Ascaris suum in diluted and undiluted overnight broth cultures of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis. Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococci), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium welchii and also in sterile nutrient browth. The bacterial species used in the experiments inhibited the cleavage and development of both the human and porcine scaris eggs beyond 2-cell stage. The ovostatic action of the bacterial species on the eggs was found out to be related to respiratory processes of the actively growing and multiplying bacteria which consumed all the available oxygen from the environment of the eggs. After the removal of bacteria from cultures, the eggs developed very well. The bacterial flora of Ascaris suum and its relationship to the host flora was also investigated. The body surface of the adult worms was cultured on selective media. The different parts of the adult wornfs gut were cultured for isolation of micro-organisms. The faeces collected from pigs were also cultured. E. coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans were isolated from the cultures but no anaerobic organism was isolated. The faeces cultures yielded the same genera of bacteria as in Ascaris suum adult worms, bat Clostridium welchii, an anaerobic organism was isolated from the faeces. The results showed that adult Ascaris suum can act as a vehicle of bacterial infections in ascariasis where the adult worm is active and migratory. In this case the pig bacteria which are limited in its ability to penetrate the intact epithelium of the animal can often be deposited on internal tissue by the migrating worms where untold problems could be set up. The effect of intestinal flora on the establishment, development and pathogenicity of Ascaris suum larvae in piglets was also investigated. The results have shown that development of Ascaris suum larvae to adult worms took place in the presence of a normal intestinal flora in piglets. Furthermore, the results have shown that the two agents (Ascaris suum larvae and bacterial species) worked together to produce a disease condition more severe than the sum total of effect produced by either the worm or the bacteria independently. Finally, investigations were conducted to find out sources of infection with human ascariasis in Ibadan. The results have shown that common food items like fruits, vegetables, gari and palm-wine are contaminated by Ascaris eggs and therefore could serve as sources of Ascaris infection to those people who eat these food items raw or uncooked. It was observed that the Ascaris infection could occur through contaminated fingers of egg-passers, through dust and through the activity of flies. Ascaris eggs were found on edible vegetables and fruits and this observation emphasises the need for strict observation of simple hygiene methods aimed at eliminating the Ascaris eggs before consumption of the uncooked food items.